SLOPE FAILURE OF AN EMBANKMENT ON CLAY SHALE AT KM OF THE CIPULARANG TOLL ROAD AND THE SELECTED SOLUTION
|
|
- Noah Grant
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Symposium on Geotechnical Engineering, Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics for Human Security and Environmental Preservation, Bangkok, Thailand SLOPE FAILURE OF AN EMBANKMENT ON CLAY SHALE AT KM OF THE CIPULARANG TOLL ROAD AND THE SELECTED SOLUTION M. Irsyam Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology E. Susila Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology A. Himawan Geotechnical Engineer LAPI ITB ABSTRACT This paper presents slope failure causes, mechanism and a selected solution of an embankment on clay shale in one of most vital highways in Indonesia, the Cipularang Toll Road. The toll road was constructed in 2004 to 2005 to support economic growth in Jakarta, Bandung and the surrounding area. The toll road had to pass hills and valleys on clay shale of the Miocene Djatiluhur Marl formation. The slope failure occurred in February 2006 at Km and attracted national attention due to its national critical function. This paper also presents the subsurface condition, the clay shale degrading strength due to exposure, back calculated strength parameters of degrading shale, slope movement monitoring result, geotechnical analyses and a group of bored piles as the selected reinforcement method. Geotechnical analyses were performed by utilizing PLAXIS, finite element software. The elastic plastic constitutive model and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria were chosen to model soils. Field monitoring during the following several heavy rains and geotechnical analyses show that a group of bored piles with a diameter of one meter is effective to stabilize the slope. INTRODUCTION The Cipularang Toll Road, located in West Java, Indonesia, is one of the most vital highways in Indonesia that supports transportation link among its major cities: Jakarta, Bandung and the surrounding area. The toll road was constructed in 2004 to 2005 and was opened for public transportation in March Due to topographical and geological conditions, the highway had to pass hills and valleys on clay shale of the Miocene Djatiluhur Marl formation. In early February 2006, after 11 months of operation, a road bed embankment at KM failed. Figure 1 illustrates the slope failure of the slope embankment on clay shale layer. Records of slope monitoring indicators which are shown in Figure 2 indicated that failure plane was from toe of embankment to the top of embankment at the median of the highway. 531
2 Fig. 1 The slope failure at road bed embankment on clay shale at KM in February 2006 (Irsyam et al., 2006) ROW ROW Fig. 2 The result of slope indicators monitoring (Irsyam, et al., 2006) The as-built drawing and construction documentation show that construction of the road bed embankment was initiated by stripping the original surfacial soft clay shale with approximate thicknesses of 0.3 to 2.0 m. However, soil investigation conducted after slope failure revealed that a layer of original soft clay shale was found directly below fill embankment, especially below the toe of slope. Back calculation by slope stability analysis verified that the slope failure occurred on the soft clay shale. Shear strength and volume stability of the shale is time dependent. Due to the soil stripping/excavation and weathering, shale looses its shear strength. This paper presents behaviors of clay shales, slope failure mechanism, selection of shear strength parameters, geotechnical analyses and the chosen slope reinforcement of failure slope which is a group of bored piles. 532
3 MINERALOGY OF SHALE Stark and Duncan (1991) investigated the cause of a slide at the upstream slope of Californias s San Luis Dam which is supported by stiff and desiccated clay. They showed that shear strength of the clay decreases rapidly to the fully softened strength when the clay is soaked. When the clay is subjected to a cyclic loading, the strength decreases gradually from the fully softened to its residual value. Skempton (1977) concludes that heavily over consolidated clay is usually firm and stable and has comparatively high shear strength in its original condition. Chemical changes along exposed fissured (weathering) cause reduction of the shear strength. Depending on the progress of weathering, weak zones are developed in a potentially unstable slope. In the most stressed areas, small movements begin to develop that leads to further reduction of shear strength and slope instability. Shale is a fine grained sedimentary rock formed from clays compacted together by pressure. Shale is generally characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curve fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often indistinguishable bedding plane (Wikipedia, 2007). Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lake and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore of beach sands (Wikipedia, 2007). The main engineering behaviors of shale is that it is very hard, however, once it is exposed to sunrays, air, and water within a relatively short time it will become soft clays (mud). SHEAR STRENGTH OF SHALE Gartung (1986) observes that when a clay, that is originally dry and hard with high shear strength, absorbes water during the process of unloading, it turns rapidly to stiff or even to soft clay with an extremely low shear strength. After opening a cut, the state of weathering does not only vary locally but also vary with time. Zones that are relatively unweathered before excavation will form a new surface and the clay being unloaded and exposed to the atmosphere will start to weather and change properties very quickly. As the weathering effects proceed, the shear strength distribution of the soil profile changes with time. Gartung (1986) divides the clay into 4 zones according to the degree of weathering as shown in Figure 3. Zone I comprises the unweathered clay stone while zone IV refers to the final stage of the weathering process. Using slow triaxial tests the residual angles of internal friction were determined on samples of the 4 zones of weathering. Gartung (1986) showed that the average residual angles of internal friction, φr is 8.6 o. Gartung (1986) also showed that φr is independent of the degree of weathering. To use the residual strength parameters would be too conservative. On the other hand it appeared unsafe to analyze the stability with peak strength parameters, even of the weathered soil of zone IV. For design, Gartung (1986) suggested to use the reduced parameters for the long term condition: φ = 20 o and c = 20 kn/m 2. In a partially saturated shale, water within the voids would be concentrated in tiny menisci around the particle contacts and would have the effect of bonding of the particles together. In this condition a dry clay exhibits a pseudo - preconsolidation pressure that is related to the strength of these bonds between particles. Soaking the clay eliminates the negative pore pressure, destroying the bonds. Figure 4 presents the effect of soaking on the shear strength of clays as suggested by Stark and Duncan (1991). 533
4 Fig. 3 The shear strength of shale proposed by Gartung (1986) Fig. 4 The time-dependent shear strength of shale (Stark and Duncan, 1991) Skempton (1977) observed that slope failures generally occur some time after excavation. He concludes that the main reason for the delay is the slow rate of equilibrium of pore pressure fluctuation, despite the fissured structure of the clay. He performed shear and triaxial tests on brown London Clay. He chose a 6 cm shear box and 38 mm diameter triaxial tests. He found the peak strength parameters of the clay are: c = 14 kn/m 2 φ = 20 o 534
5 Sandroni (1977) performed triaxial tests of a London Clay with the largest triaxial samples (250 mm diameter) to include a representative assemblage of fissures. He found that the cohesion of the larger diameter samples is smaller, with the following parameters: c = 7 kn/m 2 φ = 20 o Figure 5 shows strength parameters of the London Clay for both diameters of 38 mm and 250 mm. Our back calculations on the slope failure at KM shows that even with the larger diameter triaxial tests, the strength parameters are still larger than the field values obtained from back analysis. Fig. 5 Shear strength of shale for several various sizes of samples (Skempton, 1977) Based on the results of soil investigation before construction and deep coring after construction, the slope failure at Km of the Cipularang Toll Road was predictably caused by strength degradation of the surfacial clay shale due to the stripping works. To obtain a suitable solution, appropriate prediction of shear strength parameters of the degraded clay shale becomes very crucial. Unfortunately, there was no laboratory test on the exposed clay shale before. The monitoring result of slope indicators which is shown in Figure 2 becomes critical since failure plane could be predicted. Based on the predicted failure plane the shear strength parameters of clay shale at failure condition could be evaluated by performing back calculation of failure condition. Soil profile (Figure 6) and shear strength parameters of other layers are developed based on as-built drawing and the result of deep coring after slope failure. The analysis was performed by a parametric study through the slope stability analysis to examine several predicted shear strength parameters of clay shale. The shear strength parameters of clay shale which cause slope failure with the most similar failure plane as interpreted failure plane based on records of slope indicators were selected as the field parameters. Slope failure is indicated by a safety factor value of
6 FG A B E D C No A B C D E Layer Description Fill Material (Road Bed) Fill Material (Side slope) Uncompacted material Silty Clay dan Weathered clay shale Hard clay shale Fig. 6 Soil profile Figures 7a and 7b present results of back analysis using a finite element software of PLAXIS (Brinkgreve and Vermeer, 1998). As shown in the figures, the slope failure plane occurs at Layer D which is the soft silty clay and weathered clay shale. Result of back analysis shows that the calculated shear strength parameters of the degraded soil layer at failure were c = 5.0 kpa and φ = 13 o. These values are comparable with the parameters of soaked residual and remolded residual suggested by Stark and Duncan (1991) and residual soil by Skempton (1977) but smaller than design shear strength parameters recommended by Gartung (1986) and residual parameters suggested by Gartung (1986). (a) (b) Fig. 7 The predicted slope failure mechanism based on slope stability analysis: (a) deformation vectors (b) deformation contours 536
