On-line information in astronomy
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1 On-line information in astronomy From networking to a virtual observatory F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 1
2 Why keeping data in astronomy? Long term observation of variable natural phenomena Major scientific objectives: Variability, evolution, statistics Observations at different wavelengths, with different techniques the physical phenomena at work F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 2
3 Large projects Large ground- and space-based observatories Large surveys Optimize the scientific return of big science by increasing usage in general 1year proprietary period journals: 3 years but abstracts and TOC free F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 3
4 A few figures: catalogues (1) Hipparcos (2 nd cent. BC), Almagest (2 nd AD) mid-19th, early 20 th : the first very large catalogues Bonner Durchmusterung ( ) objects Southern Durchmusterung (1886, ) objects Cape Photographic Durchmusterung ( ) objects F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 4
5 A few figures: catalogues (2) HIPPARCOS stars, better positions Guide Star Catalogue (GSC) 1992: *; 2001: * USNO A1, A stars F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 5
6 The very large surveys Sloan Digital Sky Survey objects, 5 colors, π sr, z~5 DENIS, 2MASS infrared 3 colors, objects Catalogues and surveys F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 6
7 ISAAC VLT F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 7
8 ISO 0.6m telescope In a cryostat! 4 instruments F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 8
9 An increasingly complex problem Volume and complexity increase Distributed, heterogeneous information Observations, results published in journals, compilations, software, models, Re-use data data documentation F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 9
10 A major technical revolution Increased capacity to store and manage information Irruption of the WWW Information easily accessible Data/documentation integration Navigation between distributed, heterogeneous information F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 10
11 Useful and appealing tools But Careful work on contents and functionalities remains mandatory Information validation is critical producers and users! Maintenance of services and links F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 11
12 New constraints On Agencies Data conservation, diffusion versus instrumentation, operations On the scientific community Give a sufficient priority in projects, evaluation and prospective Resources needed (scientists, engineers) On projects Available and usable data selection, organisation, «project memory» F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 12
13 Networking of information in astronomy A small discipline Few commercial constraints A long term partnership to define exchange standards F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 13
14 Networking of astronomical information Observations Ground- and space-based observatories Surveys Results Publications in electronic journals F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 14
15 The actors Data producers Know instruments and methods preserve usable data and project memory Disciplinary centers Data and information in a given domain Journals Results Data Centers F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 15
16 Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg Created in 1972 Electronic data Expertise about data International role Objective: tools for science Collect, homogenize, preserve, distribute astronomical information for the usage of the whole astronomy community F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 16
17 Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg Value-added, reference services Selected, validated, homogenized information from publications reference catalogues images Standards and tools + links F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 17
18 The CDS hub (1) Astronomical objects identification, bibliography, data, measurements Information Federator catalogues, published tables observation logs, surveys Information Integrator images, databases, catalogues, surveys, archives, user data F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 18
19 The CDS hub (2) Observations Results F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 19
20 Query types Search by position What is known in a region of the sky with links to distributed information Search by criteria, e.g. gamma ray burst seen in 1999 published lists of objects from Chandra F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 20
21 Early interoperability tools FITS - description of images, spectra - common tools to deal with observations from any telescope - maintained by an IAU WG NED and SIMBAD name resolvers F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 21
22 Acces to observatory archives: by position Object name > position: Using SIMBAD F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 22
23 Networking The astronomy bibliographic network Links between electronic journals (common keyword schema) the ADS bibliographic database on-line services (SIMBAD, NED) archival data bibcode e.g. 1999A&A G F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 23
24 References in an on-line article links to ADS quality check F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 24
25 ADS - Abstracts - Scanned articles - Links to original on-line paper - Links to other, distributed information e.g. original observations - Also-read articles F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 25
26 HST archive From observation To publication F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 26
27 A&A on line From publication to SIMBAD and more F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 27
28 Simbad Information About the object F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 28
29 Links To high energy observations in HEASARC, To Catalogues F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 29
30 Lessons learnt (1) De facto standard Bottom-up approach: Cooperation between all the actors + snowball effect Journals, ADS, data centers, archive centers Easy-to-build link but contents / validation are fundamental F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 30
31 Lessons learnt (2) Standard discussed long before Internet, because two data bases needed to exchange bibliographic information Bibcode is better adapted to classical publication in journals, human readable Gateway to other bibliographical standards (e.g. DOI): correspondance table F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 31
