Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission

Transcription

1 2016. M24 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2016 GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL FRIDAY 10 JUNE MORNING Examination Number For the Examiner s Use Only Part One Short-Answer Questions Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Accumulated Mark Disallowed Marks Total Mark Adv. Ex. App. Ex. App. Adv. Net Mark Note: Remember to return this paper with your answer book. Otherwise, you will lose marks. Page 1 of 32

2 PART ONE SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS 80 MARKS Attempt any TEN questions. All questions carry equal marks. THESE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED IN THE SPACES PROVIDED 1. The Tectonic Cycle D F B E A C Amended from Examine the diagram above and answer each of the following questions. (i) Match each of the letters A, B, C, D, E and F with the feature that best matches it in the table below. Feature Letter Continental crust Oceanic trench Mountain range Oceanic crust Subduction zone Magma chamber (ii) Indicate whether the following statement is true or false, by circling the correct option. Plutonic igneous rocks are formed at C. True False [8m] Page 2 of 32

3 2. Volcanic Activity A B Amended from Amended from C D Amended from Amended from Examine the photographs above and answer each of the following questions. (i) Match each of the photographs A, B, C and D with the feature or process that best matches it in the table below. Feature / Process Letter Pyroclastic flow Lava fissure eruption Ash cloud Lava vent eruption (ii) Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, by circling the correct option in each case. (a) Basic lava has a very high silica content. True False (b) Lava with a high silica content is most associated with explosive eruptions. True False [8m] Page 3 of 32

4 3. Coastal Landforms and Rock Structures E F A D C B Examine the photograph above and answer each of the following questions. Brian L Finney (i) Match each of the letters A, B, C, D, E and F with the coastal landform or rock structure that best matches it in the table below. Coastal Landform / Rock Structure Letter Joint Wave-cut platform Rock fall Sea cave Headland Bedding plane (ii) Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by circling the correct option. Rock structures such as joints and bedding planes are most associated with igneous rocks. True False [8m] Page 4 of 32

5 4. Rocks (i) The list below contains a number of source materials from which rocks are formed and a number of metamorphic rocks. Sand Shells and fish bones Magma Marble Gneiss Quartzite Complete the table below by inserting the correct terms from the list, to match each of the rocks named in the table with: (a) (b) the source material most associated with it and the metamorphic rock most associated with it. Rock Name (a) Source Material (b) Metamorphic Rock Sandstone Limestone Granite (ii) Name the rocks most associated with each of the following Irish locations. (a) The Antrim Plateau (b) The Burren [8m] Page 5 of 32

6 5. Landforms Examine the 1: Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper and answer each of the following questions in the table below. (i) Match each of the following landforms with the grid reference that best matches its location on the Ordnance Survey map, in the table below: V-shaped valley Cut-off meander Drumlin Lagoon. (ii) Indicate whether glacial processes or fluvial processes or coastal processes are most associated with the formation of each landform, by ticking the correct box in the table below. Grid Reference (i) Landform (ii) Glacial Processes (ii) Fluvial Processes (ii) Coastal Processes L L L L [8m] 6. Ordnance Survey Map Examine the 1: Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper and answer each of the following questions. (i) Calculate the approximate area, in square kilometres, of Westport Bay, south of northing 85 and west of easting 95. (ii) What is the aspect of the slope at M ? (iii) Measure the straight line distance, in kilometres, from the Post Office in Westport town to the Post Office at M (iv) Give a six-figure grid reference for the Trailhead on the waymarked walk, in the south of the Ordnance Survey map. [8m] Page 6 of 32