7 Table 1 The calculated parameters based on the parametric study Layer No Identification γ c φ [kn/m 3 ] [kn/m 2A ] [ ] A Fill Material (Road Bed) B Fill Material (Side Slope) C Uncompacted material D Silty Clay dan Weathered clay shale E Hard clay shale SLOPE REINFORCEMENT USING BORED PILE A group of bored piles was selected as the most suitable solution to overcome the slope failure due to time and space constrains and topographic condition at the site while the cost was still considered effective (Irsyam, et al., 2006). This type of reinforcement has been successfully overcome slope failure in a valve chamber of a power plant (Irsyam et al., 1999). The length of bored piles has to be able to cut failure plane and the passive resistance of soil to bored piles below the failure plane has to be large enough to resist failure. Figure 8 presents the chosen arrangement of group of bored piles for this project. As shown in the figure the group of bored piles was consisted of 2 layers of 18 m length of bored piles with a diameter of 1.0 m and pile spacing (center to center) of 2.0 m, arranged in a zigzag pattern. Another finite element analysis was performed to confirm the slope stability, the sufficiency number of bored piles to resist bending moment, and adequacy of bore pile length The bored piles were modeled as elastic plastic beam elements. Bending and axial stiffness parameters are summarized in Table 2. Figure 9 presents result of finite element analysis after installation of the group of bored pile. The figure shows that failure plane is on top (left side) of bored piles. The analysis result also shows that bored pile has increased the factor of safety to a value of more than 1.3 and the capacity of bending moment of group of bored piles is more that required. Bored piles were constructed around October in Figure 10 illustrates site condition during and after construction of bored piles. During last year rainy season, around November 2006 to January 2007, with several times of hard rains, records of slope indicators showed that there was no significant soil movement. Table 2 The stiffness parameters of bored pile as beam element EA EI w ν Number Identification Type [kn/m 2 ] [kn/m 2 ] [kn/m 2 ] [ - ] 1 Bored Pile D=1000 Elastic
8 Fig. 8 The cross section of slope reinforcement and bored pile arrangement Fig. 9 Result of slope stability analysis after installation of bored piles (SF>1.3) 538
9 (a) (b) Fig. 10 Slope conditions: (a) during construction of bored piles and (b) after construction completion of soldier-bored piles CONCLUSIONS 1. The slope failure at Km of the Cipularang Toll Road was mostly led by the existence of low shear strength layer of silty clay and weathered clay shale. The backcalculated shear strength parameters at failure condition were c = 5 kpa and φ = 13 o. 2. A group of bored piles was selected as the most suitable solution to overcome the slope failure due to time and space constrains and topographic condition at the site while the cost was still considered effective. The calculation result and records of slope indicator during the following several heavy rains indicate that the group of bored pile is effective to stabilize the slope. REFERENCES Brinkgreve, R. B. J. and Vermeer, P. A. (1998). PLAXIS: Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analyses, A. A. Balkema, Netherlands. Gartung, E. (1986). Excavation in hard clays of the Keuper Formation, Proceedings of Symposium, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Seattle, Washington. 539
10 Irsyam, M., Surono, A., Himawan, A. and Nugroho, A. (2006). Laporan Disain Penanganan Kelongsoran Timbunan Badan Jalan KM Tol Cipularang, LAPI ITB-PT. JASA MARGA (persero). Irsyam, M., Tami, D., Sadisun, I. A., Karyasuparta, S. R. and Tatang, A. H. (1999). Solving landslide problem in shale cut slope in the construction of the Valve Chamber of the Tulis Hydro Electric Power, Journal of 99 Japan-Korea Joint Symposium on Rock Engineering, ISSN , Fukuoka, Japan. LAPI ITB (2006). Penelitian dan Penyelidikan STA Jalur B Pada Proyek Pembangunan Jalan Tol Cipularang Tahap II Paket 3.1 Ruas Plered - Cikalong Wetan Kabupaten Purwakarta, Jawa Barat Sandroni, S. S. (1977). The Strength of London Clay in Total and Effective Stress Term, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London. Skempton, A. W. (1997). Slope Stability of Cuttings in Brown Clay, Tokyo. Stark, T. D. and Duncan, J. M. (1991). Mechanism of strength loss in stiff clays, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 1. Wikipedia (2007). The Free Encyclopedia, Florida, U.S.A. 540
Landslide FE Stability Analysis
Landslide FE Stability Analysis L. Kellezi Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, GEO-Danish Geotechnical Institute, Denmark S. Allkja Altea & Geostudio 2000, Albania P. B. Hansen Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering,
More informationTheory of Shear Strength
MAJ 1013 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS Theory of Shear Strength Prepared by, Dr. Hetty 1 Strength of different materials Steel Concrete Soil Tensile strength Compressive strength Shear strength Complex behavior
More informationSOIL SHEAR STRENGTH. Prepared by: Dr. Hetty Muhammad Azril Fauziah Kassim Norafida
SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH Prepared by: Dr. Hetty Muhammad Azril Fauziah Kassim Norafida What is shear strength Shear strength of a soil is the maximum internal resistance to applied shearing forces Why it is
More informationTheory of Shear Strength
SKAA 1713 SOIL MECHANICS Theory of Shear Strength Prepared by, Dr. Hetty 1 SOIL STRENGTH DEFINITION Shear strength of a soil is the maximum internal resistance to applied shearing forces The maximum or
More informationJ. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A.
J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. Paul Guyer is a registered mechanical engineer, civil engineer, fire protection engineer and architect with over 35 years experience in the design of buildings and related infrastructure.
