Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India
|
|
- Audra Pope
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Palaeogeography 2012, 1(2): DOI: /SP.J Lithofacies palaeogeography and sedimentology Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India Urbashi Sarkar, Santanu Banerjee *, P. K. Saraswati Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai , India Abstract A combined micropalaeontological and sedimentological investigation of the Early Eocene Naredi Formation (thickness varying between 20 m and 60 m) reveals a complete third-order cycle and six fourth-order sea level cycles. Within the third-order cycle the foraminiferal abundance and diversity gradually increase upwards and reach their maximum values at about 41 m thickness above the base of the formation and subsequently decrease upward and finally give way upward to an unfossiliferous zone at the topmost part. Within a fourth-order cycle foraminiferal abundance and diversity exhibit a similar increasing and decreasing pattern. Bounded between two unconformities the Naredi Formation represents a sequence. A highly fossiliferous Assilina-bearing limestone interval represents the maximum flooding zone which separates the transgressive systems tract at the base from the highstand systems tract at the top. Key words Early Eocene, Naredi Formation, sea level cycle, Foraminifera, western Kutch, India 1 Introduction * A combined micropalaeontological, microfacies and field documentation of the mixed siliciclastic carbonate succession of the Early Eocene Naredi Formation allows a better reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment and palaeobathymetry. This, in turn, helps to interpret the sequence stratigraphic architecture, as well as the evolution of the basin. The Early Eocene Naredi Formation in the western Kutch has been studied extensively from the biostratigraphic point of view but little work has been done on the sea level cyclicity, sequence stratigraphy and depositional environment for this formation. Raju (2008) presented a broad overview of sequences and sea level cycles in Kutch in a stratigraphic compilation of sedimentary successions * Corresponding author: Professor. santanu@iitb.ac.in. Received: Accepted: of India. Chattoraj et al. (2009) reported glauconitic shale within the outcrop of the Naredi formation and discussed mineralogical characteristics of the glauconite. A recent recovery of borehole samples in this area has indicated that a complete succession of the Naredi Formation is present only in the subsurface. The outcrop of the Naredi Formation represents only the upper part of the formation. Saraswati et al. (2012) constrained the age of the Naredi Formation as Early Eocene, ranging from shallow benthic zones SBZ 6 to SBZ 11. The exposed part of the Naredi is referred to SBZ 8 to SBZ 11. The extended section in the borehole thus further incorporates the present understanding of sea level cycles in this region. Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the Naredi Formation is likely to provide new insights about the Palaeocene Eocene thermal maxima in the Indian subcontinent. The objectives of the present study include: 1) interpretation of the depositional environment based on detailed field and microfa
2 Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level Vol. 1 No. 2 cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India 127 cies investigations, 2) to propose sequence stratigraphic architecture, as well as the sea level cycles of the Naredi Formation, based on detailed micropalaeontological and sedimentological investigations, and to compare it with the global sea level curve of the Early Eocene (cf. Haq et al., 1987; Miller et al., 2005). 2 Geological setting The Kutch Basin originated as a rift basin on the western margin of India during the Jurassic and subsequently evolved as a passive margin (Biswas, 1987). The onshore Palaeogene sediments crop out to the south of the Great Rann of Kutch around the Deccan trap exposures (Fig. 1). The Cenozoic sediments of the western Kutch unconformably overlie either the Deccan Trap (69-63 Ma, Pande, 2002) or Mesozoic sediments. The beds are almost flat to low dipping at 1 3 towards WSW to NW. Biswas (1992) has classified the Palaeogene succession of western Kutch into five formations, viz., the Matanomadh, Naredi, Harudi, Fulra and Maniyara Fort formations from the bottom to top (Table 1). The basal Matanomadh Formation is poorly exposed and consists of unfossiliferous sandstones and shales with minor lignites. The formation occurs locally and is absent in places; the overlying Naredi Formation may rest directly on the Deccan Trap. Biswas (1992) has identified three members of the Naredi Formation, viz., Gypseous Shale Member, Assilina Limestone Member and Ferruginous Claystone Member. However, the thickness of the Naredi Formation is highly variable and all three members rarely occur together in the outcrop. Lignite and carbonaceous shales of variable thickness occur locally within the formation. The Naredi Formation is mainly marine, containing diverse kinds of fossils, including invertebrate fossils (mostly bivalve and gastropod), Foraminifera (mostly Assilina, Nummulites) and ostracoda and it contains glauconites in places (Chattoraj et al., 2009). The contact between the Naredi Formation and the Harudi Formation is locally marked by a laterite horizon. 3 Samples and methods Samples for the present study were collected from the Kakdi River section from the Naredi village (Naredi cliff section; N ; E ), the stratotype of the formation, as well as from a borehole (N ; E ) drilled near the village Baranda (Fig. 1). Detailed field documentation was carried out in the Naredi cliff section. The borehole samples provided a nearly complete documentation of the Naredi Formation, as the lower part of the Naredi Formation is not exposed in the cliff section (Saraswati et al., 2012). Standard thin sections were prepared from samples for microfacies studies. Petrographic analysis were carried out using a Leica DM 4500P polarizing microscope attached with Leica DFC420 camera using both transmitted and reflected light. The foraminiferal species were hand picked under Nikon SMZ 1000 stereo zoom microscope from nearly 45 processed samples. Quantitative distribution of foraminiferal genera per gram of processed samples were recorded. Identification and classification of the Foraminifera were carried out using standard techniques (cf. Loeblich and Tappan, 1988). Altogether 17 genera of Foraminifera were identified from both surface and subsurface sections. The planktonic/benthic ratio along with their diversity and abundance and known environmental affinity of foraminifers were used for the palaeoenvironmental analysis and sea level cyclicity (cf. Hallock and Glenn, 1986; Geel, 2000; Wakefield and Monteil, 2002; Murray, 2006; Vaziri Moghaddam et al., 2006). 4 Lithological variations in the Naredi Formation The Naredi Formation is composed of shallow marine, mixed carbonate siliciclastic sediments (Chattoraj, 2012). The formation overlies directly on the weathered basalt of the Deccan Trap. The Naredi Formation is dominated by grey, green and reddish grey shale in outcrop. The shale is thinly bedded and planar laminated to massive and fissile in nature. The shale comprises the bulk of the sediments in the lower and middle part in the borehole and also appears at the top (Fig. 2). The shale is characterized by the varying amount of glauconites and marine fossils. The glauconite content may be as high as 50% of the total sediment in places. The intervening glauconite free, red shale often exhibits desiccation cracks in the outcrop indicating emergence of the substrate. The facies thickness varies from 12 m (in outcrop) to 40 m (in borehole). Carbonate replaces the shale in the upper part of the formation. Dominance of Assilina characterizes the carbonates. The lower part of this carbonate is composed of loose, wackestone, but its upper part comprises relatively harder packstone. The carbonate is overlain by shale with minor siltstone intercalations at the topmost part of the Naredi Formation. The top part of the shale, near the contact with the overlying Harudi Formation, is locally marked by a 2.3 m thick laterite in outcrop. However, no laterite is observed in the borehole, but thick
3 128 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Oct Fig. 1 Geological map showing the Cenozoic outcrops in western Kutch and location of the study area (modified from Biswas and Raju, 1973) (inset showing map of India). unfossiliferous red shale is found (Figs. 5, 6, 7). 5 Microfacies Microfossil, texture and primary sedimentary features are used to recognize three microfacies within the Naredi Formation. The description and classification of the facies aims to describe the sedimentary processes and depositional environment. Carbonate microfacies is compared with the standard ramp microfacies of Flügel (2004) for the interpretation of depositional environment. 5.1 Shale Shale is the most frequently occurring facies in the Naredi Formation. The colour of the facies may be red, brown, grey or green. The greenness of the rocks depends
