Evolution of chemical, biological, and physical water properties in the northern California Current in 2005: Remote or local wind forcing?
|
|
- Claire Hardy
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L22S02, doi: /2006gl026782, 2006 Evolution of chemical, biological, and physical water properties in the northern California Current in 2005: Remote or local wind forcing? B. Hickey, 1 A. MacFadyen, 1 W. Cochlan, 2 R. Kudela, 3 K. Bruland, 3 and C. Trick 4 Received 2 May 2006; revised 28 July 2006; accepted 1 August 2006; published 6 October [1] The spring onset of persistent upwelling-favorable winds was later than usual in the northern California Current system in 2005, resulting in delayed provision of inorganic nutrients to the upper waters of the coastal ocean. This study uses water column measurements to illustrate the evolution of temperature, salinity, nitrate and chlorophyll a prior to and after the onset of persistent local upwellingfavorable winds, including recovery to typical conditions. Warm, nutrient- and chlorophyll-depleted surface conditions similar to those in an El Niño were observed from Vancouver Island to central Oregon, and extended to depths greater than 500 m. Return to typical conditions was more rapid than suggested by time-integrated local wind stress but consistent in timing with remote forcing of water properties in this region by upwelling-favorable winds off northern California. Alongshore advection also likely contributed to the observed recovery, but was much less effective than upwelling. Citation: Hickey, B., A. MacFadyen, W. Cochlan, R. Kudela, K. Bruland, and C. Trick (2006), Evolution of chemical, biological, and physical water properties in the northern California Current in 2005: Remote or local wind forcing?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22S02, doi: /2006gl Introduction [2] Seasonal water properties on the continental shelves of the California Current System (CCS) are controlled by the degree of basin scale advection from the north or south coupled with the ability of winds to raise this water to the euphotic zone [Hickey, 1979]. Whatever water is present below the shelf is upwelled onto the shelf in spring and summer; the degree of upwelling depends on the magnitude and persistence of upwelling-favorable winds (from the north) along the coast. Upwelled water on the continental shelves of the northern CCS in summer has a remarkable degree of along-coast uniformity in spite of a factor of three or more northward decrease in wind stress over the region. Also, at a given location, maximum monthly mean southward flow precedes maximum local southward wind stress by 1 2 months [Geier et al., 2006], suggesting that local 1 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 2 Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California, USA. 3 Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA. 4 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union /06/2006GL wind stress is not solely responsible for observed alongshore currents. [3] Previous extreme conditions have been reported in the CCS e.g., El Niño and Subarctic intrusion. During most El Niños, saltier, warmer and lower nutrient water is present in the northern CCS together with more southern biota and a reduction in planktonic growth [Corwith and Wheeler, 2002]. During a Subarctic intrusion, fresher, colder, higher nutrient water is advected from the north and plankton growth is enhanced [Wheeler et al., 2003]. Here, we examine bio/chem/ physical conditions during a third type of anomaly the delayed onset of persistent local upwelling-favorable winds. 2. Data Set [4] Water property data were obtained on five cruises in spring and summer Sampling was conducted along transects off central Washington, off Vancouver Is. (only one of 6 transects is shown) and central Oregon (Figure 1). Timing of data sections relative to wind conditions is shown in Figure 1. All hydrographic profiles were collected with a calibrated SeaBird CTD. Historical CTD profiles calibrated with bottle salinity data are also used. [5] Inorganic nutrient and chlorophyll a (Chl a) samples were collected via rosette bottles. Chl a was determined using standard in vitro fluorometric analyses [Welschmeyer, 1994] after filtration onto Whatman GF/F filters (0.7 m nominal pore size). CTD fluorescence measurements were made using various in situ instruments from WETLabs, SeaTech, and Chelsea. Voltage was converted to Chl a by regression of discrete bottle samples and coincident fluorometer data for each cruise (r 2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.81). Samples were analyzed for nitrate plus nitrite (NO 3 +NO 2 ; hereafter referred to as nitrate or N ) using a flow-injection Lachat autoanalyzer with the procedure of Smith and Bogren [2001]. [6] Hourly wind speed and direction were obtained from the National Data Buoy Center buoys off central Washington (B46041; Figure 1) and northern California (B46014; N, W). These data were rotated to the coastline direction and alongshore wind stress was computed using the drag coefficient of Large and Pond [1981]. The data were filtered using a cosine-lanczos filter with a half power point of 46 hr. 3. Results 3.1. How Anomalous were Conditions in 2005? Comparison with Other Years [7] The spring transition to upwelling conditions, which is associated with the onset of persistent upwelling-favorable L22S02 1of5