More informationChapter 5 Shear Strength of Soil
Page 5 Chapter 5 Shear Strength of Soil. The internal resistance per unit area that the soil mass can offer to resist failure and sliding along any plane inside it is called (a) strength (b) shear strength
More informationCh 4a Stress, Strain and Shearing
Ch. 4a - Stress, Strain, Shearing Page 1 Ch 4a Stress, Strain and Shearing Reading Assignment Ch. 4a Lecture Notes Sections 4.1-4.3 (Salgado) Other Materials Handout 4 Homework Assignment 3 Problems 4-13,
More informationProf. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
19 Module 5: Lecture -1 on Stability of Slopes Contents Stability analysis of a slope and finding critical slip surface; Sudden Draw down condition, effective stress and total stress analysis; Seismic
More informationDeformation And Stability Analysis Of A Cut Slope
Deformation And Stability Analysis Of A Cut Slope Masyitah Binti Md Nujid 1 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Technology MARA (Perlis), 02600 Arau PERLIS e-mail:masyitahmn@perlis.uitm.edu.my
More informationJurnal Teknologi EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON DISINTEGRATION AND SHEAR STRENGTH REDUCTION OF CLAY SHALE. Full Paper
Jurnal Teknologi EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON DISINTEGRATION AND SHEAR STRENGTH REDUCTION OF CLAY SHALE Idrus M Alatas a, Samira A Kamaruddin a, Ramli Nazir b*, Masyhur Irsyam c a UTM Razak School of Engineering
More informationSeismic Evaluation of Tailing Storage Facility
Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2010 Conference, Perth, Western Australia Seismic Evaluation of Tailing Storage Facility Jonathan Z. Liang 1, David Elias 2 1 Senior Geotechnical Engineer, GHD
More informationR.SUNDARAVADIVELU Professor IIT Madras,Chennai - 36.
Behaviour of Berthing Structure under Changing Slope in Seismic Condition - A Case Study K.MUTHUKKUMARAN Research Scholar Department of Ocean Engineering, R.SUNDARAVADIVELU Professor IIT Madras,Chennai
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
Soil Failure Criteria SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL Knowledge about the shear strength of soil important for the analysis of: Bearing capacity of foundations, Slope stability, Lateral pressure on retaining structures,
More informationMODIFICATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL AT PILANGBANGO RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MADIUN, EAST JAVA
Contribution of Civil Engineering toward Building Sustainable City 124 MODIFICATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL AT PILANGBANGO RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MADIUN, EAST JAVA Mudji Irmawan 1,
More informationLiquefaction and Foundations
Liquefaction and Foundations Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Short Course on Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings 26 30 November, 2012 What is Liquefaction? Liquefaction
More informationComparison of shear pile force and moment in slippage reinforced with shear pile Mona Mohamadi 1, Abolfazl Eslami, Farhad Nabizade 1 1. Department of Technology, Guilan University, Iran. Department of
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL Necessity of studying Shear Strength of soils : Soil failure usually occurs in the form of shearing along internal surface within the soil. Shear Strength: Thus, structural strength
More informationSOIL MODELS: SAFETY FACTORS AND SETTLEMENTS
PERIODICA POLYTECHNICA SER. CIV. ENG. VOL. 48, NO. 1 2, PP. 53 63 (2004) SOIL MODELS: SAFETY FACTORS AND SETTLEMENTS Gabriella VARGA and Zoltán CZAP Geotechnical Department Budapest University of Technology
More informationPrediction of torsion shear tests based on results from triaxial compression tests
Prediction of torsion shear tests based on results from triaxial compression tests P.L. Smith 1 and N. Jones *2 1 Catholic University of America, Washington, USA 2 Geo, Lyngby, Denmark * Corresponding
More informationChapter (12) Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad
Chapter (12) Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter Outlines Shear strength in soils Direct shear test Unconfined Compression Test Tri-axial Test Shear Strength The strength of a material is the
More informationChapter (11) Pile Foundations
Chapter (11) Introduction Piles are structural members that are made of steel, concrete, or timber. They are used to build pile foundations (classified as deep foundations) which cost more than shallow
More informationThe Effect of Soil Cracks on Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle at Landslide
2018, TextRoad Publication ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com The Effect of Soil Cracks on Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle at Landslide Hutagamissufardal
More informationShear Strength of Soils
Shear Strength of Soils STRESSES IN A SOIL ELEMENT t s v Analyze Effective Stresses (s ) Load carried by Soil t Where: s H t t s H s = t f = s v = s H = t = s v Stresses in a Soil Element after Figure
More informationD1. A normally consolidated clay has the following void ratio e versus effective stress σ relationship obtained in an oedometer test.
(d) COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION D1. A normally consolidated clay has the following void ratio e versus effective stress σ relationship obtained in an oedometer test. (a) Plot the e - σ curve. (b)
More informationTriaxial Shear Test. o The most reliable method now available for determination of shear strength parameters.
TOPICS Introduction Components of Shear Strength of Soils Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Laboratory Shear Strength Testing Direct Shear Test Triaxial Compression Test
More informationAPPENDIX J. Dynamic Response Analysis
APPENDIX J Dynamic Response Analysis August 25, 216 Appendix J Dynamic Response Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS J1 INTRODUCTION... 1 J2 EARTHQUAKE TIME HISTORIES... 1 J3 MODEL AND INPUT DATA FOR SITE RESPONSE
More information8.1. What is meant by the shear strength of soils? Solution 8.1 Shear strength of a soil is its internal resistance to shearing stresses.