4 Vol. 1 No. 2 Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India 129 Fig. 2 Field photograph of the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India. A-Field photograph of brown shale from the Naredi cliff section (hammer length = 35 cm); B- Field photograph of green shale from the Naredi cliff section (pen length = 12 cm); C-Field photograph of red shale from the Naredi cliff section (pen length = 12 cm); D-Field photograph of laterite at the top of the Naredi cliff section (swiss knife length = 7.5 cm). on proportion of glauconite (Fig. 3A). This facies is thinly bedded, planar laminated to massive in nature. Vertical to highly inclined burrows disrupts original laminae in plac es. It contains Foraminifera, ostracodes, echinoderms and other invertebrate fossil fragments. The abundance and di versity of the fossils (Fig. 3B) within the shale may vary widely, ranging from fossiliferous, grey to green shale to completely unfossiliferous red shale. Preservation of fos sils is medium to good. In highly fossiliferous parts the fossils do not exhibit any specific orientation. Nummulites, Rotalia, Cibicides, Asterigerina, Bolivina and planktonic foraminifers Acarinina, Chiloguembelina and Jenkinsina (Fig. 4) commonly occur within the shale. The diversity and abundance of Foraminifera are generally lower com pared to the rest of the Paleogene sections of the Kutch (Chattoraj, 2012). In certain intervals ostracodes domi nate over Foraminifera (Fig. 5). A few pyrite and Fe oxide patches are encountered within and outside the skeletal fragments. Deposition of clayey sediments suggests a low energy depositional environment. Lack of preferred orientation of the fossils suggests a considerably weak current. The presence of glauconite indicates a slow rate of sedimenta tion. Quantitative analysis of foraminifers reveal a depth range of 0 to 10 m (Figs. 5, 6). Bolivina, Rotalia and Cibicides indicate inner shelf depositional conditions (Murray, 1991). Nummulites occur in a wide range of environment from back reef to mid ramp setting (Racey, 1994; Gilham
5 130 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Oct Fig. 3 Microphotograph of the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India. A-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) showing glavconite grains from the shale facies; B-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of shale microfacies from a Nummu lites dominated layer; C-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) showing blocky calcite crystals within a void space in the Assilina packstone facies; the white arrow marks a dissolved bioclast later filled by blocky calcite crystals; D-Photomicrograph (crossed polar ized light) showing cubic pyrite crystals (marked with arrow) within Assilina; E-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) showing Fe patches from the Assilina wackestone microfacies; F-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of a half stained thin section showing Assilina packstone facies (arrow indicates Assilina); G-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of a boring (marked by a white arrow) cutting across a foraminiferal shell; H-Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) showing ostracode shell infilled by calcite cement (marked with arrow).
6 Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level Vol. 1 No. 2 cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India 131 and Bristow, 1998; Sinclair et al., 1998). The presence of pyrite within the shale indicates local sub oxic conditions. 5.2 Assilina Wackestone The non repetitive facies (up to 3 m thickness) occurs at the upper part of the Naredi Formation and is associated with Assilina packstone. Assilina comprises 50% of the bioclastic component. The other foraminifers includes Nummulites, Rotalia, Cibicides, Eponides, Asterigerina, Nonionella, Bolivina, Bulimina, Triloculina, Quinqueloculina, Spiroloculina and planktonic foraminifers Acarinina and Chiloguembelina (Fig. 4). Overall, the abundance and Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of the external views of Foraminifera. 1-Assilina sp.; 2-Eoannularia sp.; 3-Nummulites burdigalensis; 4-Nummulites globules nanus; 5-Rotalia sp.; 6-Eponides sp.; 7-Asterigerina sp.; 8-Cibicides sp.; 9-Nonionella sp.; 10-Quinqueloculina sp.; 11-Spiroloculina sp.; 12, 13-Bolivina sp.; 14-Acarinina sp.; 15-Chiloguembelina sp.; 16-Jenkinsina sp.
7 132 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Oct Age M. Eocene Shallow benthic zones Sample position Lithology Harudi Height from Naredi base (m) 60 Nummulites Assilina Cibicides Rotalia Asterigerina Quinqueloculina 50 6 SBZ 11 Spiroloculina Triloculina Nonionella Bolivina Bulimina Brizalina Bcarinina Jenkinsina Chiloguembelina Juvenile and other Relative sea level curve (m) fourth order cycle INDEX Basalt Weathered basalt Shale Packstone 40 5 Foraminiferal count Early Eocene SBZ 6 SBZ 7(?) SBZ 8 SBZ 9 (?) SBZ Barren Solitary Late Cretaceous to Paleocene 0 >50 Fig. 5 Vertical facies succession of the Naredi Formation in the borehole section showing quantitative foraminiferal assemblage, third (dotted curve) and fourth order (solid curve) palaeobathymetric variation (arrows indicate sample positions for micropalaeontological and petrographic investigations). diversity of foraminifers are high and it increases gradually upward. Although planktonic foraminifers are present, their abundance is considerably less (planktonic/benthic ratio ~ 1: 99). The degree of fragmentation of shells is medium, but the shells do not exhibit any specific orientation. Chambers of the fossils are often filled with blocky calcite cements (Fig. 3C) although primary porosities are still preserved in many larger foraminiferal tests. Pyrites and Fe oxides are found within and outside the chamber of the foraminifers (Figs. 3D, 3E). Glauconite occurs lo
8 0 Relative sea level curve (m) fourth-order cycle Mud Sand Grain Rud & Bound Grain Pack Mud Wacke Grain size Nummulites Assilina Triloculina Quinqueloculina Spiroloculina Eoannularia Bolivina Bulimina Cibicides Eponides Asterigerina Nonionella Acarinina Jenkinsina Chiloguembelina Juvenile and other Lithology Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India Height from Naredi base (m) Shallow benthic zones Eo M. ce ne Age Vol. 1 No. 2 Harudi 133 INDEX Basalt Shale Wackestone 20 Packstone SBZ 11 SBZ 9-SBZ 10 (?) Foraminiferal count Late Cretaceous Barren Solitary SBZ 8 Early Eocene Laterite Deccan Trap >50 Fig. 6 Vertical facies succession of the Naredi Formation from the outcrop section showing quantitative foraminiferal assemblages, third (dotted curve) and fourth order (solid curve) palaeobathymetric variation. cally and its concentration is less compared to the green shale. Micrite is recrystallized in places to form calcite pseudospar. The facies is comparable to the microfacies RMF 20 of Flügel (2004). The dominance of micrite and non oriented fossils suggest a low energy environment. The dominance of microfossils suggests a curtailment of finer siliciclastics supply to the depositional setting. Quantitative study of foraminiferal data suggests a bathymetric range between 10 m and 30 m (Figs. 5, 6). Occurrence of miliolid fora minifers suggests sheltered environment. The presence of abundant pyrite in places suggests local sub oxic conditions. 5.3 Assilina Packstone The facies (up to 3.5 m thickness) occurs immediate ly above the Assilina wackestone facies and is non re petitive. The main constituent of the facies is Assilina comprising nearly 50% of the allochemical components (Fig. 3F). Other species of larger benthic foraminifers, smaller benthic foraminifers and ostracodes constitute the remaining allochems. The foraminiferal assemblage is similar to the Assilina wackestone but the abundance of the miliolids is low. In some samples Foraminifera and other fossils are completely broken and it is difficult to carry out quantitative analysis. The abundance and di versity of Foraminifera decrease gradually upward. The chambers of the foraminifers and other microfossils are mostly filled with calcite cements (Fig. 3H). Borings may cut across the foraminiferal chambers and are filled with the blocky calcite cement (Fig. 3G). Some of the bioclasts are completely dissolved and are subsequently filled by calcite cements (Fig.3C). Meteoric diagenesis may be the reason for the dissolution of bioclasts and precipitation of calcite. Fe oxide and pyrite occur locally within and out side the bioclasts. The facies can be compared with the standard microfacies RMF 20 (Flügel, 2004).
