9 June 15. Horst Rademacher. Lect 4: Seismic Waves. Summer Session 2015
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1 9 June 15 2 Summer Session 2015 Horst Rademacher HH Lect 4: Seismic Waves
2 Class Organization Thursday s class (June 11) 10am-12:30pm My office hours: Tuesdays 3-5pm BSL Conference Room Midterm: Next Tuesday (June 16), during regular class hours
3 Seismicity Report
4 Seismicity Report Depth in km
5 Seismicity Report 4 June 15, 23:15:43 UTC Magnitude 6 Depth 10 km 18 people died in Rock falls induced by EQ
6 Seismicity Report Mount Kinabalu highest mountain in Borneo 4095 m Sacred to indigenous people, the Sabahans
7 Seismicity Report
8 Any HH Questions?
9 Recap from last lecture I Subduction = convergent margins Complex section of Pacific Rim of Fire Transform = sliding plate margins Spreading = divergent margins
10 Recap from last lecture II Geodetic GPS These faults split the tectonic movement between Pacific and North American plates
11 Recap from last lecture III Earthquake History
12 Seismic Waves: The Basics What is an earthquake? Common/laymen s answer: When the ground shakes where I am Seismic waves Seismic source When the ground breaks along a fault Scientific answer: Both answers are correct! Two different aspects of a seismic event
13 Seismic Waves: The Basics What are seismic waves? Acoustic waves: What is necessary? Sound source Medium Generates acoustic energy Transports the energy
14 Seismic Waves: The Basics Parameters of a wave Amplitude A Wavelength λ Period Frequency Velocity T f v F=2π/T [Hz=1/sec] V= λ f [m/sec]
15 Seismic Waves: The Basics
16 Seismic Waves: The Basics through air Where do sound waves travel? much faster through water As density increases sound speed decreases
17 Seismic Waves: The Basics Sound also travels through solids.hence it travels through the Earth Elastic waves = Seismic waves Where do sound waves travel?
18 Seismic Waves: The Basics Two classes, four types of seismic waves Body waves P- or longitudinal S- or shear Surface waves Lord Rayleigh Augustus Love
19 Seismic Waves: The Details Same mechanism as sound waves in air P-Waves velocity in Earth: 4-13 km/sec P-Waves
20 Seismic Waves: The Details Ground movement up/down or left/right S-Waves velocity in Earth: 3 7 km/sec S-Waves
21 Seismic Waves: The Details Rayleigh-Waves velocity in Earth: ~ 3 km/sec Retrograde elliptical ground movement Rayleigh-Waves
22 Seismic Waves: The Details Love-Waves velocity in Earth: ~ 3 km/sec Ground movement left/right Love-Waves
23 Any HH Questions?
24 How to measure seismic waves? Ask these grumpy looking old men
25 How to measure seismic waves? 1900 Emil Wiechert (Göttingen) builds world s heaviest Seismograph Mass 17 tons Baryte (BaSO 4 )
26 How to measure seismic waves? 1909 Wiechert "lite" horizontal, 80 kg
27 How to measure seismic waves? Wish: record the Earth's movement with high resolution Problem: the reference frame is also in motion Requirement: to separate reference frame from Earth Tool: spring Physics: inertia
28 How to measure seismic waves? Inertia Great Hanshin Earthquake, Kobe, Japan, 17 Jan 1995, M = 7.3 Security Camera in NHK Newsroom NHK Video
29 How to measure seismic waves? Inertia Vertical Pendulum
30 How to measure seismic waves? Today we don t use paper anymore Electronic recording
31 How to measure seismic waves
32 How to measure seismic waves Seismic Records = Seismograms Time in minutes no shaking frequency gets lower shaking begins More shaking, lower frequency shaking decreases
33 How to measure seismic waves Different Seismic Wave types travel with different velocities
34 3 Day Seismogram How to measure seismic waves local regional Further reading on seismograms: Search for seismogram teleseismic