8.1. What is meant by the shear strength of soils? Solution 8.1 Shear strength of a soil is its internal resistance to shearing stresses. 8.2. Some soils show a peak shear strength. Why and what type(s)
More informationMass Wasting. Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
Mass Wasting Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition While landslides are a normal part of erosion and surface processes, they can be very destructive to life and property! - Mass wasting: downslope
More informationCollapsible Soils Definitions
Collapsible Soils Definitions Collapsible soils are also known as metastable soils. They are unsaturated soils that undergo a large volume change upon saturation. The sudden and usually large volume change
More informationReinforced Soil Structures Reinforced Soil Walls. Prof K. Rajagopal Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai
Geosynthetics and Reinforced Soil Structures Reinforced Soil Walls continued Prof K. Rajagopal Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.inac in Outline of the Lecture
More informationPILE-SUPPORTED RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM
PILE-SUPPORTED RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM Emre Biringen, Bechtel Power Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, USA Mohab Sabry, Bechtel Power Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, USA Over the past decades, there has
More informationStability Analysis of Hongsa Coal Mine s Pit Walls, Xaignabouli Province, Laos PDR. Thanachot Harnpa* Dr.Schradh Saenton**
IPMO3-1 Stability Analysis of Hongsa Coal Mine s Pit Walls, Xaignabouli Province, Laos PDR Thanachot Harnpa* Dr.Schradh Saenton** ABSTRACT The slope stability analysis is an important requirement for routine
More informationTIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PILE UNDER LATERAL LOAD USING THE BOUNDING SURFACE MODEL
TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PILE UNDER LATERAL LOAD USING THE BOUNDING SURFACE MODEL Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu and Maarib M. Ahmed Al-Sammaraey Department of Civil Engineering, Nahrain University, Iraq
More informationLaboratory Testing Total & Effective Stress Analysis
SKAA 1713 SOIL MECHANICS Laboratory Testing Total & Effective Stress Analysis Prepared by: Dr. Hetty Mohr Coulomb failure criterion with Mohr circle of stress 2 ' 2 ' ' ' 3 ' 1 ' 3 ' 1 Cot Sin c ' ' 2
More informationEngineer. Engineering. Engineering. (in-ja-neer ) A person trained and skilled in any of the various branches of engineering: a civil engineer
Engineer (in-ja-neer ) A person trained and skilled in any of the various branches of engineering: a civil engineer (Random House Webster s College Dictionary, 1991) CE100 Introduction to Civil Geotechnical
More informationCyclic lateral response of piles in dry sand: Effect of pile slenderness
Cyclic lateral response of piles in dry sand: Effect of pile slenderness Rafa S. 1, Rouaz I. 1,Bouaicha A. 1, Abed El Hamid A. 1 Rafa.sidali@gmail.com 1 National Center for Studies and Integrated Researches
More informationTable 3. Empirical Coefficients for BS 8002 equation. A (degrees) Rounded Sub-angular. 2 Angular. B (degrees) Uniform Moderate grading.
Hatanaka and Uchida (1996); ' 20N 20 12N 20 ' 45 A lower bound for the above equation is given as; 12N 15 ' 45 Table 3. Empirical Coefficients for BS 8002 equation A Angularity 1) A (degrees) Rounded 0
More informationStudy of Pile Interval of Landslide Restraint Piles by Centrifuge Test and FEM Analysis
Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides 113 Study of Pile Interval of Landslide Restraint Piles by Centrifuge Test and FEM Analysis Yasuo Ishii, 1) Hisashi Tanaka, 1) Kazunori
More informationNonlinear Time-Dependent Soil Behavior due to Construction of Buried Structures
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, 214, 71-88 ISSN: 172-4 (print), 172- (online) Scienpress Ltd, 214 Nonlinear Time-Dependent Soil Behavior due to Construction of Buried
More information(Refer Slide Time: 02:18)
Geology and Soil Mechanics Prof. P. Ghosh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 40 Shear Strength of Soil - C Keywords: Shear strength of soil, direct shear test,
More informationGEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ECG 503 LECTURE NOTE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ECG 503 LECTURE NOTE 07 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES LEARNING OUTCOMES Learning outcomes: At the end of this lecture/week the students would be able to: Understand
More informationAPPENDIX I. Deformation Analysis of the Left Abutment
APPENDIX I Deformation Analysis of the Left Abutment August 25, 2016 Appendix I Deformation Analysis of the Left Abutment TABLE OF CONTENTS I1 INTRODUCTION... 1 I2 MODEL DEVELOPMENT... 2 I2.1 General...