9 134 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Oct Quantitative analysis of foraminifers suggests a bathymetric range between 5 m and 20 m (Figs. 5, 6). The microfacies indicates slight increase in energy conditions compared to the Assilina wackestone microfacies. 6 Palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment The Naredi Formation, consisting of finer clastics and carbonates, marks the first marine transgression of the Cenozoic succession of Kutch. It contains marine biota including benthic and planktonic Foraminifera. Quantitative analysis of the foraminifers suggests a palaeobathymetric range between 0 to 30 m. The shale facies records a bathymetric range from 0 to 10 m and represents the shallowest depositional conditions. The red shale layers in the outcrop bear evidences of emergence and are totally devoid of marine fossils while the alternating grey to green shales are fossiliferous, often containing glauconite and pyrite. Perfectly gradational contacts between different types of shales represent a sedimentation continuum within a low energy depositional regime. The shallow marine, low energy depositional setting, representing fossil assemblage characteristic of a restricted setting may be best interpreted as a lagoon. The colour variation of the shale facies is related to the variation in organic content, variable duration of exposure of the substrate, and variation in glauconite content. The red shale possibly represents the marginal part of the lagoon while the grey and green shale represents the deeper part of the lagoon. Although glauconite is abundant in the outer shelf depositional setting the mineral is reported from lagoonal conditions (El Albani et al., 2005 and references therein). Glauconite is also reported from the lagoonal originated Palaeogene Maniyara Fort Formation and the inner shelf originated Harudi Formation within the Palaeogene succession of Kutch (Banerjee et al., 2012a, 2012b; Chattoraj, 2012). Assilina wackestone and Assilina packstone facies represent relatively open marine conditions and possibly formed in proximity to the barrier. The occurrence of these two facies over shale facies, therefore, suggests a relative sea level rise. Foraminiferal data reveal a bathymetry up to 30 m for these two facies. In the absence of any reef/bar in the seaward side it is inferred that the elevated areas of the Deccan Trap possibly formed a protected lagoonal condition. Evidence of meteoric diagenesis in such a shallow water setting are manifested by partial to complete dissolution of bioclasts and precipitation of blocky cements. Meteoric diagenesis took place as the relative sea level fall after the deposition of the Assilina packstone facies. 7 Sea level cycles The variation in faunal assemblages provides two different orders of cyclicity within the Naredi Formation (Figs. 5, 6). The higher order cycle thickness varies ~5 m to ~12 m, while the lower order cycle thickness ranges from 20 m to 60 m. Six higher order cycles have been identified within the borehole section against one lower order cycle (Figs. 5, 6). Within each higher order cycle the foraminiferal abundance and diversity increases from the bottom, exhibits maximum values at the middle and finally decreases towards the top part. Benthic Foraminifera Nummulites, Assilina, Bolivina, Bulimina, Eponides, Asterigina, Nonionella, Cibicides, Rotalia and planktonic Foraminifera Acarinina, Chiloguembelina are found at the middle of the cycle. The remaining portion of the cycle is characterized by the low abundance of benthic foraminifers Nummulites, Rotalia and Cibicides (Figs. 5, 6). Each cycle therefore represents an initial deepening upward trend of the relative sea level which is followed upward by a shallowing upward trend (Figs. 5, 6). The fossil abundance and diversity may vary from cycle to cycle. While the entire formation is developed within the borehole section, the outcrop section exhibits incomplete development of the Naredi Formation. Two higher order cycles (No. 4, No. 5) occurs both in outcrop and subsurface while four of the higher order cycles have not developed in the outcrop (Fig. 7). Relative sea level appears to have increased in the section up to ~41 m from the base of the Naredi Formation (corresponding to Assilina packstone) and subsequently records the fall and ultimate exposure of the depositional substrate. Therefore, a smaller order cyclicity has been recorded which shows transgressive trend at the base and regressive trend at the top. The species diversity and abundance of Foraminifera is generally low near the base of the formation, but increases gradually at the upper part of the lower order cycle indicating rise of relative sea level (Figs. 5, 6). Maximum diversity and abundance of Foraminifera have been observed at a height of ~41 m from the base of the formation. The smaller order cyclicity is also observed in the outcrop section. Considering the age range of the Naredi Formation from SBZ 6 to SBZ 11 (Saraswati et al., 2012), the total duration of sedimentation (4.5 Ma to 5 Ma, Serra Kiel et al., 1998) and the thickness of sediments, these two orders are defined as third and fourth order sea level cyclicity. It
10 135 third-order cycle fourth-order cycle SBZ Age Height from Naredi base(m) Lithology Lithology SBZ Height from Naredi base(m) Age third-order cycle Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India fourth-order cycle Vol. 1 No HST NE 5 Early Eocene 0 SBZ 9 (?)-SBZ 10 Late Cretaceous MFZ SBZ SBZ 11 Early Eocene TST 5 SBZ 9-SBZ10 (?) MFZ SBZ 11 HST 20 4 SW SBZ 8 INDEX Basalt 20 3 SBZ 7 (?) TST Weathered basalt Shale Assilina packstone 10 2 Assilina wackestone SBZ 6 Laterite MFS (Fourth-order cycle) TST (Fourh-order cycle) HST (Fourth-order cycle) Fig. 7 Paleocene to Late Cretaceous Correlation of third and fourth order cycles between the borehole section and the outcrop section may be mentioned that six smaller order cycles have been mentioned from the Early Eocene (cf. Haq et al., 1987; Miller et al., 2005) and it is likely that the six fourth order cycles of the Naredi Formation represents the global sea level cycles Sequence stratigraphy The studied succession of the Naredi Formation is bounded by two unconformities at the bottom and at the top which marks the sequence boundaries. The bottom is marked by a disconformity between the Paleocene Matano madh Formation (Biswas, 1992) and Early Eocene Naredi Formation (Biswas, 1992). The upper sequence boundary is a paraconformity between the Early Eocene Naredi and Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, often marked by a lat erite cover in the outcrop (Biswas, 1992; Chattoraj, 2012). The Naredi Formation, therefore, reflects deposition dur
11 136 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Oct ing a single third order cycle and it represents a sequence. The first marine transgression in the Early Eocene starts at the bottom of the Naredi Formation. Species diversity and abundance of Foraminifera is generally low near the bottom, but increases gradually in the upper part indicating a rise of relative sea level (Figs. 5, 6). The transgressive trend continued up to a height of m from the base of the formation in borehole section (up to the Assilina packstone). Minor oscillations in the relative sea level curve during the transgression is related to fourth order cyclicity. This part of the formation is therefore considered as the transgressive systems tract (TST). It includes the entire shale facies occurring below the Assilina bearing limestone. Assilina wackestone and Assilina packstone covering a broad zone (nearly 3.5 m to 5 m thick) contains the maximum species diversity and frequency. The foraminiferal assemblage also indicates a relatively open marine condition. The maximum flooding surface is characterized by the maximum species frequency and diversity as well as highest planktonic/benthic ratio (cf. Wakefield and Monteil, 2002). Since it is found in a zone rather than a surface it is termed as maximum flooding zone (MFZ) instead of maximum flooding surface (MFS) (cf. Montañez and Osleger, 1993; Osleger and Montañez, 1996; Strasser et al., 1999; Colombié and Strasser, 2005). The diversity and abundance of Foraminifera gradually decrease upward above the maximum flooding zone in response to the relative sea level fall (Figs. 5, 6). The high stand systems tract (HST), occurring above the maximum flooding zone and extending up to the laterite, consists of poorly fossiliferous to unfossiliferous shale. The top part of the HST is barren in both borehole and outcrop section and the HST is truncated at the top by a laterite (in the outcrop) or red shale (in the borehole). A similar depositional trend has been observed in the outcrop section, although the thicknesses of both transgressive systems tracts and high system tract are much reduced (Figs. 5, 6). The zone with maximum foraminiferal richness within a fourth order cycle is referred to as a marine flooding surface (MFS) of the fourth order cycle. The lower part of the MFS has a gradual increasing sea level trend and this can be attributed as the TST. A decreasing sea level trend has been noted above the MFS which is considered as HST of the fourth order cycle (cf. Strasser et al., 1999). An attempt has been made to correlate the fourth order TSTs and HSTs of the borehole section with the outcrop section (Fig. 7). Apparently, the cliff section developed on top of a basement high and it remained emerged for most of the early part of sedimentation. The sedimentation commenced in the outcrop section in response to rapid rise of the relative sea level (Fig. 7) representing SBZ 8. The borehole section, however, represents sedimentation continuum representing SBZ 6 to SBZ Conclusions Microfacies study and foraminiferal assemblages of the Naredi Formation has led to the following conclusions. 