Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration. Harvey Thorleifson Minnesota Geological Survey

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1 Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration Harvey Thorleifson Minnesota Geological Survey

2 Mineral exploration Direct inspection Remote detection

3 Remote detection Exploration geophysics Exploration geochemistry Indicator mineral methods

4 Remote detection Exploration geophysics Exploration geochemistry Chemical signal Indicator mineral methods

5 Remote detection Exploration geophysics Exploration geochemistry Chemical signal Indicator mineral methods Clastic signal

6 Chemical signal Transported by aqueous &/or gaseous processes Detected in media such as A horizon, B horizon, vegetation, or gases

7 Clastic signal Transported by mechanical processes Detected by sampling clastic sediments that have undergone minimal modification

8 Clastic sediments

9 Ideally: Indicator minerals Coarse-grained Specific to exploration target Visually distinctive Readily recovered Adequately abundant Adequately resistant

10 Indicator mineral methods Drift prospecting Drift exploration Tracing float Boulder tracing Stream sediment geochemistry Loaming Overburden sampling Till geochemistry Indicator mineral tracing

11 Indicator mineral surveys Exploration, mapping, research Regional reconnaissance Follow-up Assessment of geophysical targets In situ mineral chemistry

12 Objective Region or target Commodity or commodities

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14 Media Stream sediments Shoreline sediments Glaciofluvial sediments Till

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18 Spacing & layout Can vary by orders of magnitude 10 s s of km 1 km 0.1 km Layout Grid Transect

19 Ribbon shaped train: one direction (McClenaghan et al.,. 2001) Ranch Lake, NWT, pyrope grains in till

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22 All Indicators (J. Armstrong, 2003)

23 (Kong et al., 1999) James Bay Lowland Stream sediments derived from till DE BEERS

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25 Size Samples on the order of 10 litres Expected frequency ~ 1 indicator mineral per litre of sand May require 5 to 50 litres of sand % sand varies

26 Collection Road access, aircraft Exposures, shovel, excavator Large volume & weight Field concentration e.g. panning Field screening e.g. remove gravel

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29 Boulders Striations Field observations

30 Processing Disaggregate Screen gravel >2 mm (10 mesh) >1 mm (20 mesh) >4 mm (5 mesh) Retain gravel for lithology

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37 Density Pre-concentration Jig, table, pan, spiral, wheel Heavy liquid Size medium to very coarse sand Magnetism Reject non- paramagnetic

38 Heavy liquids Concentration Methylene iodide (MI, 3.3) Diluted MI (e.g. 3.2) Tetrabromoethane (TBE, 2.96) NaPolyW (variable) Superpanner DMS Magstream

39 Separator Hand magnet Ferromagnetics

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41 Classification Processing of nonferromagnetics Reduce picking time Add information Sizing E.g mm; mm Magnetic susceptibility Magstream

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43 Background Many aspects of processing are governed by regional heavy mineral background

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45 Picking/panning Identification of possible & probable indicator minerals Recovery Morphology Spikes Re-picks

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47 Gold grains Number Morphology Mass Composition

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53 Sulphides Rare coated grains in aerated sediments Fresh sulphides in sediments obtained by drilling

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58 Scheelite Lamping under short-wave ultraviolet

59 Base metal indicators e.g. resistates such as gahnite

60 Kimberlite indicator Cr-pyrope Mg-ilmenite Cr-spinel E-garnet Cr-diopside Olivine Diamond minerals

61 Morphology

62 Mineral chemistry Mount & polish grains Semi-quantitative analysis Quantitative major element analysis Mineral classification Trace element analysis

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74 25 30 Pressure (kbar, N&T2000) Gph Dia mw/m Temperature ( C, N&T2000) Mineral Services

75 Interpretation & follow-up

76 Indicator mineral surveys Objective Media Spacing Size Collection Processing Pre- concentration Concentration Ferromagnetics Classification Picking Morphology Mineral chemistry Interpretation & follow-up

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80 Minnesota indicator mineral survey

81 Minnesota indicator mineral survey

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84 Minnesota indicator mineral survey

85 Minnesota indicator mineral survey

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128 All Indicators (J. Armstrong, 2003)

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141 Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration Harvey Thorleifson Minnesota Geological Survey

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