More informationAnalysis of soil failure modes using flume tests
Analysis of soil failure modes using flume tests A. Spickermann & J.-P. Malet Institute of Earth Physics, CNRS UMR 751, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Th.W.J. van Asch, M.C.G. van Maarseveen,
More informationTwo Case Studies on Soil Nailed Slope Failures
Two Case Studies on Soil Nailed Slope Failures Liew, Shaw-Shong 1 & Liong, Chee-How 2 1 Director, Gue & Partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Senior Engineer, Gue & Partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur,
More information(C) Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management
GEOTECHNCIAL ASSESSMENT OF PART OF PORT HARCOURT, NIGER DELTA FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Warmate Tamunonengiyeofori Geostrat International Services Limited, www.geostratinternational.com. *Correspondence
More informationLandslide stability analysis using the sliding block method
Landslide stability analysis using the sliding block method E. Lino, R. Norabuena, M. Villanueva & O. Felix SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A., Lima, Peru A. Lizcano SRK Consulting (Vancouver) S.A., British Columbia,
More informationSoil Mechanics. Chapter # 1. Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES
Soil Mechanics Chapter # 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICS AND ITS TYPES Prepared By Mr. Ashok Kumar Lecturer in Civil Engineering Gpes Meham Rohtak Chapter Outlines Introduction to Soil Mechanics, Soil
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH I YULVI ZAIKA
SHEAR STRENGTH I YULVI ZAIKA MATERI Keruntuhan mohr coulomb, stress paths, kuat geser tanah non kohesif dan kohesif, evaluasi kuat geser di lapangan, tegangan normal dan tegangan geser pada sebuah bidang
More informationSlope Stability. loader
Slope Stability Slope Stability loader Lower San Fernando Dam Failure, 1971 Outlines Introduction Definition of key terms Some types of slope failure Some causes of slope failure Shear Strength of Soils
More information1 Introduction. Abstract
Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical model for analysing via finite element method (FEM) the mechanized tunneling in urban areas. The numerical model is meant to represent the typical
More informationNEW DOWN-HOLE PENETROMETER (DHP-CIGMAT) FOR CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS
NEW DOWN-HOLE PENETROMETER (DHP-CIGMAT) FOR CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS 1 2 C. Vipulanandan 1, Ph.D., M. ASCE and Omer F. Usluogullari 2 Chairman, Professor, Director of Center for Innovative Grouting Materials
More informationNumerical simulation of long-term peat settlement under the sand embankment
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 00 (2016) 000 000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 1st International Conference on the Material Point Method, MPM 2017 Numerical
More informationCONTROLLING FACTORS BASIC ISSUES SAFETY IN OPENCAST MINING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SLOPE STABILITY
SAFETY IN OPENCAST MINING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SLOPE STABILITY CONTROLLING FACTORS Dr. J C. JHANWAR Sr. Principal Scientist CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research Regional Centre, Nagpur
More informationMonitoring of underground construction
Monitoring of underground construction Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground Yoo, Park, Kim & Ban (Eds) 2014 Korean Geotechnical Society, Seoul, Korea, ISBN 978-1-138-02700-8
More informationChapter 11 10/30/2013. Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting. Introduction. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting
Introduction Chapter 11 Mass wasting - The downslope movement of material resulting from the force of gravity. Mass Wasting Mass wasting results when the force of gravity acting on a slope exceeds the
More informationCavity Expansion Methods in Geomechanics
Cavity Expansion Methods in Geomechanics by Hai-Sui Yu School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, U. K. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Preface
More informationA Preliminary Finite-Element Analysis of a Shallow Landslide in the Alki Area of Seattle, Washington
A Preliminary Finite-Element Analysis of a Shallow Landslide in the Alki Area of Seattle, Washington By S. Debray and W.Z. Savage Open-File Report 01-0357 2001 This report is preliminary and has not been
More informationFinite Element analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles on Sloping Ground
Indian Geotechnical Journal, 41(3), 2011, 155-161 Technical Note Finite Element analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles on Sloping Ground K. Muthukkumaran 1 and N. Almas Begum 2 Key words Lateral load, finite
More informationAPPALACHIAN COLLUVIAL
LANDSLIDE PROBLEMS ON APPALACHIAN COLLUVIAL SLOPES Geohazards in Transportation in the Appalachian Region Charleston, WV August 5 7, 2008 RICHARD E. GRAY DIGIOIA, GRAY & ASSOCIATES, LLC. 570 BEATTY ROAD
More informationNumerical Study of Relationship Between Landslide Geometry and Run-out Distance of Landslide Mass
Numerical Study of Relationship Between Landslide Geometry and Run-out Distance of Landslide Mass Muneyoshi Numada Research Associate, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan Kazuo
More informationAPPROACH FILL DESIGN OF NORTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER BRIDGE. A.F. Ruban, EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
APPROACH FILL DESIGN OF NORTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER BRIDGE A.F. Ruban, EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Paper prepared for presentation at the Slope and Embankment Engineering for
More informationSTUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF PILE GROUPS IN LIQUEFIED SOILS