1. The Early Eocene Naredi Formation consisting of finer clastics and carbonates were deposited in a lagoonal depositional environment. 2. Shale facies represents the marginal part of the lagoon attached to the land whereas the wackestone and packstone facies belong to more open, external part of the lagoon. 3. On the basis of foraminiferal abundance and diversity, two orders of cyclicity have been identified within the Naredi Formation; the smaller order cycle thickness ranging from 20 m to 60 m and higher order cycle thickness ranges between 5 m and 12 m. 4. A third order sea level cycle with transgressive systems tract, maximum flooding zone and highstand systems tract has been documented from this formation. 5. Six fourth order cycles have been identified. Out of these, five cycles belong to the transgressive systems tract and one belongs to the highstand systems tract. While all the cycles are well developed in the borehole section, the outcrop represents incomplete preservation of the cycles. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology for the financial support (project No. SR/ S4/ESe281/2007). The authors acknowledge the infrastructural support provided by Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. The authors acknowledge Tadeusz Peryt and Jianbo Liu for careful review and constructive criticisms of the earlier version of the manuscript. References Banerjee, S., Chattoraj, S. L., Saraswati, P. K., Dasgupta, S., Sarkar, U., 2012a. Substrate control on formation and maturation of glauconites in the Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, western Kutch, India. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 30: Banerjee, S., Chattoraj, S. L., Saraswati, P. K., Dasgupta, S., Sarkar, U., Bumby, A., 2012b. The origin and maturation of lagoonal
12 Urbashi Sarkar et al.: Integrated borehole and outcrop study for documentation of sea level Vol. 1 No. 2 cycles within the Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch, India 137 glauconites: a case study from the Oligocene Maniyara Fort Formation, western Kutch, India. Geological Journal, doi: / gj Biswas, S. K., Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western marginal basins of India. Tectonophysics, 135: Biswas, S. K., Tertiary stratigraphy of Kutch. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 37: Biswas, S. K., Raju, D. S. N., The rock stratigraphic classification on the Tertiary sediments of Kutch. Bull. ONGC., 10(1-2): Chattoraj, S. L., Banerjee, S., Saraswati, P. K., Glauconites from the Late Palaeocene Early Eocene Naredi Formation, Western Kutch and their Genetic Implications. Journal Geological Society of India, 73: Chattoraj, S. L., Glauconite formation in stratigraphic framework of Palaeogene succession in Kutch. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 222. Colombié, C., Strasser, A., Facies, cycles, and controls on the evolution of a keep up carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian, Swiss Jura). Sedimentology, 52: El Albani, A., Meunier, A., Fursich, F., Unusual occurrence of glauconite in a shallow marine lagoonal environment. Terra Nova, 17: Flügel, E., Microfacies analysis of limestone: analysis, interpretation and application. Berlin: Springer, Geel, T., Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in carbonate platform and slope deposits: empirical models based on microfacies analysis of Palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155: Gilham, R. F., Bristow, C. S., Facies architecture and geometry of a prograding carbonate ramp during the early stages of foreland basin evolution: Lower Eocene sequences, Sierra del Cadí, SE Pyrenees, Spain. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 149: Hallock, P., Glenn, E. C., Larger Foraminifera: a tool for paleoenvironmental analysis of Cenozoic carbonate depositional facies. Palaios, 1: Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P. R., Chronology of Fluctuating Sea Levels since the Triassic. Science, New Series, 235: Loeblich, A. R., Jr., Tappan, H., Foraminiferal Genera and their Classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Miller, K. G., Kominz, M. A., Browning, J. V., Wright, J. D., Mountain, G. S., Katz, M. E., Sugarman, P. J., Cramer, B. S., Christie Blick, N., Pekar, S. F., The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea Level Change. Science, 310: Montañez, I. P., Osleger, D. A., Parasequence stacking patterns, third order accommodation events, and sequence stratigraphy of Middle to Upper Cambrian platform carbonates, Bonanza King Formation, southern Great Basin. In: Loucks, R. G., Sarg, J. F., (eds.), Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy. AAPG Mem., 57: Murray, J. W., Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. Avon UK: Longman Scientific and Technical, Murray, J. W., Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. UK: Cambridge University Press, Osleger, D. A., Montañez, I. P., Cross platform architecture of a sequence boundary in mixed siliciclastic carbonate lithofacies, Middle Cambrian, southern Great Basin, USA. Sedimentology, 43: Pande, K., Age and duration of the Deccan Traps, India: a review of radiometric and paleomagnetic constraints. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences), 111: Racey, A., Biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeographic significance of Tertiary nummulitids (foraminifera) from northern Oman. In: Simmons, M. D., (ed). Micropalaeontology and Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Middle East. London: Chapman and Hall, Raju, D. S. N., Phanerozoic Cycles of Sea Level Change on Indian Plate: An Overview with a Base Chart. New Delhi, India: GEO India Convention & Exhibition. Saraswati, P. K, Sarkar, U., Banerjee, S., Nummulites solitarius Nummulites burdigalensis lineage in Kutch with remarks on the age of Naredi Formation. Journal Geological Society of India, 79: Serra Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferrandez, C., Jauhri, A. K., Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso, J. M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J., Zakrevskaya, E., Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 169: Sinclair, H. D., Sayer, Z. R., Tucker M. E., Carbonate sedimentation during early foreland basin subsidence: the Eocene succession of the French Alps. In: Wright, V. P., Burchette, T. P., (eds.), Carbonate Ramps, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 149: Strasser, A., Pittet B., Hillgärtner, H., Pasquier, J Depositional sequences in shallow carbonate dominated sedimentary systems: concepts for a high resolution analysis. Sedimentary Geology, 128: Vaziri Moghaddam, H., Kimiagari, M., Taheri, A., Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligocene Miocene Asmari Formation in SW Iran, Lali Area. Facies, 52: Wakefield, M. I., Monteill, E., Biosequence stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental findings from the Cretaceous through Tertiary succession, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Micropaleontology, 21: (Edited by Liu Min, Wang Yuan)
Sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Tange Arabi,Zagros Basin, Iran
Sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Tange Arabi,Zagros Basin, Iran Atefe Abbasi, Geology student of Shiraz Payam-noor University Abstract The Oligocene Miocene ASMARI
More informationDepositional Sequences Sequences
Depositional Sequences Transgressive and Regressive packages can be bound by unconformities Because sediment can only be preserved during net aggradation and progradation All other times there is either
More informationSequence Development of the Sinjar Formation at Jabal Sinjar and Koi Sanjak, Northern Iraq
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.9, No.11 pp 374-381, 2016 Sequence Development of the Sinjar Formation at Jabal Sinjar and Koi
More informationJournal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(1) (2013) Abstract
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46(1) (2013) 55-65 Depositional environment of the Patala Formation in biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic context from Kali Dilli Section, Kala Chitta Range,
More informationSYNOPSIS SUBMITTED TO RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND PALEOALGOLOGY OF THE CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS OF KACHCHH OFFSHORE BASIN, INDIA: SIGNIFICANCE IN RECONSTRUCTION OF PALEOENVIRONMENTS AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION SYNOPSIS SUBMITTED TO RASHTRASANT
More informationSedimentology and Stratigraphy of Lower Smackover Tight Oil Carbonates: Key to Predictive Understanding of Reservoir Quality and Distribution
Integrated Reservoir Solutions Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Lower Smackover Tight Oil Carbonates: Key to Predictive Understanding of Reservoir Quality and Distribution Roger J. Barnaby Presented at
More informationSimon F. Mitchell. Field Trip 1: Geology of the White Limestone between Middlesex and Riverhead, Parish of St. Ann, Jamaica
Field Trip 1: Geology of the White Limestone between Middlesex and Riverhead, Parish of St. Ann, Jamaica Simon F. Mitchell Department of Geography and Geology, the University of the West Indies, Mona,
More informationBiostratigraphic and Lithostratigraphic Correlation of Sedimentary Strata in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Biostratigraphic and Lithostratigraphic Correlation of Sedimentary Strata in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Introduction to the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Please read this page prior to doing the lab) The Atlantic
More informationReview of the sedimentary environment Lower Cretaceous carbonates in. Northwest of Tabriz.
