Contents. Living world. Introduction page xi Acknowledgements page xii

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1 Contents Introduction page xi Acknowledgements page xii Chapter 1: Introduction page 1 A life-on-earth year page 1 Safety in the laboratory a self-test page 3 Areas and volumes page 4 Metric or imperial which units to use page 7 Living world Chapter 2: The world under the microscope page 11 Introducing the microscope page 11 Naming the parts page 13 Magnification page 13 The letter e page 14 Investigating cells page 14 Plant or animal? page 17 Cell puzzle page 18 Chapter 3: Plants page 19 What s inside a seed? page 19 Sprouting seeds germination page 20 Growing seedlings after germination page 22 Research What seedlings need page 22 Plants and starch page 23 Is light necessary for plants to make starch? page 23 Is chlorophyll necessary for plants to make starch? page 25 Is carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis? page 26 Plants and oxygen page 28 How plants obtain water osmosis page 28 Magnify a potato cell page 30 Some plants wilt when deprived of water page 31 How water leaves a plant page 32 What do leaves do? page 33 Leaf puzzle page 34

2 Chapter 4: Animals page 35 Finding and catching food Common senses page 35 Birds eyes forward-facing versus sideways-facing page 36 Bird beaks page 38 Research A New Zealand bird page 38 Animal nutrition page 39 Research Bacon-and-egg burger page 39 What is food? page 39 Food tests page 40 Eating food A voyage down the alimentary canal page 43 Coffee break page 44 Digestion page 45 Dialysis separating big from small page 46 The model gut page 47 Circulating food Your bloodstream page 48 What s in your blood? page 49 Blood puzzle page 50 Where does the blood go? page 50 Your heart the pumping station page 51 Your blood vessels page 52 Your pulse an investigation page 53 Using food Assimilation page 55 Growth and repair page 55 Research Minerals in the body page 55 Energy release Exchanging gases page 57 Breathing inhaling and exhaling page 58 The alveolus page 60 Chapter 5: Ecology page 61 An Antarctic community a case study page 61 A simple Antarctic food chain page 61 Giant food web page 62 Threats to the food web page 64

3 Conservation Conserving kaimoana page 65 Research rahui page 66 Goat Island Bay nature restored page 67 Chapter 6: Evolution page 69 Reproduction in flowering plants Pollination page 70 Fertilisation page 72 Garden peas and kiwi page 73 Seed dispersal page 75 Research Seed dispersal page 75 Human reproduction Puberty puzzle page 76 Cross-section views of the human reproductive system page 76 Human reproduction puzzle page 78 The menstrual cycle page 79 Sexual intercourse page 80 Fertilisation page 80 Implantation page 80 Birth page 82 Twins page 82 Material world Chapter 7: Properties and changes of matter page 85 Acids and bases Vinegar and some common acids page 85 Testing for acids and bases page 86 Rainbow chemistry Universal Indicator page 87 Strong or weak? the ph scale page 89 Research The ph of human blood page 90 Make your own ph indicator page 90 Sherbet page 91 Making cakes rise page 93 Neutralisation acids and bases page 93 Acids and metals page 94 Acids and carbonates page 97 Acids and bases puzzle page 101

4 Pure substances and mixtures Natural mixtures page 102 Separating mixtures page 103 Solutions and suspensions two different types of mixture page 106 The properties of mixtures page 109 Pure substances page 110 Chapter 8: The structure of matter page 113 Atomic structure A brief history of the atom page 113 Ernest and the atom page 119 Inside the atom subatomic particles page 121 Atomic number and mass number page 123 Elements and compounds The chemical elements page 124 The Periodic Table page 127 Know your (first 20) elements puzzle page 128 Chemical compounds page 130 Splitting water page 131 Formulae page 132 Chapter 9: Chemistry and society page 135 Acid in the environment Evil smells and witches spells some ghastly gases page 135 Acid gases page 137 Gases puzzle page 138 Acid rain page 139 Research Acid rain in New Zealand page 142 Body chemistry What is your body made of? page 142 Two dangerous elements page 143 Research Sodium and chlorine page 145 Physical world Chapter 10: Distance, time and speed page 147 Average speed page 147 Which units? page 148 Measuring the speed of a passing car page 149

5 Measuring your classmates speeds page 149 Distance versus time graphs page 150 Chapter 11: Forces page 153 Balanced and unbalanced forces page 153 Unit of force page 155 Levers page 156 Buoyancy Buoyancy and density Archimedes Principle page 159 Will a scuba tank sink or float if you drop it overboard? page 160 A Cartesian diver page 161 Swim bladders and submarines page 162 A homemade hydrometer page 163 Force, friction and gravity The world s fastest animal page 165 Skydivers page 165 The parachute jump page 167 The trampoline page 168 Mass, weight and gravity Weight and mass what s the difference? page 169 Newton and the apple why things fall page 170 Your weight on other worlds page 171 Chapter 12: Electricity page 173 Electricity power to the people! page 173 Natur-electricity page 174 Eel-ectricity page 176 What a nerve! page 176 Static electricity a fraction too much friction! page 177 Magnets page 180 Atoms the source of all our electricity page 181 Current electricity page 183 Power bills page 199 Chapter 13: Using physics page 201 Resistance the electrical form of friction Hot wires heating elements page 201 Hot wires light-bulb filaments page 202

6 Hot wires fuses page 203 Make your own light-dimmer page 204 Research an application of physics principles page 205 Resistance puzzle page 206 Planet Earth and beyond Chapter 14: The geosphere page 207 Rocks and mineral in Earth s crust Planet Earth from space page 207 A journey to the centre of the Earth page 208 Rocks page 209 Research Stone-age rocks page 211 Changes in Earth s crust Weathering and erosion page 211 Creation of new rocks page 214 Sedimentation page 214 The process of sedimentation page 215 Giant fossil find page 216 Fossil forensics page 217 How fossils form page 218 Research How to petrify a penguin page 218 Volcanoes Research A New Zealand volcano page 219 What is a volcano? page 220 Metamorphosis Metamorphic rocks page 220 Research Coal formation page 222 The rock cycle page 222 The changing face of Aoraki/Mt Cook page 222 Earthquakes Faults and faulting page 224 Research Tsunami page 225 The moving crust The evidence for crustal movements page 226 Great mountain ranges page 227 Continental jigsaw page 228 The evidence for continental drift page 228

7 Wegener puts the jigsaw together page 229 The man who moved mountains page 229 Plate tectonics page 232 Te ika a Maui New Zealand comes up from down under page 233 Gondwana jigsaw page 234 Chapter 15: Astronomy page 237 The Sun The Sun our nearest star page 237 The Sun s influence night and day page 239 The Sun s influence the seasons page 240 The Moon Earth s satellite The Moon s makeup page 244 The Moon s phases page 245 The Moon s influence the tides page 246 The planets The terrestrial planets page 252 Visiting Venus page 254 Galileo swaps the Earth for the Sun page 256 Asteroid alert! page 257 Research The death of the dinosaurs? page 258 The gas giants page 258 Phobos page 259 Answers page 263 The Periodic Table page 293 Index page 295

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