K.A. Campbell, D.M. Guido, J.D. Farmer, M.J. Van Kranendonk, S.W. Ruff, F. Westall
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1 Tracing hot-spring facies and their geothermally silicified microbial textures into the terrestrial geologic record: Relevance for Mars biosignature recognition K.A. Campbell, D.M. Guido, J.D. Farmer, M.J. Van Kranendonk, S.W. Ruff, F. Westall
2 Bouley et al (March) Why Study Terrestrial Hot Spring Deposits? Mars Analogs, Early Life on Earth photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech/JHUAPL/ASU Sisyphi Montes Ackiss et al (May) Coeval past volcanic activity + surface water on Mars on Earth habitable extreme environments Rapid mineralization by silica, carbonate or iron potential to preserve microbial fossils in situ; tracking post-depositional biosignature quality Textural-mineral biosignatures distributed along environmental gradients parallels to some Early Archean ( Ga) hydrothermal settings on Earth ( Mars?)
3 Bicarbonate springs Renaut & Jones 2011 Acid sulfate springs Acid sulfate-chloride springs Alkali chloride, near neutral ph opal-a Character of resulting siliceous hot-spring deposits: fluid composition, temp., duration & volume topographic relief, aridity, water table geological setting & history
4 Acid sulfate systems - destruc;onal fumaroles, acid lakes, mud pools Hydrothermally altered ignimbrite native sulfur, kaolinite, alunite, hematite, jarosite, Feoxyhydroxides silica residue, corrosion, rotten ground, collapse features very thin, localized sinter Silica residue Te Kopia, NZ 1 cm
5 Acid sulfate-chloride springs mixed Schinteie et al Parariki Stream, Rotokawa, NZ thin sinter Acidophiles C, ~2 ph Cyanidiophyceae 1 cm
6 Hamilton et al geyserite prokaryotes prokaryotes, eukaryotes Alkali-chloride construcuonal >
7 Handley et al. 2004, 2008 EPS Porous sinter: filamentous Non-porous (solid) sinter: silicified EPS
![tu]ed](/docs-images/87/97228656/images/8-2.jpg "sinter,")
8 Tracking Diagenetic Changes Conical tu]ed sinter, ~50 C midapron pools Coromandel, Miocene NZ opal-a opal-ct microcrystalline quartz 20 μm 20 μm Whakarewarewa, TVZ, NZ
9 Tracking Diagenetic Changes palisade fabric distal apron (~35-40 C) Orakei Korako, NZ Umukuri, ~4kyrs old Greenish brown mat - bacterial 16S rrna molecular analysis = Calothrix cyanobacterium? Campbell et al Patagonia, 150 Ma
10 Te Kopia, Paeroa Fault, view E sinter bucress steaming landslide of sinter blocks sinter bucress streamer, domal stromatoliuc & palisade textures ( kyrs old) Paeroa Fault, view N geyserite steaming landslide geyserite (~5 kyrs old) OverprinUng steam-heated acid sulfate alterauon
11 Local and regional geological controls on preservauon Pink Terraces Credit: stuff.co.nz 8 th Wonder of the World White Terraces, Rotomahana. Charles Blomfield (1897), Auckland Art Gallery World-Famous Pink and White Terraces destroyed by 1886 Tarawera volcanic eruption an ultimate control on sinter preservation Alexander Turnbull Library archive, Wellington, NZ, ca s
12 Best fossil preservauon (Late Jurassic, 150 Ma, ArgenUna): Local = early silicificauon, biggest Au vein feeder, more fluids and/or longer Regional = waning volcanism Guido & Campbell 2011, 2012
13 Early Life and Hot Water: 3.33 Ga, South Africa Josefsdal Chert Archean shallow marine, hydrothermal influence, microbial biofilms (no stromatolites): phototrophic, heterotrophic Raman green, carbon Network microbial fabric fossilized biofilm 3330 Ma S Africa Westall et al Ma Argen;ne sinter 0 Ma NZ silicifying mat
14 Westall et al E, F mat fragment, 3.3 Ga, South African chert G, H mat fragment, 150 Ma, ArgenUne sinter µ-raman COLOR KEY: green, carbon red to yellow, quartz magenta, muscovite blue, anatase
15 Westall et al., 2015 δ 13 C as low as 45 PDB, low δ 34 S lam cl lam cl cl cl Josefsdal chert (3.33 Ga) clots, laminae Wavy carbonaceous laminae (inferred phototrophs) ArgenVne sinter (150 Ma) clots, laminae lam lam Clots (inferred chemotrophs) Laser micro-raman maps confirm distribuuon of carbon, anatase
16 and rim geyserite modified from Guido & Campbell 2011 Alkali chloride sinter textures across sinter apron dominantly microbial, diverse fabrics, spa;ally variable, preserva;on poten;al variable
17 Digitate / knobby / spicular protrusions Atiamuri Waimangu alkali chloride Parariki Stream acid-sulfate-chloride Atiamuri alkali chloride Lake Rotokawa acid Columbia Hills, Mars. Photo: S. Ruff Tiketere alkali chloride
18 Textures (macro & micro) are powerful biosignature indicators in terrestrial hydrothermal systems Acknowledgments: Biosignatures organizers, Royal Soc NZ Marsden Fund, Univ Auckland Faculty Development Research Fund & School of Environment, The National Geographic Society, LE STUDIUM, PRL Browne, B Lynne, K Rodgers, J Rowland, L Cotterall
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