Man-made Earthquakes. 2 June 16. Horst Rademacher HH Lect 4: Earthquakes in the US. Summer Session 2016
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1 2 June 16 Summer Session 2016 Horst Rademacher HH Lect 4: Earthquakes in the US Man-made Earthquakes
2 Recap from last lecture I: Faults, Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics Fault: Boundary Line between two plates Accumulates mechanical stress from tectonic movement How does the accumulated stress gets released? Two possibilities: Aseismic Creep Coseismic Slip
3 Recap from last lecture II: Rose 1974 Street, Hayward, CA Creeping Faults Steady creep approx. 0.5 cm/year No earthquakes
4 Recap from last lecture III: Difference between Creep and an Earthquake? Aseismic Creep: Accumulated strain gets released continuously at low rate no or very little seismic hazard Earthquake: Sudden release of large amount of accumulated strain large seismic hazard
5 Recap from last lecture IV: Elastic rebound theory Harry F. Reid Johns Hopkins U.
6 Coseismic Slip Recap from last lecture V: EQ M Slip [m] South Napa (2014) 6 1 Coalinga (1983) Loma Prieta (1989) ± 0.3 San Francisco (1906) Maule (Chile) Tohoku (2011) 9 >50 Alaska (1964) 9.2 >30 Chile (1960) ± 4.2
7 Recap from last lecture VI: Coseismic Slip 1m at depth a few cm on surface South Napa EQ 24 Aug 14, M=6.0
8 HH Any Questions?
9 EQ in North America
10 EQ in North America The strongest earthquakes
11 EQ in North America Alaska
12 EQ in North America Alaska
13 EQ in North America Alaska
14 EQ in North America Alaska
15 EQ in North America Alaska Largest EQ ever recorded in US M=9.2, 27 Mar 1964 Anchorage, 4 th Avenue
16 EQ in North America Alaska Anchorage, Turnagain Heights Giant Slide
17 EQ in North America Alaska Subsidence and uplift: >30m Suggested reading:
18 EQ in North America Strongest EQ in interior of Alaska Denali EQ, Alaska 3 Nov 2002, M=7.9 rupture length on surface 209 mi
19 EQ in North America
20 EQ in North America Denali Fault is right lateral strike slip
21 HH Any Questions?
22 EQ in North America New Madrid Seismic Zone Changed the course of the Mississippi River Created Reelfoot Lake, TN
23 EQ in North America New Madrid Seismic Zone is an old Rift zone 160 million years
24 EQ in North America New Madrid Seismic Zone
25 HH Any Questions?
26 EQ in North America EQ along the East Coast? From Wolin et al., GRL, doi: /2011gl050310
27 EQ in North America EQ along the East Coast? Icesheet Cordilleran Icesheet Laurentide Icesheet
28 EQ in North America EQ along the East Coast? Source: V. Klemann, GFZ
29 EQ in North America EQ along the East Coast?
30 HH Any Questions?
31 EQ in North America Hawaii Source: NOAA
32 EQ in North America Hawaii Hot Spot = Magmatic Blowtorch Source: ICDP
33 EQ in North America Shield Volcanoes on Big Island Mauna Kea Hawaii Mauna Loa Photos: Horst Rademacher
34 EQ in North America Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Halemaumau Crater Photo: Horst Rademacher Source: Cannon, Burgmann, BSL
35 EQ in North America Hawaii Loihi Seamount
36 HH Any Questions?
37 Man made Earthquakes Not only faults produce earthquakes
38 Man made Earthquakes Why?
39 Man made Earthquakes Common answer: Fracking!
40 Man made Earthquakes
41 Man made Earthquakes What is What is hydraulic fracturing? Generating fissures = making Earthquakes
42 Man made Earthquakes Fracking generates only microearthquakes magnitudes < 2 Seismic Hazard is in Wastewater Injection
43 Man made Earthquakes Wastewater injection reactivates dormant faults Largest EQ generated So far M 5.7 in Oklahoma Substantial EQ Hazard
