Hydrogen on Venus, μdiamonds on Earth and Valhalla on Callisto: signposts of ******s in the Solar System
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1 Hydrogen on Venus, μdiamonds on Earth and Valhalla on Callisto: signposts of ******s in the Solar System José Antonio Caballero Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) CAB-ESAC μseminars
2 Atmospheric mass ratio per element: 1. Atmosphere mass of a (spherical) planet P atm = F / S F = M atm g S = 4 π R 2 g = G M planet / R 2 M atm = 4 π R 2 P / G M planet M atm /M planet
3 Atmospheric mass ratio per element: 2. Atmosphere composition (mass) E.g., on Earth: X N = [N 2 ] X O = (16/18) (32/44) [O 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 ] Σ X i = 1, i = H, C, N, O, Ar
4 Atmospheric mass ratio per element: 3. Atmosphere composition (cont.) Venus: 96.5% CO 2, 3.5% N2, H 2 O, SO 2, CO, Ar Earth: 78.08% N 2, 20.95% O 2, 0.93% Ar, H 2 O, CO 2 Mars: 95.3% CO 2, 2.7% N2, H 2 O, H2, O 2, CO, Ar Titan: 95.0% N 2, 4.9% CH 4, traces of Ar Martian sunset at Gusev crater
5 Atmospheric mass ratio per element M atm /M planet M Earth 2 1 H C N O Ar Venus Earth Mars Titan
6 Atmospheric mass ratio per element: 4. Earth hydrosphere M hydro = kg (M Earth = kg) O: 85.84%, H: 10.82%, C: % Σ X i = 1, i = H, C, O, Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, K, Br
7 Atmospheric mass ratio per element M atm /M planet M Earth 2 1 H C N O Ar Venus Earth+Hydro >> 66.6 (+crust) Mars Titan
8 Atmospheric mass ratio per element M atm /M planet M Earth 2 1 H C N O Ar Venus Earth+Hydro >> 66.6 (+crust) Mars Titan
9 Venus hydrogen A small fraction bound up in H 2 SO 4 and H 2 S mostly The definitive test: D/H ratio (on Earth ) Deuterium 2 1H is twice more massive than hydrogen 1 1H D/H ratio in Venus upper atmosphere >> LOST IN SPACE
10 Venus upper atmosphere Solar UV radiation dissociates water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions Solar wind gives kinetics energy to ions that escape the gravity field Atmospheric erosion (H, He, O ) due to a weak magnetosphere F UV, K(m), B(P rot )
11 Venus magnetic field Lack of an appreciable magnetic field (internal dynamo vs. ionosphere +solar wind) A dynamos requires: a conducting liquid, rotation and convection Reduced heat loss No plate tectonics Strong, low-viscosity crust Water deficit (heat released during resurfacing events) (Sulfur-dependent) status of core is uknown Problema del huevo y la gallina
12 Venus rotation P orb = d P rot = d SLOW retrograde rotation. Why? Tidal resonances (Venus atmosphere+ Sun) vs. *****s A Jacques Laskar s theory
13 Diamonds: an allotrope of carbon Graphite (graphene), amorphous ( coal ), buckminsterfullerenes (C 60, nanotubes), glassy, nanofoam, lynear acetylenic carbon, lonsdaleite Αδαµασ
14 (Natural) diamonds: origin Very high pressure and temperature km in depth in mantle from carboncontaining minerals Growth for Ga Brought to surface by magma during volcanic eruptions Kimberlites, lamproites
15 Carbonado diamonds:? Black diamonds Brought by and asteroid? Formed in a supernova explosion??? Shock metamosphism Brasil, Central African Republic
16 Nanodiamonds: nm to μm Ultradispersed detonation nanodiamonds Oxygen-deficient mixture of TNT/RDX in a close chamber And in shock zones
17 Impact (******) craters Valhalla: the largest multi-ring basin in the Solar System (3800 km diameter) Odin s hall in Norse mythology
18 Impact craters Tycho: km in diameter, 4.8 km in depth, 108 Ma old Distinctive ray system and system of satellite craters Possibly associated to asteroid 289 Baptistina TMA-1
19 Impact craters Chicxulub: 180 km diameteter crater in Yucatán Peninsula At the Cretaceous- Paleogene boundary (-65.5 ± 0.3 Ma) Impacting bolide: 10 km Multiple impact crater: simultaneous SL9-like events: Boltysh (24 km), Silverpit/North Sea (20 km) And Shiva crater ( km)?
20 Impact craters Vredeford: km diameter in South Africa Slightly larger than the Sudbury Basin/Ontario (which is elongated and includes the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly) Also: Wilkes Land/ Antarctica
21 Impact craters Nördlinger Ries/Bavaria + Steinheim/B-W: km only Ma ago Impact of binary asteroid of m, angle of deg, velocity of about 20 km/s Released energy: J (1.8 million Hiroshima bombs) Tm of μdiamonds (0.2 mm)
22 Impact craters Popigai/Siberia: 100 km, 35.7 ± 0.2 Ma ago Impactor: chondrite (8 km) or stony (5 km) impactors Not investigated until 1997: mines constructed by gulag prisoners under Stalin Shock pressure: graphite into diamonds within 13.6 km radius Diamonds mm Specimens of up to 10 mm with striations
23 Hydrogen on Venus, μdiamonds on Earth and Valhalla on Callisto: signposts of IMPACTs in the Solar System Double impact in Venus may explain both the slow retrograde orbit and the absence of a moon Need of in situ isotope analysis Remember the giant collision hypothesis
24 exoterrae.eu/
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