2 Figure 3. Temperature-salinity relationships on the Washington mid shelf (100 m) in early summer for 2005 and selected other years. Figure 1. Locations of sampling sections and wind buoy (B41). Alongshore wind is also shown (positive to right of axis), with section timing indicated on the axis. winds, was delayed in 2005 from its average date in March or April [Strub and James, 1988] until about May 24 [Kosro et al., 2006] (Figure 1). In the following we use the year 2003 as a typical year (defined as having no El Niño and no Subarctic intrusion) for comparison to Physical, chemical and biological characteristics for 2003 are similar to long term summer averages for Oregon and Washington as shown by Landry et al. [1989]. In 2005, stronger than average upwelling-favorable winds began on about July 14, and full recovery to typical physical, biological and chemical conditions was observed by early August as shown below. [8] Upper water column nitrate in late May 2005 was significantly lower than in other years (Figure 2, a comparison with 2003; also see Landry et al. [1989, Figure 1.17], long term average surface values >5 M at mid shelf in May and June for both Washington and Oregon). In 2003, nitrate was greatest nearshore (>10 M) and decreased offshore such that no detectable nitrate (detection limit M) was observed in the upper 10 m of the water column seaward of the 50 m isobath. In contrast, during May 2005, the depth of undetectable nitrate extended from the surface to depths >10 30 m across the entire shelf region, with the deepest depletion at mid shelf. [9] Temperature-salinity (T-S) relationships at mid shelf (100 m water depth) show that water properties in 2005 were similar to those in the summer of the greatest El Niñoof the last 30 years, 1983 (Figure 3). Overall, the T-S properties Figure 2. Concentration of nitrate across the Washington shelf and slope in early summer 2005 and Arrows on top indicate station locations. On this and subsequent figures, dots indicate bottle sample depths. Figure 4. Deep hydrographic vertical structure in early summer 2005 (GHR) and 2003 (CB). 2of5
3 near the shelf break (Figure 4). Warmer, saltier water near the shelf break ( spicier water) is consistent with conditions frequently observed during El Niño [Huyer et al., 2002]. For a given temperature, water was saltier, indicating a difference in water mass as opposed to reduced upwelling. Fresher surface water over the shelf in 2005 is due to a northward plume from the Columbia River (Figure 1), as typically occurs during periods of summer downwelling-favorable wind [Hickey et al., 2005]. Figure 5. Nitrate off Vancouver Is. (LD) and central Oregon (NH) in June/July indicate a large range of natural variability, with 2005 near the warm extreme for salinities >32 psu Depth Structure [10] Water was warmer from the sea surface to at least 500 m in 2005 compared to 2003, and more saline at depths Alongshore Extent [11] Comparison of data across 13 sections over a distance of 450 km demonstrates that warmer, fresher surface waters and nutrient depletion extended from mid Vancouver Island to central Oregon with nitrate deficits occurring across the entire shelf and slope (most northern and most southern transects, nitrate only, shown in Figure 5). The Oregon pattern is typical of late May and early June patterns on the other sampling lines (not shown). Corresponding Chl a sections (not shown) showed remarkably low concentrations Figure 6. Seasonal evolution of water properties in 2005 off the Washington coast. 3of5
4 Figure 7. (left) Distance from the coast of the nose of 8 C water and (right) thickness of the nose at mid WA shelf relative to local (WA), local upwelling-favorable only [WA(uf)] and remote (CA) alongshore wind stress. The black symbol on the right panel is the value interpolated from stations on either side of the 100 m station, whose data appeared to be biased by a small scale anomaly. in these regions, consistent with satellite-derived distributions given by Thomas and Brickley [2006] Seasonal Evolution of Ocean Properties [12] In a section off central Washington on April 19 (not shown) 8 and 9 C isotherms tended downward toward the coast over the slope, consistent with average winter conditions rather than average April conditions [see Huyer et al., 2002]. Water colder than 7 C was deeper than 225 m, indicating that upwelling had not yet begun. Upwelling of this deep water from the slope to the shelf occurred between April 19 and May 31 (Figure 6), likely associated with the May 24 spring transition. Water in the ranges C and psu progressed shoreward over the shelf bottom as the season advanced. This water reached the inner shelf (bottom depth of 30 m) by July 17 (Figure 6), following the onset of strong local upwelling-favorable winds on July 14. The upward slope of temperature and salinity isopleths in the upper 50 m increased and the region of upward slope expanded offshore as the season advanced. The thickness of the layer of colder water also increased. [13] The salty, cold tongue along the bottom brought with it higher nitrate (between 25 and 30 M). However nitrate in the upper layers began to increase even before the cold tongue reached the inner shelf (e.g., July 9). This suggests that vertical mixing or three dimensional effects also play a role in nitrate supply. Note that differences in layer thickness in the contoured nitrate sections are due in part to the different sampling density between surveys (black dots indicate bottle locations). [14] Chl a was generally low at the beginning of the season (<2 gl 1 ) and concentration increased as the season progressed, exceeding 15 g l 1 by August 5, a high value for this period [Landry et al., 1989; see also R. M. Kudela et al., 2006]. Elevated Chl a concentrations on July 9 are related to the plume from the Columbia River, which supports elevated biomass under some conditions [Hickey, 2006]. 