The Icy Moons. and the. Extended Habitable Zone

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1 The Icy Moons and the Extended Habitable Zone

2 Europa Interior Models

3 Other Types of Habitable Zones Water requires heat and pressure to remain stable as a liquid

4 Extended Habitable Zones You do not need sunlight. You do need liquid water You do need an energy source. Examples: Black smokers Europan ocean?

5 Europa All these worlds are yours... Except Europa. Attempt no landings there. Arthur C. Clarke, 2010: Odyssey Two

6 Titan and the Moons of Saturn

7

8 Telesto Titan Prometheus Dione Titan

9 . Pan

10 .

11 Recap Life is a disequilibrium process O 2 on Earth is maintained by plants/ photosynthesis Metabolisms get energy from disequilibrium.

12 Redox Reactions H 2 è 2H + + 2e - (reduction) 1/2 O 2 + 2H + +2e - è H 2 O (oxidation) Aerobic respiration 2Fe /2 O 2 + 2H + è 2Fe +++ +H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 è 6H 2 O + energy

13 Equilibrium Temperatures Recall that T EQ ~ (L * /d 2 ) 1/4 Planet Distance (AU) T EQ (K) Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

14

15 Saturn and its Satellites Saturn is nearly twice as far from the Sun as Jupiter Saturn gets ~30% of Jupiter s sunlight: It is commensurately colder Prometheus Saturn has 62 known satellites (plus the rings) 7 major 24 regular 4 Trojan 38 irregular Others in rings Titan Titan is nearly as large as Ganymede

16

17 Titan The second-largest moon in the Solar System The only moon with a substantial atmosphere 90% N 2 + some CH 4, Ar, C 2 H 6, C 3 H 8, C 2 H 2, HCN, CO 2

18 The Atmosphere of Titan 1.5 bar pressure, T=95 K Condensation sequence: Jovian Moons: H 2 O ice Saturnian Moons: NH 3, CH 4 NH 3, CH 4 gaseous at lower temperatures 2NH 3 + sunlight è N 2 + 3H 2 CH 4 + sunlight è CH, CH 2

19 The Intrigue Free CH 4 requires replenishment Liquid methane on the surface? Hazy atmosphere/clouds may suggest methane/ ethane precipitation. (Liquid natural gas anyone?) This atmosphere may resemble the early terrestrial atmosphere.

20 Near-IR image penetrates the haze and sees surface features

21 Near-IR image (933 nm)

22 The Sea?

23 The Lake?

24 Part of the Cassini mission Landed on Titan 1/14/05 The Huygens Probe

25

26 A Coastline? Rivers? The View from Above

27 é Panoramic view from 8 km The surface in true color è Rocks are probably water ice The Surface

28

29 Lessons At 8 km, the atmosphere is saturated with CH 4 Surface features look like lakes and riverbeds H 2 O rocks show evidence of erosion Titan is a dynamic world, with CH 4 and C 2 H 6 precipitation Photochemical smog due to organic molecules Titan has all the building blocks for life

30 Life on Titan? Probably not. Titan is cold. But C 2 H 2 (acetylene) could be a source of energy. Titan does have subsurface water oceans heated tidally, beneath a thick crust of water ice (Science 319, /21/08)

31 Enceladus

32 Enceladus up close

33 Tiger Stripes Enceladus

34 Tiger Stripes IR-bright emission near the south pole of Enceladus

35 Geysers Gas and dust plumes from occultation photometry. V=600 km/s March 2008 Cassini flyby

36 Geyser Plumes backlit

37 Cassini Enceladus Flyby 12 March 2008 Came within 30 km of surface Flew through geysers at 120 km altitude Geysers suggest subsurface water at 0C

38 Enceladus Model Ocean 10 km thick Below km ice Science, 4/4/14

39 Mimas Closest of the large moons.

40 Mimas Librates (wobbles) 6 km wobble suggests a liquid interior, or an oval core See releases/ 2014/10/ htm Science, 2014; 346

41 What s Next? EJSM: Europa/Jupiter System Mission (LaPlace) Europa orbiter Jupiter orbiter lunch date proposed TSSM: Titan/Saturn System Mission Titan orbiter Balloon floating in Titan s atmosphere Saturn orbiter, focussing on Enceladus Launch in 2020s; orbital insertion 7 years later

42 Triton Further Out

43 Implications for N H Planets (and moons) create their own habitable zones Habitable zones change with time Venus and Mars were probably habitable (but are not in the CHZ) Earth is habitable Europa, Callisto, Titan, Enceladus, Mimas, and other icy satellites are potentially habitable N H > 1 seems reasonable

44 Implications for f l Life started at least once in the Solar System The basic ingredients for biochemistry are common in the Solar System We will not know whether life started more than once in the Solar System without more detailed investigations. f l = 1 seems reasonable

45 N Update N = N * f s f p n H f l N * = 4 x f s = 0.2 f p = 1.0 n H = 2 f l = 1.0 N = 1.6 x 10 10

46

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