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF PILE GROUPS IN LIQUEFIED SOILS Shin-Tower Wang 1, Luis Vasquez 2, and Lymon C. Reese 3, Honorary Member,, ASCE ABSTRACT : 1&2 President & Project Manager, Ensoft, Inc. Email: ensoft@ensoftinc.com
More informationRole of hysteretic damping in the earthquake response of ground
Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures VIII 123 Role of hysteretic damping in the earthquake response of ground N. Yoshida Tohoku Gakuin University, Japan Abstract Parametric studies are carried out
More informationTable of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials 1.3 Scope of This Book 1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical
More informationClimate effects on landslides
GEORAMP ONE DAY SYMPOSIUM Climate effects on landslides E. E. Alonso, M. Sondón, N. M. Pinyol Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya October 14th, 2016. UPC, Barcelona Infiltration (evaporation) and slope
More informationLiquefaction Potential Variations Influenced by Building Constructions
Earth Science Research; Vol. 1, No. 2; 2012 ISSN 1927-0542 E-ISSN 1927-0550 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Liquefaction Potential Variations Influenced by Building Constructions
More informationExpressway Embankment Landslide Treatment Technology for Peat Subgrade
J. Civil Eng. Architect. Res Vol. 1, No. 3, 2014, pp. 203-210 Received: June 30, 2014; Published: September 25, 2014 Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture Research Expressway Embankment Landslide
More informationRapid Drawdown Stability Analysis of San Luis Dam
Rapid Drawdown Stability Analysis of San Luis Dam Stark, T.D., tstark@illinois.edu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Jafari,
More informationCalculation and analysis of internal force of piles excavation supporting. based on differential equation. Wei Wang
International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 016) Calculation and analysis of internal force of piles excavation supporting based on differential equation Wei Wang School of Prospecting
More informationGEOMENGTER - Geomechanical and Geotechnical Engineering
Coordinating unit: Teaching unit: Academic year: Degree: ECTS credits: 2015 250 - ETSECCPB - Barcelona School of Civil Engineering 751 - DECA - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering MASTER'S
More informationLandslide Granice in Zagreb (Croatia)
Landslides and Engineered Slopes Chen et al. (eds) 28 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978--415-41196-7 Landslide Granice in Zagreb (Croatia) Z. Mihalinec Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Zagreb,
More informationValidation of empirical formulas to derive model parameters for sands
Validation of empirical formulas to derive model parameters for sands R.B.J. Brinkgreve Geo-Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands/Plaxis B.V., Delft, Netherlands E. Engin
More information2017 Soil Mechanics II and Exercises Final Exam. 2017/7/26 (Wed) 10:00-12:00 Kyotsu 4 Lecture room
2017 Soil Mechanics II and Exercises Final Exam 2017/7/26 (Wed) 10:00-12:00 Kyotsu 4 Lecture room Attention: The exam consists of five questions for which you are provided with five answer sheets. Write
More informationThe Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research & Development Executive Summary Report
The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research & Development Executive Summary Report Shear Strength of Clay and Silt Embankments Start Date: January 1, 2007 Duration: 2 Years- 10 Months Completion
More informationPRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Fourth Edition BRAJA M. DAS California State University, Sacramento I(T)P Boston Albany Bonn Cincinnati London Madrid Melbourne Mexico City New York Paris San Francisco
More informationGapping effects on the lateral stiffness of piles in cohesive soil
Gapping effects on the lateral stiffness of piles in cohesive soil Satyawan Pranjoto Engineering Geology, Auckland, New Zealand. M. J. Pender Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
More informationSHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL DEFINITION The shear strength of the soil mass is the internal resistance per unit area that the soil mass can offer to resist failure and sliding along any plane inside it. INTRODUCTION
More informationSOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE AMRC April, 2006 AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
AREA MANAGER ROADS CERTIFICATION PROGRAM AMRC 2011 SOIL AND AGGREGATE FUNDAMENTALS STUDENT GUIDE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY April, 2006 WPC #28013 07/09 2009 by British Columbia Institute of Technology
More informationMitigation measures: stabilization works
Intensive Course in Quantitative Landslide Risk Assessment and Risk management Mitigation measures: stabilization works E.E. Alonso Department of Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences UPC, Barcelona
More informationCE 4780 Hurricane Engineering II. Section on Flooding Protection: Earth Retaining Structures and Slope Stability. Table of Content
CE 4780 Hurricane Engineering II Section on Flooding Protection: Earth Retaining Structures and Slope Stability Dante Fratta Fall 00 Table of Content Introduction Shear Strength of Soils Seepage nalysis
More informationCentral Queensland Coal Project Appendix 4b Geotechnical Assessment. Environmental Impact Statement
Central Queensland Coal Project Appendix 4b Geotechnical Assessment Environmental Impact Statement GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF OPEN CUT MINING ADJACENT TO THE BRUCE HIGHWAY, CENTRAL QUEENSLAND COAL PROJECT
More informationSeismic Stability of Tailings Dams, an Overview
Seismic Stability of Tailings Dams, an Overview BY Gonzalo Castro, Ph.D., P.E. Principal International Workshop on Seismic Stability of Tailings Dams Case Western Reserve University, November 2003 Small