4. Discussion [15] Data presented here show that both Chl a and nitrate were suppressed from central Oregon to Vancouver Is. in early summer relative to typical conditions. Recovery to average surface concentrations on the inner shelf did not occur until early August, following the onset of strong local upwelling-favorable wind stress. However, physical and chemical conditions below the surface layer were progressing steadily toward normal conditions much earlier in the season (Figure 6). This progression is evaluated with two metrics: first, the distance of the nose of 8 C water from the coast, and second, the thickness of the water <8 C at mid shelf (100 m depth). Both are compared to time-integrated alongshore wind stress assuming linearized equations of motion, and a two dimensional, frictional (surface and bottom stress equal) mass balance with constant density. If we also depth average velocity over a bottom boundary layer with assumed constant thickness H, then distance D across the shelf bottom can be expressed as D = R dt, where is Hf alongshore wind stress, is density, t is time and f is the Coriolis parameter. Thus the location of the nose of the upwelled water might be expected to be at least roughly related to time-integrated local wind stress. For local winds we use both total integrated wind stress (WA) and upwelling-favorable integrated stress only [WA(uf)]. Use of the latter may be more reasonable because alongshore currents on the mid to outer shelf after the spring transition do not reverse under downwelling wind conditions [MacFadyen et al., 2005]. Thus transport is always onshore in the bottom boundary layer in those regions until an undercurrent develops. The integration was started on April 15. [16] Cold water advanced up the shelf in May and June more persistently than suggested by the rate of change of local time-integrated upwelling-favorable wind stress 4of5
5 (Figure 7). Both the cold water advance and the increase in thickness of the cold layer have a temporal structure (i.e., changes in slope are similar) more related to time-integrated wind stress off California than off Washington (Figure 7; r 2 = 0.98 vs. 0.91, respectively). The correlation with local wind stress is not improved (0.84) if the early season data are removed from the Washington dataset, suggesting that changes are more strongly related to remote than local wind stress throughout the season. [17] Bottom velocity estimated from the advance of the cold water nose is an order of magnitude less (0.5 cm s 1 ) than that calculated from the expression above. However, we note that observed cross-shelf bottom velocities in this region are frequently below 1 cm s 1, in part because the majority of the upwelling return flow occurs above the bottom boundary layer [Hickey, 1989]. The failure of simple local stress balance and the better statistical relationship with temporal changes in time-integrated alongshore wind stress from northern California suggests that remote wind forcing and subsequent internal Kelvin wave propagation play a significant role in seasonal setup of the summertime density field, as suggested by model studies [McCreary et al., 1987]. [18] Both cold water advancement along the shelf bottom and the thickness of the cold water layer also likely reflect some contribution from alongshore advection of Subarctic = v, where T is temperature, v velocity and y is alongshore distance). To estimate the order of magnitude of this effect we use an average alongshore temperature gradient of 2 C per 1000 km [Huyer, 2003] and velocities near 50, 74 and 100 m over both the mid and outer shelf in June and July (maximum velocity 10, 5 and 2.5 cm s 1, respectively [from Hickey, 1989; Geier et al., 2006]). The advective temperature contributions are 1.2, 0.6 and 0.3 C at mid shelf, much less than the observed differences of 4.0, 2.5 and 1.0 C at mid shelf and about half the values observed on the outer shelf. This result, combined with a salinity increase rather than the decrease expected from alongshore advection ( 0.2 psu for a velocity of 10 cm s 1 ) suggest that upwelling dominates the observed seasonal changes. [19] Thus we conclude that the delicate balance between upwelling-favorable winds, nutrient supply and plankton growth in the northern CCS likely depends not only on local winds but also on remote forcing by winds along the northern California coast. These latter winds and the internal Kelvin waves they generate appear critical for uplifting deeper, nutrient-rich water to the shelf and transporting it from the shelf break to the inner shelf, where it can be upwelled to the sea surface by the local winds. The flow that accompanies the resulting density field transports upwelled water southward along the coast and likely also contributes to the seasonal water property evolution. [20] Acknowledgments. Water property data collection was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) as part of the CoOP RISE Program (OCE to B. Hickey and OCE to K. Bruland and R. Kudela) as well as by the Coastal Ocean Program of the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) (NA17OP2789 to B. Hickey) and NSF (OCE to B. Hickey and W. Cochlan) as part of ECOHAB PNW, and to B. Hickey as part of ORHAB (NA07OA0310). Analysis was supported by these grants as well as by the GLOBEC Northeast Pacific CCS program (OCE to B. Hickey). This is contribution 9 of the ECOHAB PNW program, 188 of the ECOHAB program and 315 of the U.S. GLOBEC program. The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce. Our many thanks to the seagoing RISE, ECOHAB PNW and ORHAB teams for their critical contribution to the data collection. References Corwith, H. L., and P. A. Wheeler (2002), El Niño related variations in nutrient and chlorophyll distributions off Oregon, Prog. Oceanogr., 54, Geier, S. L., B. M. Hickey, S. R. Ramp, P. M. Kosro, N. B. Kachel, and F. Bahr (2006), Interannual variability in water properties and velocity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastal zone, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(36), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Abstract 36D-23. Hickey, B. M. (1979), The California current system Hypotheses and facts, Prog. Oceanogr., 8, Hickey, B. M. (1989), Patterns and processes of circulation over the Washington shelf and slope, in Coastal Oceanography of Washington and Oregon, edited by M. R. Landry, and B. M. Hickey pp , Elsevier, New York. Hickey, B. M. (2006), Complexity of a large freshwater plume, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(36), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Abstract Hickey, B., S. Geier, N. Kachel, and A. MacFadyen (2005), A bi-directional river plume: The Columbia in summer, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, Huyer, A. (2003), Preface to special section on enhanced Subarctic influence in the California Current, 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 8019, doi: /2003gl Huyer, A., R. L. Smith, and J. Fleischbein (2002), The coastal ocean off Oregon and northern California during the El Niño, Prog. Oceanogr., 54, Kosro, P. M., W. T. Peterson, B. M. Hickey, R. K. Shearman, and S. D. Pierce (2006), Physical versus biological spring transition: 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22S03, doi: /2006gl Kudela, R. M., et al. (2006), Impacts of phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Pacific Northwest during the warm conditions of 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi: /2006gl026772, in press. Landry, M. R., J. R. Postel, W. K. Peterson, and J. Newman (1989), Broadscale patterns in the distribution of hydrographic variables, in Coastal Oceanography of Washington and Oregon, edited by M. R. Landry, and B. M. Hickey. pp. 1 41, Elsevier, New York. Large, W. G., and S. Pond (1981), Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, MacFadyen, A., B. M. Hickey, and M. G. G. Foreman (2005), Transport of surface waters from the Juan de Fuca eddy region to the Washington coast, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, McCreary, J. P., P. K. Kundu, and S. Chao (1987), Dynamics of the California current system, J. Mar. Res., 45, Smith, P., and K. Bogren (2001), Determination of nitrate and/or nitrite in brackish or seawater by flow injection analysis colorimeter: QuickChem Method E, in Saline Methods of Analysis, report, 12 pp., Lachat Instrum., Milwaukee, Wis. Strub, P. T., and C. James (1988), Atmospheric conditions during the spring and fall transitions in the coastal ocean off western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 93(C12), 15,561 15,584. Thomas, A. C., and P. Brickley (2006), Satellite measurements of chlorophyll distribution during spring 2005 in the California Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22S05, doi: /2006gl Welschmeyer, N. A. (1994), Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, Wheeler, P. A., A. Huyer, and J. Fleischbein (2003), Cold halocline, increased nutrients and higher chlorophyll off Oregon in 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 8021, doi: /2003gl K. Bruland and R. Kudela, Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. W. Cochlan, Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 95064, USA. B. Hickey and A. MacFadyen, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box , Seattle, WA 98195, USA. (bhickey@u. washington.edu) C. Trick, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5B7, Canada. 5of5
Anomalies in 2008 Upwelled Water Properties on the Newport Hydrographic Line
Anomalies in 2008 Upwelled Water Properties on the Newport Hydrographic Line Meghan Flink, Jack Barth, Steve Pierce, Kipp Shearman, Anatoli Erofeev, Justin Brodersen, Laura Rubiano-Gomez Abstract The climatology
More informationAnomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current: Historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L22S04, doi:10.1029/2006gl027149, 2006 Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current: Historical context and the significance
More informationModeling the Columbia River Plume on the Oregon Shelf during Summer Upwelling. 2 Model
Modeling the Columbia River Plume on the Oregon Shelf during Summer Upwelling D. P. Fulton August 15, 2007 Abstract The effects of the Columbia River plume on circulation on the Oregon shelf are analyzed
More informationNorth Pacific Climate Overview N. Bond (UW/JISAO), J. Overland (NOAA/PMEL) Contact: Last updated: September 2008
North Pacific Climate Overview N. Bond (UW/JISAO), J. Overland (NOAA/PMEL) Contact: Nicholas.Bond@noaa.gov Last updated: September 2008 Summary. The North Pacific atmosphere-ocean system from fall 2007
More informationThe California Current System: Comparison of Geostrophic Currents, ADCP Currents and Satellite Altimetry
The California Current System: Comparison of Geostrophic Currents, ADCP Currents and Satellite Altimetry LCDR David O. Neander, NOAA OC3570 Summer Cruise, August 2-5, 2001 I. INTRODUCTION The large-scale
More informationCoastal ocean variability in the U.S. Pacific Northwest region: Seasonal patterns, winter
1 2 Coastal ocean variability in the U.S. Pacific Northwest region: Seasonal patterns, winter circulation and the influence of the 2009-2010 El Niño 3 4 5 6 by S. M. Durski, A. L. Kurapov, J. S. Allen,
More informationThe California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of
I. INTORDUCTION A. California Current System The California current is the eastern boundary current that lies to the west of North America. The California current flows from north, Washington, to south,
More informationTwo coastal upwelling domains in the northern California Current system
Journal of Marine Research, 63, 901 929, 2005 Two coastal upwelling domains in the northern California Current system by Adriana Huyer 1,2, Jane H. Fleischbein 1, Julie Keister 1, P. Michael Kosro 1, Natalie