35 Any HH Questions?
36 Using seismic waves What can we do with seismograms? 1. Locate EQ 2. Explore the structure of the Earth s Interior
37 Using seismic waves Locating earthquakes
38 Using seismic waves Locating earthquakes Given the S-P time at 3 stations we can locate the earthquake Modern networks use tens or hundreds of waveforms
39 Any HH Questions?
40 Using seismic waves Like all other waves Seismic Waves are subject to: Reflection Refraction Scattering
41 Exploring Earth s Interior We can X-ray (image) the Earth with Seismic Waves
42 Exploring Earth s Interior If Earth had no internal structure EQ focus Pressure, temperature increases with depth Seismic waves go straight through Seismic waves are refracted (bent)
43 Exploring Earth s Interior Example I Andrija Mohorovičić ( ) discovered in 1910 the boundary between Crust and Mantle, the Moho Thin under Oceans, much thicker under continents
44 Exploring Earth s Interior Example II Observation of shadow zones reveals liquid outer core P-wave S-wave
45 Exploring Earth s Interior complete Structure of the Earth
46 Exploring Earth s Interior Naming of Seismic Phases
47 Exploring Earth s Interior Show seismic wave animation
48 Any HH Questions?
49 Computerized Axial Tomography CAT- Scan Exploring Earth s Interior.. in our own backyard
50 Exploring Earth s Interior.. in our own backyard Seismic Tomography Necessary: dense network of seismic stations Earthquake of known location Stations recording seismic waves from earthquake
51 Seismic Tomography Exploring Earth s Interior.. in our own backyard Necessary: preliminary Model of the Earth s interior 100 km Example - in our Earth model, P- waves travel at 5 km/s If our station is 100 km away, we would predict P-waves to arrive after 20 sec. Stations recording seismic waves from earthquake
52 Exploring Earth s Interior.. in our own backyard Seismic Tomography Necessary: very good timing Precise clocks FAST! Example - On another path, we observe waves traveling more quickly than expected! SLOW! Example - BUT! We observe P-waves arriving 1 sec later than they should have! Stations recording seismic waves from earthquake
53 Slow region Fast region
54 Seismic Tomography Exploring Earth s Interior.. in our own backyard Interpretation Red - seismic waves travel more slowly than normal Blue - seismic waves travel faster than normal Chemistry - Chemical composition and mineralogy affects seismic properties Example: Enrichment in iron can reduce shear-wave speed Temperature - Increasing temperature causes material to soften and slows down seismic velocities.
55 W 0 km coast E 1000 km
56 W coast E 0 km 600 km 1000 km
57 W coast E 0 km 1000 km
58 W coast Yellowstone Caldera E 0 km Columbia root 1000 km
59 W coast E 0 km Columbia root 410 km 660 km 1000 km?
60 Exploring Earth s Interior East Asia: Himalayas to Japan Min Cheng, Rice University
61 Exploring Earth s Interior Barbara Romanowicz, BSL
62 Any HH Questions?
63 Things to remember I Two classes, four types of seismic waves Body waves P- or longitudinal S- or shear Surface waves Lord Rayleigh Augustus Love
64 Things to remember II Different Seismic Wave types travel with different velocities
65 Things to remember III Inertia Vertical Pendulum
66 Things to remember IV Locating earthquakes Given the S-P time at 3 stations we can locate the earthquake Modern networks use tens or hundreds of waveforms
67 Things to remember V We can X-ray (image) the Earth with Seismic Waves
68 W coast Things to remember V Seismic Tomography E 0 km 600 km 1000 km
69 Class Organization Visit classic Wiechert Seismograph now after class Thursday s class (June 11) 10am-12:30pm My office hours: Tuesdays 3-5pm BSL Conference Room Midterm: Next Tuesday (June 16), during regular class hours
70 X
71
72
73
74
Measuring EQ, Tsunamis
16 June 16 Summer Session 2016 Horst Rademacher HH Lect 6: Earth s Interior Measuring EQ, Tsunamis http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~horst/summer2016.html Recap from Midterm Questions 4: Question 8: Question
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