Review of the sedimentary environment Lower Cretaceous carbonates in Northwest of Tabriz Zhila Abedini *1, Dr. Rahim mahari 2, Dr. Seyed Hamid Vaziri 3 *1- Masters student Sedimentology and Sedimentry
More informationPorosity partitioning in sedimentary cycles: implications for reservoir modeling
Porosity partitioning in sedimentary cycles: implications for reservoir modeling Gregor P. Eberli 1), Langhorne B. Smith 2), Elena Morettini 3), Layaan Al-Kharusi 1) 1) Comparative Sedimentology Laboratory,
More informationSequence Stratigraphy as a tool for water resources management in alluvial coastal aquifers: application to the Llobregat delta (Barcelona, Spain)
Sequence Stratigraphy as a tool for water resources management in alluvial coastal aquifers: application to the Llobregat delta (Barcelona, Spain) Desiré Gàmez Torrent December 2007 CHAPTER 1: Introduction
More informationPre-Feasibility Report
Pre-Feasibility Report Project Details: The Block MB-OSN-2005/1 is a Saurashtra shallow water block situated between GS-OSN- 2003/1(NELP-V) in the west, C-37/C-43 PEL in the east and Saurashtra - Dahanu
More informationSedimentary Environments Chapter 8
Sedimentary Environments Chapter 8 Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are products of
More informationSediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment
Sediment and sedimentary rocks Sediment From sediments to sedimentary rocks (transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification) Types of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical and organic) Sedimentary
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationSedimentary and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Viking Sand in the Edgerton/Wainwright Area, Central Alberta* By Russell Walz 1
Sedimentary and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Viking Sand in the Edgerton/Wainwright Area, Central Alberta* By Russell Walz 1 Search and Discovery Article #50030 (2006) Posted June 25, 2006 *Extended abstract
More informationSediments and Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks (Shaping Earth s Surface, Part 2) Science 330 Summer 2005 What is a sedimentary rock? Products of mechanical and chemical weathering Account for about 5 percent of Earth
More informationSediment and Sedimentary rock
Sediment and Sedimentary rock Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains, such as boulders, pebbles, sand, silt or mud, which are not cemented together. Mechanical and chemical weathering produces
More informationAccuracy of dating methods utilised
Dating Methods Homke et al. (2009) measured and dated more than 1500 m of stratigraphy in the Amiran anticline, and emphasised the need for multiple dating methods given the lithologic and sedimentary
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 100. Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationBulletin of Earth Sciences of Thailand
Quantitative Seismic Geomorphology of Early Miocene to Pleistocene Fluvial System of Northern Songkhla Basin, Gulf of Thailand Oanh Thi Tran Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty
More informationIntegrated well log and 3-D seismic data interpretation for the Kakinada area of KG PG offshore basin
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) e-issn: 2321 0990, p-issn: 2321 0982.Volume 5, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul. Aug. 2017), PP 01-05 www.iosrjournals.org Integrated well log and 3-D seismic
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
More informationGeology 252, Historical Geology, California State University, Los Angeles - professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo
LAB # 1 - CLASTIC ROCKS Background: - Mechanical and Chemical Weathering - Production of Clastic Sediment - Classification of Sediment according to size: Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay - Erosion, Transportation
More informationThe Nature of Sedimentary Rocks
The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are composed of: Fragments of other rocks Chemical precipitates Organic matter or biochemically produced materials The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary
More informationDakota Sandstone. of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin
Dakota Sandstone of the Moxa Arch and Surrounding Green River Basin Dakota Sandstones of the Green River Basin Overview The Dakota sandstones of the Moxa Arch and surrounding Green River Basin remain attractive
More informationBeckenanalyse 2. Genetische stratigraphische Konzepte
Beckenanalyse 2. Genetische stratigraphische Konzepte Einsele 2000 CYCLIC BEDDING Einsele 2000 1 Sequenzstratigraphie Das Konzept der Sequenzstratigraphie beruht auf dem Zusammenspiel von Sedimentzufuhr
More informationSedimentary Rocks, Stratigraphy, and Geologic Time
Sedimentary Rocks, Stratigraphy, and Geologic Time A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary
More informationFacies and depositional settings of the Middle Eocene-Oligocene carbonates in Kutch
Geodinamica Acta ISSN: 0985-3111 (Print) 1778-3593 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tgda20 Facies and depositional settings of the Middle Eocene-Oligocene carbonates in Kutch
More informationSouthern Songkhla Basin, Gulf of Thailand
Architecture and Depositional Environment of Fluvial Systems of Southern Songkhla Basin, Gulf of Thailand Toan Manh Do Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
More informationHydrocarbon Exploration of Mesozoic in Kutch Offshore Area
6 th International Conference & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics Kolkata 2006 Hydrocarbon Exploration of Mesozoic in Kutch Offshore Area Ram Krishna Singh 1, R.C. Agrawalla 2, D. P. Verma 3, A. K. Goel
More informationRockall Plateau. OCN 201: Shelf Sediments
Rockall Plateau OCN 201: Shelf Sediments Classification by Size Classification by Mode of Formation Detrital sediments Transported and deposited as particles Derived from weathering of pre-existing rocks