44 Man made Earthquakes So far in California: No connection between Wastewater Injection and Earthquakes found
45 HH Any Questions?
46 EQ along the West Coast
47 EQ along the West Coast Part of Pacific Rim of Fire
48 EQ along the West Coast Subduction = convergent margins Complex section of Pacific Rim of Fire Transform = sliding plate margins Spreading = divergent margins We have all three different kinds of Plate-Plate Interaction
49 West Coast spreading Gulf of California Sea of Cortez M=7.2 El Mayor Cucupah EQ 4 Apr 10, 22:40:41 UTC M=6.6 Golf of California 13 Sep 15, 08:14:12UTC
50 West Coast spreading Gulf of California Sea of Cortez Pacific Plate Cocos Plate EPR: 8500 km long Nazca Plate Easter Island Antarctic Plate
51 West Coast: Spreading Divergent Plate Margin Golf of California opens like a tectonic zipper Baja California moves away from mainland Mexico Further reading:
52 West Coast: Spreading Last big EQ: Cucapah-El Mayor 4 April 2010, M=7.2
53 West Coast: Spreading Last big EQ: Cucapah-El Mayor 4 April 2010, M=7.2
54 West Coast: Spreading Last big EQ: Cucapah-El Mayor 4 April 2010, M=7.2 Seismic field work in a desert is easy
55 West Coast: Spreading Last big EQ: Cucapah-El Mayor 4 April 2010, M=7.2 coseismic slip 1.50 m
56 HH Any Questions?
57 West Coast: Cascadia
58 West Coast: Cascadia Spreading Centers Subduction Zone earthquakes volcanoes tsunamis
59 West Coast: Cascadia worrisome gap
60 West Coast: Cascadia - tales by Native Americans How do we know about giant EQ in 1700 CE?...a great seismic detective story - tsunami deposits bank of Salmon River, OR - ghost forests tree stumps at low tide near Neskowin in Tillamook County, OR
61 West Coast: Cascadia How do we know about giant EQ in 1700 CE? Detective I: Brian Atwater U of Wash/USGS
62 West Coast: Cascadia How do we know about giant EQ in 1700 CE? Detective II: Kenji Satake EQ Research Inst. U of Tokyo Orphan Tsunami at Japanese East Coast on 26 Jan 1700
63 West Coast: Cascadia How do we know about giant EQ in 1700 CE? Case solved!
64 West Coast: Cascadia Why is this important? Cascadia has largest EQ Hazard in the US: potentially M > 9
65 West Coast: Cascadia Further reading:
66 HH Any Questions?
67 West Coast: Triple Junction Unique feature three tectonic plates meet: Triple Junction
68 Plate tectonics: Triple Junctions Afar Triangle East Pacific Rise
69 West Coast: Triple Junction Mendocino Triple Junction is seismically the most active region in California Suggested reading: moblog.php/2010/01/10/mendocino _seismic_energy
70 West Coast: Triple Junction Earthquake Damage M = 6.9, 2010 Eureka M = 7.2, 1992 Mendocino
71 HH Any Questions?
72 West Coast: Transform faults San Andreas Fault: The Mother of all Earthquake Faults 810 miles long from Salton Sea to Cape Mendocino
73 West Coast: Transform faults San Andreas Fault (SAF)
74 West-Coast: Transform faults San Andreas Fault SAF Many side branches, determines the landscape of California What is the strike of SAF? Remember dip, strike and rake?
75 Transform faults Named after San Andreas Lake south of San Francisco San Andreas Fault Discovered in 1895: Studied every aspect of it Robert Wallace ( ) USGS Andrew Lawson ( ) UC Berkeley 1990
76 Transform faults San Andreas Fault: Tectonic Evolution last 40 million years
77 Transform faults San Andreas Fault
78 Transform faults San Andreas Fault
79 HH Any Questions?
80 X
81
82
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