7 7. Map Skills Locate point X, L , and point Y, L on the 1: Ordnance Survey map accompanying this paper. Figure 1 shows an elevation profile of the cross section of a line between point X and point Y on the Ordnance Survey map. Figure 1: Elevation Profile of the Cross Section of a line between X and Y 500 B 400 Altitude (metres) A C D X Y 5 Distance along profile (kilometres) Using the 1: Ordnance Survey map and legend and the elevation profile above, answer each of the following questions. (i) (ii) Match each of the letters A, B, C and D on the elevation profile above, with the feature on the Ordnance Survey map that best matches it in the table below. Indicate whether each feature in the table below is part of the physical landscape or cultural landscape, by ticking the correct box. Feature on Ordnance Survey map (i) Letter (ii) Physical Landscape (ii) Cultural Landscape R335 Owenwee River Conical Peak Waymarked Walk [8m] Page 7 of 32

8 8. Aerial Photograph Location Examine the street map of Westport below and the aerial photograph accompanying this paper. N.B. The orientation of the aerial photograph accompanying this paper is different from the orientation of the street map below. The aerial photograph was taken from a point just north of the area shown on the street map, looking southwards across the town. Street Map N A D E C B Locate each of the features A, B, C, D and E labelled above, on the aerial photograph accompanying this paper. Using accepted notation, give the location of each of these features on the aerial photograph in the table below. One has been completed for you. Feature on Street Map Location on Aerial Photograph A Centre of Saint Mary s Crescent Right foreground B C D E Fairgreen Car Park North Mall Leisure Centre [8m] Page 8 of 32

9 9. Weather Charts A B C D Examine the weather charts above and the cloud charts below. Match each of the weather charts A, B, C and D with the cloud chart most associated with it, by writing the correct letter in the space provided in each case. (i) Letter (ii) Letter (iii) Letter (iv) Letter [8m] Page 9 of 32

10 10. The European Union The Eurozone Area, 2015 EU member states in the Eurozone area Other EU member states Non-EU member states using the Euro with monetary agreement: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City. Amended from Malta Cyprus Examine the map above showing the Eurozone area in 2015 and answer each of the following questions. (i) Name the most northerly European Union (EU) member state in the Eurozone area in (ii) Indicate the total number of European Union member states in the Eurozone area in 2015, by ticking the correct box (iii) Name two European Union member states not in the Eurozone area in (iv) Name two non-european Union member states using the Euro in [8m] Page 10 of 32

11 11. Statistical Interpretation Irish Born Population Living Abroad Region Australia 54,318 55,410 71,826 77,513 Canada 28,321 26,194 24,957 25,985 France 6,702 7,135 9,349 9,664 New Zealand 6,344 6,597 8,019 8,869 Poland ,409 8,136 UK 596, , , ,658 USA 195, , , ,571 Amended from United Nations Statistics, 2013 Examine the table above which shows the number of Irish born people living abroad in selected regions and answer each of the following questions. (i) Which region in the table above had the largest number of Irish born residents in 2013? (ii) How many Irish born people were living in New Zealand in 2000? (iii) Calculate the increase in the number of Irish born people living in Poland between 2000 and (iv) Explain briefly one reason for the increase in the number of Irish born people living in Poland between 2000 and [8m] Page 11 of 32

12 12. Graphical Interpretation Percentage Share of Total Passengers by Main Airport in Ireland in 2005 and Kerry Knock Shannon Cork Dublin Amended from CSO data Examine the charts above showing the percentage share of total passengers by main airport in Ireland in 2005 and 2013, and answer each of the following questions. (i) Which airport had the largest percentage share of total passengers in 2013? (ii) Which airport had the second largest percentage share of total passengers in 2005? (iii) Calculate the decrease in Shannon Airport s percentage share of total passengers between 2005 and (iv) Explain briefly one economic effect of a decrease in passenger numbers at Shannon Airport on the Shannon Region. [8m] Page 12 of 32

13 PART TWO STRUCTURED and ESSAY QUESTIONS 320 MARKS You must attempt FOUR questions, as follows: TWO questions from Section 1 Core: One question from Questions 1, 2 and 3 (80 marks) AND One question from Questions 4, 5 and 6 (80 marks) ONE question from Section 2 Electives (80 marks) ONE question from Section 3 Options (80 marks) THESE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED IN THE ANSWER BOOK Page 13 of 32