More informationSEDIMENTARY PHOSPHORITES: GENESIS, FACIES AND OCCURRENCE. Peter Berger Samantha Dwyer Jessica Hellwig Eric Obrock Kristin Read
SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHORITES: GENESIS, FACIES AND OCCURRENCE Peter Berger Samantha Dwyer Jessica Hellwig Eric Obrock Kristin Read Introduction Phosphogenesis & Deposystems Facies Case Studies: Western U.S.,
More informationArthur Saller 1. Search and Discovery Article #51393 (2017)** Posted June 26, Abstract
PS Mixed Carbonates and Siliciclastics North of the Mahakam Delta, Offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia* Arthur Saller 1 Search and Discovery Article #51393 (2017)** Posted June 26, 2017 *Adapted from poster
More informationGEOL Lab 9 (Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks in Hand Sample and Thin Section)
GEOL 333 - Lab 9 (Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks in Hand Sample and Thin Section) Sedimentary Rock Classification - As we learned last week, sedimentary rock, which forms by accumulation and lithification
More informationHigh-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation
Page No. 069-1 High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of the Glauconitic Sandstone, Upper Mannville C Pool, Cessford Field: a Record of Evolving Accommodation Thérèse Lynch* and John Hopkins, Department
More informationReconstruction of Paleogeographic Setup of Tura Formation in Rudrasagar-Disangmukh-Panidihing Area of Upper Assam Shelf using 3-D Seismic techniques
5th Conference & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad-2004, India PP 792-796 in Rudrasagar-Disangmukh-Panidihing Area of Upper Assam Shelf using 3-D Seismic techniques S.M.Ismail 1, R.N.Dwivedi
More informationDistribution of Overpressure and its Prediction in Saurashtra Dahanu Block, Western Offshore Basin, India*
Distribution of Overpressure and its Prediction in Saurashtra Dahanu Block, Western Offshore Basin, India* Kanak R. Nambiar 1, B.K. Singh 2, R.N. Goswami 2, and K.R.K. Singh 2 Search and Discovery Article
More informationUnderstanding Earth Fifth Edition
Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Press Siever Chapter 5: SEDIMENTATION: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes Lecturer: H Mohammadzadeh Assistant professors, Department of Geology, FUM Copyright
More informationChapter -3 Sedimentology
Chapter -3 Sedimentology 3.1 Introduction The term Sedimentology was first defined by the Waddle (1932) as the study of sediment. It deals with the scientific study of classification, origin of sediment
More informationScholars research library
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011, 3 (5):562-571 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Micro paleontological
More informationThe Eocene Gir Formation of the Ghani and Ed Dib Fields, Eastern Libya - an example of "Virtual Core Study"
The Eocene Gir Formation of the Ghani and Ed Dib Fields, Eastern Libya - an example of "Virtual Core Study" Henry Williams*, Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, AB hwilliams@suncor.com Summary The Gir Formation
More informationDepositional Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Neocomian Fahliyan Formation in North Dezful Embayment, Iran
Depositional Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Neocomian Fahliyan Formation in North Dezful Embayment, Iran Mostafa Sabouhi 1*, Davood Jahani 2, Farid Taati Qurayem 3 and Ali Aminzadeh 4 *1
More informationPROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017
IPA17-369-SG PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017 FACIES ANALYSIS OF LATE NEOGENE DEPOSIT: MARINE TO CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MERAPI
More informationThickness, Compositional and Textural Variability, and Genesis of El-Lajjun Oil Shale, Central Jordan
Thickness, Compositional and Textural Variability, and Genesis of El-Lajjun Oil Shale, Central Jordan H Alnawafleh 1, D Large 2 & B Spiro 3 1 Department of Mining Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University,
More informationGeology Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010)
Name: Answers Reg. lab day: Tu W Th Geology 1023 Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010) Introduction Stratigraphic correlation is the process of comparing rocks at one locality with related rocks
More informationSequence stratigraphy of mixed clastic-carbonate systems a case example from the Eocene of Jamaica. Introduction
Sequence stratigraphy of mixed clastic-carbonate systems a case example from the Eocene of Jamaica Ravidya Maharaj and Simon F. Mitchell Department of Geography and Geology, University of the West Indies,
More informationBALOCHISTAN FOLDBELT BASIN
INTRODUCTION BALOCHISTAN FOLDBELT BASIN The Kharan-3 block is located in the Kharan Trough of Balochistan Basin. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Balochistan Province is an Upper Cretaceous to Recent structurally
More informationAccommodation. Tectonics (local to regional) Subsidence Uplift
Accommodation Accommodation varies over time; it is the distance between a reference horizon and the sea surface (i.e. relative sea level). The space to be filled in with sediments or water What are the
More informationControls on clastic systems in the Angoche basin, Mozambique: tectonics, contourites and petroleum systems
P2-2-13 Controls on clastic systems in the Angoche basin, Mozambique: tectonics, contourites and petroleum systems Eva Hollebeek, Olivia Osicki, Duplo Kornpihl Schlumberger, London, UK Introduction Offshore
More informationSedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1
Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical
More informationBlock 43B - Onshore Oman
Block 43B - Onshore Oman SUMMARY Block 43B is an 11,967 km 2 area located along the coastal area of Oman north of the Hajar Mountains. This is an unexplored region, both geographically and stratigraphically.