32 Data federation Tabular data in astronomy A common description for tabular data Reference catalogues Published tables Large surveys Catalogues of observations in archives ReadMe physical organization contents F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 32
33 ReadMe For published tables: check of data homogeneity before publication sent by authors and checked or prepared by editorial office F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 33
34 Tables published in articles are usable data! F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 34
35 Narrow collaboration between CDS and journals F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 35
36 The tabular data mine F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 36
37 Links to observational data (images, spectra, time series), often distributed in observatory archives F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 37
38 Towards data integration XML Questions Minimize the tagging overhead Management of binary blobs Assess/distribute information about data quality Unit knowledge/conversion Astrores, then VOTable F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 38
39 HEARSARC Browse Astrores in action! F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 39
40 OASIS F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 40
41 Data integration with NGC 5236 DSS image HST observation FOV SIMBAD and NED GSC, USNO A2 IUE observations F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 41
42 ALADIN access to distributed information Distributed Image databases Catalogues Predefined Supercosmos HEASARC SkyView User defined F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 42
43 The Virtual Observatory «an enabling and coordinating entity to foster the development of tools, protocols, and collaborations necessary to realize the full scientific potential of astronomical databases in the coming decade» NVO White Paper, juin 2000 Science driven F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 43
44 VO components (1) Network infrastructure GRID (computer AND data GRID) High capacity storage Management of very large data sets Access to distributed information Information retrieval tools Data Mining Statistical tools on very large distributed data sets F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 44
45 Virtual Observatory projects A priority in Europe (OPTICON) and USA (Decadal Survey) Several conferences Virtual Observatories of the future (CalTech) Mining the sky (Garching) AstroGRID workshop (Belfast) Europe: AVO; USA: NVO; AstroGRID; Australia; Germany; F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 45
46 VO components (2) Interoperability Access to data Query result integration Exchange standards Metadata Open question: define rules allowing people to deposit their data in the VO (quality?) F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 46
47 The project (1) EC RTD project PI P. Quinn (ESO) ESO, ESA, AstroGRID, CDS, Terapix, Jodrell Bank Phase A proposal Shared cost project F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 47
48 The project (2) Three work areas Science Use Cases and Requirements (ST-ECF) cf Interoperability deployment and demonstration Technology needs (AstroGRID) GRID systems Scalable storage and computation Databases F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 48
49 Interoperability prototype Interoperability deployment and demonstration Ground- and space, multiwavelength, multitechnique archives Tools VizieR (data federation)/aladin (data integration) cross-id ESO/CDS Data Mining Project F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 49
50 Interoperability prototype Products Working prototype open for community usage Running of science cases for evaluation Science driven: results, feedback! Improvement of federation and integration tools Counsel to archives on interoperability implementation Standards F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 50
51 Interoperability WG Membership: Data managers Study cost effective tools and standards for improving access and data exchange to/from data archives and information services (minimal workload) Discuss the technical results of the AVO interoperability prototyping optical/ir (EC OPTICON), radio (EC RadioNet) International partnership beyond EU USA, Canada, Australia F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 51
52 The International VO alliance Coordination between the projects A common roadmap First milestone (April 15 th, 2002) VOTable V1.0 VO meeting, Garching, June 2002 F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 52
53 Information retrieval Where is the data of interest for me? Practical Objective Define a minimal and controlled set of metadata To be done with archive/service managers AstroBrowse/AstroGLU; ISAIA Knowledge/maintenance of query syntax GLU (Générateur de Liens Uniformes) F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 53
54 The GLU GLU: a distributed/mirrored service directory 31 synchronized repositories, 11 countries, 5 providers GLU can build queries by adjusting automatically the syntax as required by services (coordinate conversion, splitted fields) GLU is a toolkit managing HTML pages with dynamically updated links dealing with mirror sites dealing with keywords describing resources Hot topic: GLU vs WSDL/UDDI F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 54
55 Information retrieval (2) Proposal for query syntax ASU Astronomical Server URL Proposal for contents description UCD Uniform Content Descriptor Data quality Avoid illegitimate usage of data F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 55
56 UCDs = Uniform Content Descriptor Developed in the frame of the ESO/CDS Data Mining project Hierarchical knowledge tree (2 000 items) Implemented for the 100,000 columns in VizieR (cats, publ. tables, logs, surveys) To be tested and extended: access tool F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 56
57 AVO/Astrogrid/NVO common collaborations VOTable (VOData as generalization?) XML schemas Metadata issues Query mechanisms Data service/resource directories Data service/resource capabilities Metadata dictionary Data models Identity, authentication Science scenarios User interfaces, portals?? AVO/Astrogrid/NVO common milestones List of topics F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 57
58 Conclusion Astronomy is at the forefront for data diffusion and networking The on-line services are everyday tools for scientists Building an international virtual observatory is an important endeavour for the coming years Partnership is critical Discipline standard/tools vs generic ones is a constant debate F. Genova, Open Archive Forum, 02/05/14 58
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