More information2D Liquefaction Analysis for Bridge Abutment
D Liquefaction Analysis for Bridge Abutment Tutorial by Angel Francisco Martinez Integrated Solver Optimized for the next generation 64-bit platform Finite Element Solutions for Geotechnical Engineering
More informationMining. Slope stability analysis at highway BR-153 using numerical models. Mineração. Abstract. 1. Introduction
Mining Mineração http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015690040 Ricardo Hundelshaussen Rubio Engenheiro Industrial / Doutorando Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRS Departamento de Engenharia
More informationNumerical analysis of effect of mitigation measures on seismic performance of a liquefiable tailings dam foundation
Numerical analysis of effect of mitigation measures on seismic performance of a liquefiable tailings dam foundation Yong-Beom Lee, Jorge Castillo Ausenco, USA Aurelian C. Trandafir Fugro GeoConsulting
More informationGROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP JUNE 2010 PERTH, AUSTRALIA. CHAIRMAN OF T.C. Ground Improvement
GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP 11-12 JUNE 2010 PERTH, AUSTRALIA GROUND IMPROVEMENT IN EXTREME GROUND CONDITIONS Presented by Serge VARAKSIN CHAIRMAN OF T.C. Ground Improvement EPEC Bang Bo: Works Procedure
More informationVERIFICATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS OF EARTHEN DAMS AT DIAMOND VALLEY LAKE USING GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS
VERIFICATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS OF EARTHEN DAMS AT DIAMOND VALLEY LAKE USING GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS Anna SZOSTAK-CHRZANOWSKI, Canada, Michel MASSIERA, Canada, Adam CHRZANOWSKI, Canada, Fabien LE HOAN,
More informationSOIL-BASEMENT STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS ON DYNAMIC LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON BASEMENT WALL
International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation, Jakarta, April 1-15, SOIL-BASEMENT STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS ON DYNAMIC LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON BASEMENT WALL Nurrachmad
More informationStability Analysis of A Railway Trench By Using Stereographical Projection
Stability Analysis of A Railway Trench By Using Stereographical Projection Seyed Vahid Alavi Nezhad Khaili Abad Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,81310 UTM Skudai,
More informationSoils. Technical English - I 10 th week
Technical English - I 10 th week Soils Soil Mechanics is defined as the branch of engineering science which enables an engineer to know theoretically or experimentally the behavior of soil under the action
More informationPOSSIBILITY OF UNDRAINED FLOW IN SUCTION-DEVELOPED UNSATURATED SANDY SOILS IN TRIAXIAL TESTS
4 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering June 25-28, 2007 Paper No. 1289 POSSIBILITY OF UNDRAINED FLOW IN SUCTION-DEVELOPED UNSATURATED SANDY SOILS IN TRIAXIAL TESTS Toshiyuki
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 1, No 4, 2011
Undrained response of mining sand with fines contents Thian S. Y, Lee C.Y Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia siawyin_thian@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This
More informationFINITE ELEMNT ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATION OF SLOPE STABILITY INDUCED BY CUTTING
FINITE ELEMNT ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATION OF SLOPE STABILITY INDUCED BY CUTTING Toshinori SAKAI Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Tadatsugu TANAKA Graduate School
More informationfile:///d /suhasini/suha/office/html2pdf/ _editable/slides/module%202/lecture%206/6.1/1.html[3/9/2012 4:09:25 PM]
Objectives_template Objectives In this section you will learn the following Introduction Different Theories of Earth Pressure Lateral Earth Pressure For At Rest Condition Movement of the Wall Different
More informationResidual Deformation Analyses to Demonstrate the Effect of Thin Steel Sheet Piles on Liquefaction-Induced Penetration Settlement of Wooden Houses
6 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering 1-4 November 2015 Christchurch, New Zealand Residual Deformation Analyses to Demonstrate the Effect of Thin Steel Sheet Piles on Liquefaction-Induced
More informationAnalysis of CMC-Supported Embankments Considering Soil Arching
Analysis of CMC-Supported Embankments Considering Soil Arching Balaka Ghosh 1, Behzad Fatahi 2, Hadi Khabbaz 3, and A. H. M. Kamruzzaman 4 1 PhD Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
More informationApplication of cyclic accumulation models for undrained and partially drained general boundary value problems
Application of cyclic accumulation models for undrained and partially drained general boundary value problems A. M. Page Risueño Yngres Dag 2014, May 15 th 2014 Introduction Cyclic loads in geotechnical
More informationLOESS LIQUEFACTION: FROM THE POINT VIEW OF MICROSTURCTURE
4 th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering June 25-28, 2007 Paper No. 1153 LOESS LIQUEFACTION: FROM THE POINT VIEW OF MICROSTURCTURE Zhongxia YUAN 1, Lanmin WANG 2 ABSTRACT The
More informationTrue Triaxial Tests and Strength Characteristics Study on Silty Sand Liang MA and Ping HU
217 2 nd International Conference on Test, Measurement and Computational Method (TMCM 217) ISBN: 978-1-6595-465- True Triaxial Tests and Strength Characteristics Study on Silty Sand Liang MA and Ping HU
More informationLANDSLIDES IN THE WHITE MOUNTAIN (GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES AND ENGINEERING TESTS)
J. Al Azhar University Gaza 2004, Vol. 7, NO. 2 P 15-26 LANDSLIDES IN THE WHITE MOUNTAIN (GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES AND ENGINEERING TESTS) Isam G. Jardaneh (1), Jalal Al-Dabeek (2), Abdel hakeem Al-Jawhari
More information