More informationHomework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification
14 August 2008 MAR 110 HW5: Ocean Properties 1 Homework 5: Background Ocean Water Properties & Stratification The ocean is a heterogeneous mixture of water types - each with its own temperature, salinity,
More informationTracking El Niño using optical indices of phytoplankton dynamics in the equatorial Pacific
Abstract Tracking El Niño using optical indices of phytoplankton dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Joel Craig 1, Pete Strutton 2, Wiley Evans 2 1. College of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute
More informationRegional Ocean Climate Model Projections for the British Columbia Continental Shelf
Regional Ocean Climate Model Projections for the British Columbia Continental Shelf Mike Foreman, Wendy Callendar, John Morrison, Diane Masson, Isaac Fine Institute of Ocean Sciences Fisheries and Oceans
More informationPresent and Future Upwelling off the Entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait
Present and Future Upwelling off the Entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait Mike Foreman 1, Wendy Callendar 12, Amy MacFadyen 3, Barbara Hickey 3, Bill Merryfield 4, Badal Pal 4, Richard Thomson 1, Emanuele Di
More informationTHE BC SHELF ROMS MODEL
THE BC SHELF ROMS MODEL Diane Masson & Isaac Fine, Institute of Ocean Sciences The Canadian west coast perspective (filling the gap ) AVISO, Eddy Kinetic Energy (cm 2 s -2 ) In this talk Model set-up and
More informationFuture climate impacts on Puget Sound oceanography: the North Pacific and hydrological context
Western Washington University Western CEDAR Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference 2014 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference (Seattle, Wash.) Apr 30th, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM Future climate impacts on Puget Sound oceanography:
More informationInfluence of ocean freshening on shelf phytoplankton dynamics
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L24607, doi:10.1029/2007gl032010, 2007 Influence of ocean freshening on shelf phytoplankton dynamics Rubao Ji, 1 Cabell S. Davis, 1 Changsheng
More informationInfluence of eddies and mesoscale variability in the Gulf of Alaska
Influence of eddies and mesoscale variability in the Gulf of Alaska William Crawford, Frank Whitney, Nick Bolingbroke Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Hiroji Onishi, Hokkaido University,
More informationAPPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1
APPENDIX B PHYSICAL BASELINE STUDY: NORTHEAST BAFFIN BAY 1 1 By David B. Fissel, Mar Martínez de Saavedra Álvarez, and Randy C. Kerr, ASL Environmental Sciences Inc. (Feb. 2012) West Greenland Seismic
More informationNorth Pacific Climate Overview N. Bond (UW/JISAO), J. Overland (NOAA/PMEL) Contact: Last updated: August 2009
North Pacific Climate Overview N. Bond (UW/JISAO), J. Overland (NOAA/PMEL) Contact: Nicholas.Bond@noaa.gov Last updated: August 2009 Summary. The North Pacific atmosphere-ocean system from fall 2008 through
More informationTyphoon induced upper ocean cooling off northeastern Taiwan
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L14605, doi:10.1029/2008gl034368, 2008 Typhoon induced upper ocean cooling off northeastern Taiwan Yaling Tsai, 1 Ching-Sheng Chern, 1 and Joe Wang 1 Received 16
More informationUpper Ocean Circulation
Upper Ocean Circulation C. Chen General Physical Oceanography MAR 555 School for Marine Sciences and Technology Umass-Dartmouth 1 MAR555 Lecture 4: The Upper Oceanic Circulation The Oceanic Circulation
More informationover the Northern West Florida Shelf from SeaWinds and ASCAT
Interannual Variability of Synoptic Scale Winds over the Northern West Florida Shelf from SeaWinds and ASCAT Steve Morey Mark Bourassa Austin Todd COAPS/FSU This work is sponsored by the NASA Ocean Vector
More informationModeling the Formation and Offshore Transport of Dense Water from High-Latitude Coastal Polynyas
Modeling the Formation and Offshore Transport of Dense Water from High-Latitude Coastal Polynyas David C. Chapman Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 phone: (508) 289-2792 fax: (508)
More informationCoastal ocean variability in the US Pacific Northwest region: seasonal patterns, winter circulation, and the influence of the El Niño
Ocean Dynamics (2015) 65:1643 1663 DOI 10.1007/s10236-015-0891-1 Coastal ocean variability in the US Pacific Northwest region: seasonal patterns, winter circulation, and the influence of the 2009 2010
More informationOcean Dynamics. The Great Wave off Kanagawa Hokusai
Ocean Dynamics The Great Wave off Kanagawa Hokusai LO: integrate relevant oceanographic processes with factors influencing survival and growth of fish larvae Physics Determining Ocean Dynamics 1. Conservation
More informationObservation system for early warning of HAB events
Observation system for early warning of HAB events Vera L. Trainer, NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center Marine Biotoxins Program Seattle, Washington, USA Juan de Fuca eddy Regional HAB OOS
More informationLecture 9+10: Buoyancy-driven flow, estuarine circulation, river plume, Tidal mixing, internal waves, coastal fronts and biological significance
Lecture 9+10: Buoyancy-driven flow, estuarine circulation, river plume, Tidal mixing, internal waves, coastal fronts and biological significance Thermohaline circulation: the movement of water that takes
More informationOcean Mixing and Climate Change
Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent
More informationWeather & Ocean Currents
Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences
More informationOcean Boundary Currents Guiding Question: How do western boundary currents influence climate and ocean productivity?