14 SECTION 1 CORE Questions 1 to 6 You MUST attempt TWO questions: ONE from Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment AND ONE from Regional Geography Page 14 of 32

15 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Questions 1 to 3 Attempt ONE question Question 1 A. Ordnance Survey Map Examine the 1: Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper. Draw a sketch map of the area shown to half scale. On it, correctly show and label each of the following: Westport Bay The entire course of the Owenwee River The entire area of Kinlooey Lough at M The entire area of land above 200 metres in the south-west of the map. [20m] B. Rocks Explain the formation of one igneous rock and one metamorphic rock, with reference to Irish examples. C. Weathering Explain one process of physical weathering and one process of chemical weathering. Page 15 of 32

16 Question 2 A. Earthquakes Nepal Earthquake, 25 April 2015, Magnitude 7.8 Fault line Eurasian Plate Epicentre Converging about 5 cm per year NEPAL Indian Plate Kathmandu Amended from Burma Plate Examine the diagram above and answer each of the following questions. (i) What was the magnitude of the earthquake in Nepal in 2015? (ii) The movement of which two plates resulted in the earthquake in Nepal? (iii) What type of plate boundary is shown above? (iv) Name two other types of plate boundaries. (v) Explain briefly what is meant by the term epicentre. (vi) Explain briefly one way of reducing the impact of earthquakes. [20m] B. Landform Development Answer (i) or (ii). (i) (ii) Examine the role of the processes of deposition on the formation of any one landform that you have studied. Or Describe and explain the factors governing the operation of any one mass movement process that you have studied. C. Fluvial Adjustment Examine how changes in base level impact on geomorphic processes and landforms in a fluvial environment. Page 16 of 32

17 Question 3 A. Fluvial landforms D C B A Bedrock E F Stream Channel Amended from Examine the diagram above and answer each of the following questions. (i) Name each of the fluvial landforms A, B, C, D, E and F. (ii) Explain briefly what is meant by the term bedrock. (iii) Explain briefly what is meant by the term alluvium. [20m] B. Landscape Development Examine how different rock types produce distinctive landscapes, with reference to examples that you have studied. C. Constructive Plate Boundaries Discuss the geographical distribution and the impacts of constructive plate boundaries. Page 17 of 32

18 REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY Questions 4 to 6 Attempt ONE question Question 4 A. Map Skills Draw an outline map of a Continental / Sub-Continental region (not in Europe) that you have studied. On it, show and name each of the following: The outline of a named feature of relief (upland or lowland) A named urban centre The outline of a named agricultural or industrial region The course of a named river. [20m] B. European Union Examine the impact of the expansion of the European Union on member states, with reference to both economic and social impacts. C. Secondary Economic Activity Examine the development of secondary economic activity in an Irish region that you have studied, with reference to any two of the following factors: Raw materials Transport Labour Markets. Page 18 of 32

19 Question 5 A. Economic Activity Main Aquaculture Producers in the European Union (EU-28) in 1995 and UK Netherlands France Greece 2012 France UK Italy Other EU-28 Other EU-28 Italy Spain Spain Amended from Eurostat 2015 Examine the charts above showing the main aquaculture producers in the European Union (EU-28) in 1995 and 2012 and answer each of the following questions. (i) Calculate X, the percentage of EU-28 aquaculture produced by the UK in (ii) Which single country produced over one-fifth of EU-28 aquaculture production in 2012 and what percentage did that country produce in 1995? (iii) With reference to the charts above, which country was no longer one of the main EU-28 aquaculture producers in 2012 and which country replaced it? (iv) Explain briefly one positive impact of European Union policy on the fishing industry. (v) Explain briefly one negative impact of European Union policy on the fishing industry. [20m] B. Agriculture in a Continental / Sub-Continental Region Account for the development of agriculture in a Continental / Sub-Continental region (not in Europe), that you have studied, with reference to any two of the following factors: Soil Relief Climate. C. Concept of a Region Examine how culture or the physical landscape can be used to define regions, with reference to examples that you have studied. Page 19 of 32