More informationSequence Stratigraphy Implications for Reservoir Development in the Lower Triassic Kangan Formation, Northern Part of the Persian Gulf
Sequence Stratigraphy Implications for Reservoir Development in the Lower Triassic Kangan Formation, Northern Part of the Persian Gulf *Maryam Peyravi and Mohammad Reza Kamali 1- Islamic Azad University,
More informationApplication of Predictive Modeling to the Lower Cretaceous Sedimentary Sequences of the Central Scotian Basin
Application of Predictive Modeling to the Lower Cretaceous Sedimentary Sequences of the Central Scotian Basin Christopher R. Sangster 1, Nicolas Hawie 2, Georgia Pe-Piper 1, Francky Saint-Ange 2, David
More informationConstraining the thermal history of carbonate reservoirs
Constraining the thermal history of carbonate reservoirs Kristin Bergmann Victor P. Starr Assistant Professor Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences MIT Earth Resources Laboratory 217
More informationCarboniferous Stoddart Group: An integrated approach
Carboniferous Stoddart Group: An integrated approach Abu Yousuf*, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta yousufabu@hotmail.com and Charles M. Henderson, Department of Geoscience,
More information1. student of phd, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Facies, Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Gadvan and Dariyan Formations in North of Dezful Embayement (Mangasht Anticline) in Izeh Zone Zagros Basin. Iran Fakour* 1, Davood Jahani
More informationSeismic interpretation of carbonate turbidites in Central Luconia
GeoL. Soc. MaLayaia, BuLLetin 47, December 2005; pp. 77-85 Seismic interpretation of carbonate turbidites in Central Luconia FRANcis Ho, GUENTER JAEGER AND PmT LAMBREGTS Sarawak Shell Berhad SMEP Exploration
More informationEvaluating Reflux Dolomitization using a Novel High-Resolution Record of Dolomite
1 GSA Data Repository 2019208 2 3 4 5 6 Evaluating Reflux Dolomitization using a Novel High-Resolution Record of Dolomite Stoichiometry: A Case Study from the Cretaceous of Central Texas, U.S.A. Cameron
More informationROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION
Name: Miramar College Grade: GEOL 101 - Physical Geology Laboratory SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION PRELAB SECTION To be completed before labs starts: I. Introduction & Purpose: The
More informationAptian/Albian Reservoir Development in the Jeanne d Arc Basin, Offshore Eastern Canada
Aptian/Albian Reservoir Development in the Jeanne d Arc Basin, Offshore Eastern Canada Jonathan Marshall, Statoil Canada Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. jomars@statoil.com Introduction: The Jeanne d Arc
More informationIRAQ. Target Exploration. Geodynamic Evolutions of The Sedimentary Basins of. This study is a major reference for Petroleum
barr Target Exploration Target Exploration Geodynamic Evolutions of The Sedimentary Basins of IRAQ This study is a major reference for Petroleum Explorationists on the tectonics, stratigraphy, sedimentary
More informationUNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
UNIT 4 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS Sediments are loose Earth materials (unconsolidated materials) such as sand which are transported by the action of water, wind, glacial ice and gravity. These
More informationSedimentiogical study for subsurface section of Abu Khasib
Journal of Genetic and Environmental Resources Conservation, 2013,1(2):79-83. www.jgerc.com Sedimentiogical study for subsurface section of Abu Khasib Sadi K. Jan Iraq Natural History Research Center and
More informationSeismic stratigraphy, some examples from Indian Ocean, interpretation of reflection data in interactive mode
Seismic stratigraphy, some examples from Indian Ocean, interpretation of reflection data in interactive mode K. S. Krishna National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004. krishna@nio.org Seismic
More informationMicrofacies and Sedimentary Environments of the Fahliyan Formation in the Folded Zagros Zone, SW Iran
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2013, pp. 51~58 ISSN: 2252-8814 51 Microfacies and Sedimentary Environments of the Fahliyan Formation in the Folded Zagros
More informationSediment. Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface
Sediment Some basic terminology Weathering: mechanical and chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock and minerals at the surface Erosion: removal of weathered rock and minerals from one place to
More informationThe Eocene Gir Formation of the Ghani and Ed Dib Fields, Eastern Libya -An example of "Virtual Core Study"*
The Eocene Gir Formation of the Ghani and Ed Dib Fields, Eastern Libya -An example of "Virtual Core Study"* Henry Williams 1 Search and Discovery Article #20288 (2014) Posted December 29, 2014 *Adapted
More informationFacies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The. Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh. Abstract
Facies Analysis Of The Reservoir Rocks In The Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh Joyanta Dutta Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
More informationStratigraphy. The part of geology that deals with the formation, composition, sequence, and correlation of rocks, especially stratified rocks
Stratigraphy The part of geology that deals with the formation, composition, sequence, and correlation of rocks, especially stratified rocks Limestone Sandstone Shale 1 Stratigraphy The part of geology
More informationSAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 1
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 1 The correct answers are listed at the bottom (no peeking!). These questions are to give you an idea of the type of questions that will be asked. They are not a
More informationLab 7: Sedimentary Structures
Name: Lab 7: Sedimentary Structures Sedimentary rocks account for a negligibly small fraction of Earth s mass, yet they are commonly encountered because the processes that form them are ubiquitous in the
More informationPetroleum geology framework, West Coast offshore region
Petroleum geology framework, West Coast offshore region James W. Haggart* Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, BC jhaggart@nrcan.gc.ca James R. Dietrich Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, AB and
More informationSEDIMENTARY BASINS BASIN TYPES ACCORDING TO TECTONIC. by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour
SEDIMENTARY BASINS BASIN TYPES ACCORDING TO TECTONIC by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour B. Convergent plate margins 10. STABLE CONTINENTAL INTERIOR BASIN E.g. Lake Eyre Basin Intracratonic (= within stable continental
More informationPaleogene low stand deepwater canyon fill deposits in Mahanadi Offshore Basin: can it prove to be the elusive major hydrocarbon discovery?