Name: Date: TEACHER VERSION: Suggested Student Responses Included Ocean Boundary Currents Guiding Question: How do western boundary currents influence climate and ocean productivity? Introduction The circulation
More informationXiaodong Hong 1*, James Doyle 1, Richard M. Hodur 1, and Paul J. Martin 2
4.5 APPLICATION OF COAMPS TM OCEAN DATA ASSIMILATIONS IN THE AOSN II MONTEREY BAY Xiaodong Hong 1*, James Doyle 1, Richard M. Hodur 1, and Paul J. Martin 2 1 Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA 93943
More informationMARINE RESEARCH. On the subduction of upwelled waters in the California Current
Journal of Marine Research, 63, 863 885, 2005 Journal of MARINE RESEARCH Volume 63, Number 5 On the subduction of upwelled waters in the California Current by Steven J. Bograd 1 and Arnold W. Mantyla 2
More informationProject of Strategic Interest NEXTDATA. Deliverables D1.3.B and 1.3.C. Final Report on the quality of Reconstruction/Reanalysis products
Project of Strategic Interest NEXTDATA Deliverables D1.3.B and 1.3.C Final Report on the quality of Reconstruction/Reanalysis products WP Coordinator: Nadia Pinardi INGV, Bologna Deliverable authors Claudia
More information2001 State of the Ocean: Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Conditions in the Newfoundland Region
Stock Status Report G2-2 (2) 1 State of the Ocean: Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Conditions in the Background The Altantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP) was implemented in 1998 with the aim of
More informationMesoscale Structure and its Seasonal Evolution in the Northern California Current System
Mesoscale Structure and its Seasonal Evolution in the Northern California Current System John A. Barth, Stephen D. Pierce and Timothy J. Cowles College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University
More informationFluorometry Project Chlorophyll Temperature Time Series
Fluorometry Project Ocean Institute + Scripps Institution of Oceanography Chlorophyll Temperature Time Series The California Current Long Term Ecological Research (CCE LTER) Phytoplankton Phytoplankton
More informationU l;~;uj P~ L,: - #*"**
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions,
More informationFactors influencing the chemistry of the near-field Columbia River plume: Nitrate, silicic acid, dissolved Fe, and dissolved Mn
Click Here for Full Article JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 113,, doi:10.1029/2007jc004702, 2008 Factors influencing the chemistry of the near-field Columbia River plume: Nitrate, silicic acid, dissolved
More informationHow typical are current conditions?
How typical are current conditions? NANOOS provides many sources of information for those wanting to track oceanographic conditions throughout the NE Pacific Ocean to be able to understand if the current
More informationAn examination of advection in the northeast Pacific Ocean,
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L15601, doi:10.1029/2006gl026278, 2006 Correction published 18 April 2007 An examination of advection in the northeast Pacific Ocean, 2001 2005 Jennifer M. Jackson,
More informationState of the Ocean 2003: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Ecosystem Status Report 24/2 Oceanographic sampling gear State of the Ocean 23: Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Background The physical oceanographic environment influences
More informationEvolution of La Niña and El Niño Conditions Off the Western Coast of South America: A Remote Sensing Perspective
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship School of Marine Sciences 12-31-2002 Evolution of 1996-1999 La Niña and El Niño Conditions Off the Western Coast of South
More informationSTRATOGEM The Strait of Georgia Ecosystem Project
STRATOGEM The Strait of Georgia Ecosystem Project R. Pawlowicz 1 S. Allen 1, J. Dower 2, R. Lee 1, S. Harris 1, M. Halverson 1, O. Riche 1 and T. Bird 2 1 Deptartment of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University
More informationBaltic Sea Research Institute
Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemuende (IOW) Cruise Report No. 44/96/ 04 R/V "A.v.Humboldt" MESODYN Cruise 01 to 12 March 1996 Stolpe Furrow / Baltic Sea This report is based on preliminary data and
More informationClimate/Ocean dynamics
Interannual variations of the East-Kamchatka and East-Sakhalin Currents volume transports and their impact on the temperature and chemical parameters in the Okhotsk Sea Andrey G. Andreev V.I. Il ichev
More informationThe propagating response of coastal circulation due to wind relaxations along the central California coast
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116,, doi:10.1029/2011jc007502, 2011 The propagating response of coastal circulation due to wind relaxations along the central California coast Libe Washburn, 1,2
More informationHow to form halocline water?
How to form halocline water? Atlantic water - cannot form Halocline water simply by mixing (Aagaard, 1981) Surface Water Adapted from Steele and Boyd, 1998 ADVECTIVE HC Temp Fresh Salty Aagaard et al,
More informationSEAWIFS VALIDATION AT THE CARIBBEAN TIME SERIES STATION (CATS)
SEAWIFS VALIDATION AT THE CARIBBEAN TIME SERIES STATION (CATS) Jesús Lee-Borges* and Roy Armstrong Department of Marine Science, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00708 Fernando
More informationSeasonal variations of vertical structure in the deep waters of the Southern Caspian Sea
278 Research in Marine Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, 2018 Pages 278-286 Seasonal variations of vertical structure in the deep waters of the Southern Caspian Sea Somayeh Nahavandian 1,*, and Alireza Vasel
More informationCarbon and Nutrient Cycles on Continental Shelves - Current Advances and Thoughts for Future Research
Carbon and Nutrient Cycles on Continental Shelves - Current Advances and Thoughts for Future Research 1. Brief summary of N-based productivity measures. 2. Thoughts for future studies of the ocean margin
More informationA Study on Residual Flow in the Gulf of Tongking
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 56, pp. 59 to 68. 2000 A Study on Residual Flow in the Gulf of Tongking DINH-VAN MANH 1 and TETSUO YANAGI 2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University,
More informationGeostrophic Current Analysis through the CenCal Box
Geostrophic Current Analysis through the CenCal Box LT Sean P. Yemm OC357 Winter Quarter, 23 I. Introduction A. California Current System The California Current System is composed of numerous jets, filaments,
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationSatellite-Measured Chlorophyll Variability Within the Upwelling Zone Near Heceta Bank, Oregon
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 12-2002 Satellite-Measured Chlorophyll Variability Within the Upwelling Zone Near Heceta Bank, Oregon Jennifer
More informationActual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations?
Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Observations? Patterns? Observations? Patterns? Geometry of the ocean Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Continental Continental Basin
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 11 November 2013
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 11 November 2013 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 5 August 2013
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 5 August 2013 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationUnit Three Worksheet Meteorology/Oceanography 2 WS GE U3 2
Unit Three Worksheet Meteorology/Oceanography 2 WS GE U3 2 Name Period Section 17.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Of the following, which is NOT a factor that controls temperature? (C) latitude (D) longitude
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast Winter
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast Winter 2016-17 Gregory V. Jones Southern Oregon University February 7, 2017 What a difference from last year at this time. Temperatures in January and February
More informationWhy the Atlantic was surprisingly quiet in 2013
1 Why the Atlantic was surprisingly quiet in 2013 by William Gray and Phil Klotzbach Preliminary Draft - March 2014 (Final draft by early June) ABSTRACT This paper discusses the causes of the unusual dearth
More informationCoastal Ocean Circulation on Remotely Sensed
COASTAL OCEAN OPTICS AND DYNAMICS A WEST FLORIDA SHELF CASE STUDY Coastal Ocean Circulation on Remotely Sensed 68 Oceanography June 24 Influences Optical Properties BY ROBERT H. WEISBERG, RUOYING HE, GARY
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast March 2019 Report
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast March 2019 Report Gregory V. Jones Linfield College March 2, 2019 Summary: Dramatic flip from a mild winter to a top five coldest February on record in many locations
More informationCharacterizing the South Atlantic Bight seasonal variability and cold-water event in 2003 using a daily cloud-free SST and chlorophyll analysis
Click Here for Full Article GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L02604, doi:10.1029/2008gl036396, 2009 Characterizing the South Atlantic Bight seasonal variability and cold-water event in 2003 using
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 24 September 2012
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 24 September 2012 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño
More informationPacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L18609, doi:10.1029/2005gl023999, 2005 Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin Rebecca
More informationSECTION 2 How Is Pacific Northwest Climate Changing?
SECTION 2 How Is Pacific Northwest Climate Changing? The Pacific Northwest is experiencing a suite of long-term changes that are consistent with those observed globally as a result of human-caused climate
More informationA Comparison of the Anomalous Ocean Conditions observed off the West Coast of Canada in 2014 and 2015.
A Comparison of the Anomalous Ocean Conditions observed off the West Coast of Canada in 2014 and 2015. Peter Chandler, Marie Robert, Moira Galbraith Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
More information1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and
1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.
More informationInterdecadal variability of the thermocline along the west coast of South America
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L20307, doi:10.1029/2004gl020998, 2004 Interdecadal variability of the thermocline along the west coast of South America Oscar Pizarro Departamento de Física de la
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 25 February 2013
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 25 February 2013 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationOffice of the Washington State Climatologist
Office of the Washington State Climatologist June 3, 2011 Cool & Wet May May was generally cooler and wetter than normal for most of the In this Issue state adding another cool and wet chapter to the soggy
More informationAccepted for publication in: LOCAL AND REMOTE FORCING OF CURRENTS AND TEMPERATURE IN THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT. not permitted.
Accepted for publication in: LOCAL AND REMOTE FORCING OF CURRENTS AND TEMPERATURE IN THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT. Copyright 22 American Geophysical Union. Further reproduction or electronic distribution
More informationThe Taiwan-Tsushima Warm Current System: Its Path and the Transformation of the Water Mass in the East China Sea
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 55, pp. 185 to 195. 1999 The Taiwan-Tsushima Warm Current System: Its Path and the Transformation of the Water Mass in the East China Sea ATSUHIKO ISOBE Department of Earth
More informationCoastal Trapped Waves, Alongshore Pressure Gradients, and the California Undercurrent
San Jose State University From the SelectedWorks of Thomas P. Connolly January, 2014 Coastal Trapped Waves, Alongshore Pressure Gradients, and the California Undercurrent Thomas P. Connolly, Woods Hole
More informationInfluence of the Seasonal Thermocline on the Intrusion of Kuroshio across the Continental Shelf Northeast of Taiwan
Journal of Oceanography Vol. 5, pp. 691 to 711. 1994 Influence of the Seasonal Thermocline on the Intrusion of Kuroshio across the Continental Shelf Northeast of Taiwan CHING-SHENG CHERN and Joe WANO Institute
More informationMonthly climatology of the continental shelf waters of the South Atlantic Bight
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. C8, 3264, doi:10.1029/2002jc001609, 2003 Monthly climatology of the continental shelf waters of the South Atlantic Bight Brian O. Blanton, Alfredo Aretxabaleta,
More informationA numerical modeling study of the upwelling source waters along the Oregon coast during 2005
A numerical modeling study of the upwelling source waters along the Oregon coast during 25 David Rivas and R.M. Samelson College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
More informationInvestigating the upwelling intensification hypothesis using climate-change simulations
Investigating the upwelling intensification hypothesis using climate-change simulations Ryan R. Rykaczewski USC Marine Science Program John Dunne, Charles Stock, William Sydeman, Marisol García-Reyes,
More informationInfluence of Wind Stress and Ambient Flow on a High Discharge River Plume
Influence of Wind Stress and Ambient Flow on a High Discharge River Plume I. Garc a Berdeal, B.M. Hickey and M. Kawase School of Oceanography Box 35794, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-794
More informationJOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 95, NO. C8, PAGES 13,023-13,042, AUGUST 15, 1990
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 95, NO. C8, PAGES 13,023-13,042, AUGUST 15, 1990 Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Pigment Concentrations Across a California Current Frontal Zone A. C. THOMAS
More informationInterannual variations in vital rates of copepods and euphausiids during the RISE study
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114,, doi:10.1029/2008jc004826, 2009 Interannual variations in vital rates of copepods and euphausiids during the RISE study 2004 2006 C. Tracy Shaw, 1 Leah R. Feinberg,
More informationSeasonal cycle of phytoplankton community composition off Newport, Oregon, in 2009
Seasonal cycle of phytoplankton community composition off Newport, Oregon, in 29 Xiuning Du 1, William Peterson 2 1 College of Environmental science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
More informationKeywords: ocean observing, monitoring, Monterey Bay, marine populations, water quality
THE CENTER FOR INTEGRATED MARINE TECHNOLOGIES: LONG- TERM OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM IN MONTEREY BAY, IMPROVING THE UNDERSTANDING OF OCEAN AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS Rondi J. Robison 1, Laura Beach 2, Raphe Kudela
More informationTemperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea
Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)/Vol.1/No.1/September 2010/9/27-35 Temperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea Jamshidi, Siamak 1 ;
More informationSpatial variability in annual sea level variations around the Korean peninsula
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35, L03603, doi:10.1029/2007gl032527, 2008 Spatial variability in annual sea level variations around the Korean peninsula Sok Kuh Kang, 1 Josef Y. Cherniawsky, 2 Michael
More informationTemperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea
Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science)/Vol.1/No.1/September 2010/9/27-35 Temperature, Salinity and Density Measurements in the Coastal Waters of the Rudsar, South Caspian Sea Jamshidi, Siamak1; Abu
More informationFrom El Nino to Atlantic Nino: pathways as seen in the QuikScat winds
From El Nino to Atlantic Nino: pathways as seen in the QuikScat winds Rong Fu 1, Lei Huang 1, Hui Wang 2 Presented by Nicole Smith-Downey 1 1 Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin
More informationHydrographic and transport variability on the Halifax section
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. C11, 8003, doi:10.1029/2001jc001267, 2003 Hydrographic and transport variability on the Halifax section John W. Loder, Charles G. Hannah, Brian D. Petrie,
More informationPHYSICAL PROPERTIES TAHOE.UCDAVIS.EDU 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 8 Lake surface level Daily since 1900 Lake surface level varies throughout the year. Lake level rises due to high stream inflow, groundwater inflow, and precipitation directly onto
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast Summer 2017
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast Summer 2017 Gregory V. Jones Southern Oregon University August 4, 2017 July largely held true to forecast, although it ended with the start of one of the most extreme
More informationUC Irvine Faculty Publications
UC Irvine Faculty Publications Title A linear relationship between ENSO intensity and tropical instability wave activity in the eastern Pacific Ocean Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w9602dn
More informationA poleward jet and an equatorward undercurrent observed off Oregon and northern California, during the El
Progress in Oceanography 54 (22) 343 36 www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean A poleward jet and an equatorward undercurrent observed off Oregon and northern California, during the 1997 98 El Niño P. M. Kosro
More informationEl Niño and the California Current System Karen Norris AOS 235 Spring 2006
El Niño and the California Current System Karen Norris AOS 235 Spring 2006 Introduction The waters along the California coastline are recognized as an area of high productivity. However, it was the sudden
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast August 2018 Report
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast August 2018 Report Gregory V. Jones Linfield College August 5, 2018 Summary: July 2018 will likely go down as one of the top five warmest July s on record for many
More informationDon't let your PBL scheme be rejected by brine: Parameterization of salt plumes under sea ice in climate models
Don't let your PBL scheme be rejected by brine: Parameterization of salt plumes under sea ice in climate models Dimitris Menemenlis California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Frontiers
More informationENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 November 2015
ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 November 2015 Outline Summary Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
More informationSensitivity Analysis of Sea Level Rise Simulation To the Ocean Open Boundary Specification Using the 2017 CH3D-ICM
Sensitivity Analysis of Sea Level Rise Simulation To the Ocean Open Boundary Specification Using the 2017 CH3D-ICM STAC WQSTM Peer Review July 7, 2017 Lew Linker, Ping Wang, Richard Tian, and the CBPO
More information2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW
2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW 1 INTRODUCTION Recently, three of the major centres for global climate monitoring determined with high confidence that 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally.
More information,/college of Oceanography) Oregon State University1 Corvallis, Oregon 97331
CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COASTAL CIRCULATION STUDY CTD OBSERVATIONS CRUISE 8404, OCTOBER 1984 by Dudley B. Chelton P. Michael Kosro /,/college of Oceanography) Oregon State University1 Corvallis, Oregon 97331
More informationThe fieldwork during the Polarstern cruise ANT XVI/2 as a contribution to the study of bottom water formation and sea ice transport in the Weddell Sea
The fieldwork during the Polarstern cruise ANT XVI/2 as a contribution to the study of bottom water formation and sea ice transport in the Weddell Sea Fahrbach, E 1, S. Harms 2, H. Hellmer 1, A. Jenkins
More informationCoastal Ocean Circulation Experiment off Senegal (COCES)
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Coastal Ocean Circulation Experiment off Senegal (COCES) Pierre-Marie Poulain Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica
More information