20 Question 6 A. Unemployment Unemployment Statistics in Selected Countries Unemployment as % of Total Population Youth Unemployment as % of Active Population (15 to 24 years) Country Germany Ireland Greece France Amended from Eurostat Examine the table above showing unemployment as a percentage of total population and youth unemployment as a percentage of active population, in selected countries, and answer each of the following questions. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Which two countries had the same percentage of total population unemployed in 2008? What was the trend in the percentage of total population unemployed in Ireland between 2008 and 2014? Explain briefly one reason for this trend. Which country s youth unemployment, as a percentage of active population, decreased between 2008 and 2014? Which country had the greatest increase in its youth unemployment, as a percentage of active population, between 2008 and 2014? What has been the trend in Ireland s youth unemployment, as a percentage of active population, from 2012 to 2014 inclusive? State one reason for this trend. [20m] B. Dynamics of Regions - Climate Examine the importance of climate to the economic development of any two contrasting European regions (not in Ireland), that you have studied. C. Urban Development Examine how two of the following factors have influenced the development of any urban area that you have studied: Transport Location Primary economic activity. Page 20 of 32

21 SECTION 2 ELECTIVES Questions 7 to 12 You MUST attempt ONE question from: Patterns and Processes in Economic Activities OR Patterns and Processes in the Human Environment Page 21 of 32

22 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Questions 7 to 9 Question 7 A. Ordnance Survey Map Examine the 1: Ordnance Survey map and legend accompanying this paper. Draw a sketch map of the area shown to half scale. On it, correctly show and label each of the following: A railway line The N59 The R335 The built up area of Westport. [20m] B. Multinational Company Explain the factors that influence the operations of any one multinational company that you have studied. C. Economic Activity - Conflict Examine how conflict may arise between the exploitation of natural resources and the need to protect the environment, with reference to example(s) that you have studied. Page 22 of 32

23 Question 8 A. Human Development Index Region Human Development Index (HDI) Data for Selected Regions HDI 1990 HDI 2014 Gross National Income 2014 Life expectancy at birth (years) 2014 Mean years of schooling 2014 Norway $64, Ireland $39, USA $52, Brazil $15, Haiti $1, Mali $1, Amended from Examine the table above showing Human Development Index data for selected regions and answer each of the following questions. (i) Which region had the highest Human Development Index in 1990 and which region had the highest Human Development Index in 2014? (ii) Calculate the difference (in dollars) between the gross national income in Norway and the gross national income in Mali in (iii) Which region had the highest mean years of schooling in 2014? (iv) Explain briefly one reason why the mean years of schooling are higher in countries such as Norway and Ireland. (v) Name one indicator used to calculate the Human Development Index. (vi) Explain briefly one advantage of using the Human Development Index as a measure of economic development. [20m] B. Renewable Energy Examine how the development of renewable energy is crucial for Ireland s environment and economy. C. Tertiary Economic Activity Using evidence from the 1: Ordnance Survey map accompanying this paper, discuss the potential for the development of tourism in the area shown on the map, with reference to each of the following: Accessibility Attractions Services (excluding transport). Page 23 of 32

24 Question 9 A. Irish Trade Ireland s Top Export Partners, 2014 Export Partner % of Total Exports USA 22.2% UK 15.1% Belgium 13.2% Germany 6.6% Switzerland 5.9% France 5.2% Amended from Examine the data above showing Ireland s top export partners in 2014 and answer each of the following questions. (i) (ii) Using graph paper, draw a suitable graph to illustrate this data. Explain briefly one advantage for a country of having a large number of export partners. [20m] B. Economic Development Examine how two of the following factors influence the level of economic development in any developing economy that you have studied: Physical factors Social factors Cultural factors Political factors. C. European Union Policy Examine how European Union Policy influences economic activity in Ireland. Page 24 of 32

25 PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Questions 10 to 12 Question 10 A. Population - Ireland Predicted Irish Population by Broad Age Group and Sex in 2040 Age Group (years) Males (%) Female (%) % 16% % 62% % 22% Amended from US Census Bureau Examine the data above showing the predicted Irish population, by broad age group and sex in 2040 and answer each of the following questions. (i) (ii) Using graph paper, draw a suitable graph to illustrate this data. Explain briefly one advantage of predicting future population characteristics. [20m] B. Urban Functions Name, locate (using accepted notation) and explain three different urban functions evident on the aerial photograph of Westport accompanying this paper. C. Population Examine how levels of development are influenced by population characteristics such as population structure, density and growth etc., with reference to examples that you have studied. Page 25 of 32

26 Question 11 A. Aerial Photograph Examine the aerial photograph of Westport accompanying this paper. Draw a sketch map of the aerial photograph, half the length and half the breadth. On it, correctly show and label each of the following: The river A bridge A large car park in the background The main road running from the centre foreground to the right background. [20m] B. Irish Migration Describe and explain changes in patterns of migration to and from Ireland over time. C. Urban Growth Developing World City Problems can develop from the growth and expansion of urban centres. Discuss this statement with reference to one developing world city that you have studied. Page 26 of 32

27 Question 12 A. Migration Confirmed Numbers of Places Pledged by Selected Countries to Syrian Refugees as of 11 December, 2015 Spain Ireland Finland Austria Switzerland Sweden Australia Norway Canada Germany Note: Figures relate to both resettlement of Syrian refugees and other forms of legal admission. Amended from UNHCR and The Independent Examine the chart above showing the confirmed number of places pledged by selected countries to Syrian refugees as of the 11 December, 2015 and answer each of the following questions. (i) How many places did Ireland pledge to Syrian refugees as of the 11 December, 2015? (ii) Which country, that is not a member of the European Union, pledged the most number of places? (iii) Calculate the total number of places pledged by the European Union member states listed above. (iv) List two push factors that result in people migrating. (v) Explain briefly one challenge faced by countries receiving large numbers of migrants. (vi) Explain briefly one positive impact of immigration for the receiving country. B. Central Place Theory [20m] Describe and explain Central Place Theory with reference to example(s) that you have studied. C. Urban Development Examine how urban centres change over time with reference to example(s) that you have studied. Page 27 of 32

28 SECTION 3 OPTIONS Questions 13 to 24 Attempt ONE question Note: It is better to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a superficial treatment of a large number of points. Page 28 of 32

29 Global Interdependence Note: It is better to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a superficial treatment of a large number of points. 13. Views of development and underdevelopment involve contrasting models and approaches to development. Discuss. [80m] 14. Examine sustainable development as a model for future development. [80m] 15. Discuss the human and natural causes of desertification and of deforestation. [80m] Geoecology Note: It is better to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a superficial treatment of a large number of points. 16. Examine the general composition and characteristics of any one soil type. [80m] 17. Various soil patterns have developed in different regions of the world because of the action of different soil forming processes. Discuss. [80m] 18. Examine the characteristics of one biome that you have studied, with reference to any three of the following: Climate Soils Flora Fauna. [80m] Page 29 of 32

30 Culture and Identity Note: It is better to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a superficial treatment of a large number of points. 19. Examine the importance of religion as an indicator of culture. [80m] 20. Many states have different cultural groups within their borders. Discuss. [80m] 21. Identity as a concept entails a variety of cultural factors. Discuss this statement with reference to a case study of a European region that you have studied. [80m] The Atmosphere - Ocean Environment Note: It is better to discuss three or four aspects of the theme in some detail, rather than to give a superficial treatment of a large number of points. 22. Circulation in both the atmosphere and the oceans gives rise to different weather patterns. Discuss. [80m] 23. Climate characteristics change over time and space. Discuss. [80m] 24. Examine how climate characteristics influence economic development. [80m] Page 30 of 32

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