P-317 Paleogene low stand deepwater canyon fill deposits in Mahanadi Offshore Basin: can it prove to be the elusive major Summary *Pradipta Kumar Das & Sudipto Datta, ONGC Mahanadi Deepwater Offshore Basin
More informationFACIES AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS OF CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS IN THE SOUTH OF AZARBAIJAN, IRAN
FACIES AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS OF CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS IN THE SOUTH OF AZARBAIJAN, IRAN *Rahim Mahari Department of Geology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran *Author for Correspondence
More informationEarly Oligocene limestone deposits of Saurashtra Offshore, Mumbai High platform northern flank and Tapti Daman Area A regional carbonate model.
10 th Biennial International Conference & Exposition P 310 Early Oligocene limestone deposits of Saurashtra Offshore, Mumbai High platform northern flank and Tapti Daman Area A regional carbonate model.
More informationSequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Mixed, Reefal Carbonate and Siliciclastic Systems. Ashton Embry. Geological Survey of Canada.
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Mixed, Reefal Carbonate and Siliciclastic Systems Ashton Embry Geological Survey of Canada Outline Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Surfaces and Sequence Boundaries for
More informationSection 7. Reading the Geologic History of Your Community. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3 Minerals, Rocks, and Structures Section 7 Reading the Geologic History of Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Goals Text Learning Outcomes In this section,
More informationLate Oligocene Sandstone reservoirs of Saurashtra Offshore, significance of their deposition An Integrated study resulting in regional clastic model.
10 th Biennial International Conference & Exposition P 315 Late Oligocene Sandstone reservoirs of Saurashtra Offshore, significance of their deposition An Integrated study resulting in regional clastic
More informationWhat is a sedimentary rock?
Sedimentary Rocks What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are products of mechanical and chemical weathering They account for only 5% of the top 10 miles of the outer crust, yet most of the earth
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 5 Sedimentation Rocks Formed by Surface Processes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Mineralogy of sandstones Key Figure 5.12
More informationEGAS. Ministry of Petroleum
EGAS Ministry of Petroleum EGAS Ministry of Petroleum About The Block Location: N. Thekah offshore block is located at about 56 km to the north of the Mediterranean shore line, 85 km to the north west
More informationA Tectonostratigraphic History of Orphan Basin, Offshore Newfoundland, Canada
A Tectonostratigraphic History of Orphan Basin, Offshore Newfoundland, Canada Lynn T. Dafoe*, Charlotte E. Keen, Graham L. Williams, and Sonya A. Dehler, Geological Survey of Canada, Dartmouth, NS Canada
More informationLecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018
Lecture Outline Wednesday - Friday February 14-16, 2018 Quiz 2 scheduled for Friday Feb 23 (Interlude B, Chapters 6,7) Questions? Chapter 6 Pages of the Past: Sedimentary Rocks Key Points for today Be
More informationTu D Understanding the Interplay of Fractures, Stresses & Facies in Unconventional Reservoirs - Case Study from Chad Granites
Tu D201 04 Understanding the Interplay of Fractures, Stresses & Facies in Unconventional Reservoirs - Case Study from Chad Granites D. Lirong (Chinese National Petroleum Company Ltd. (Chad)), C. Shrivastava*
More informationPaleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments
Paleo Lab #4 - Sedimentary Environments page - 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT Grain size and grain shape: The sizes and shapes of sedimentary particles (grains) are modified considerably during their transportation
More informationEvan K. Franseen, Dustin Stolz, Robert H. Goldstein, KICC, Department of Geology, University of Kansas
Reservoir Character of the Avalon Shale (Bone Spring Formation) of the Delaware Basin, West Texas and Southeast New Mexico: Effect of Carbonate-rich Sediment Gravity Flows Evan K. Franseen, Dustin Stolz,
More informationEPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
More informationGEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks
GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks Name I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give
More informationDroser, M., Bottjer, D.J., A semiquantitative field classification of ichnofabric. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 56,
GSA Data Repository 2015329 Chemosymbiont-dominated seafloor communities in modern and Cretaceous upwelling systems support a new, high-productivity variant of standard low-oxygen models Y. Edelman-Furstenberg
More informationCarbonate Diagenesis. M.Geo.136b, Applications in hydrocarbon exploration Saskia Köhler, Patrick Ahlers
Carbonate Diagenesis M.Geo.136b, Applications in hydrocarbon exploration Saskia Köhler, Patrick Ahlers Carbonate in general 3 main components: 1) carbonate grains (aragonite, high- /low-mg calcite), 2)
More informationMud Sand Gravel. Clastic Textures
Sed Rocks Self-Instruction Lab Name Geology 100 Harbor Section Read the sedimentary rocks chapter before you start. Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering,
More informationPaleo History of a Deeper Level Tidal Lobe and its Facies Analysis : A Case Study
Paleo History of a Deeper Level Tidal Lobe and its Facies Analysis : A Case Study V Chaganti*, T B Singh*, J K Bora*, Dr. Mahendra Pratap* Abstract Hydrocarbon exploitation is a play to exploit the Paleo
More informationMud Sand Gravel. Clastic Textures
Sed Rocks Self-Instruction Lab Name Geology 100 Harbor Section Please see the questions online before you begin. Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering,
More informationFormation Evaluation of Unconventional Basaltic Deccan Trap Basement Reservoir of Gamij Field, Cambay Basin, India
Formation Evaluation of Unconventional Basaltic Deccan Trap Basement Reservoir of Gamij Field, Cambay Basin, India Summary Ashok Kumar ONGC, Nazira, Assam The Deecan Trap basaltic rocks form the technical
More informationFusselman/Devonian Study. of the Midland Basin, Texas
Fusselman/Devonian Study of the Midland Basin, Texas Fusselman-Devonian Study of the Midland Basin, Texas Overview The Fusselman-Devonian study of the Midland Basin is designed to enhance both exploration
More informationImage: G. Parker. Presenters: Henry Chan, Kayla Ireland, Mara Morgenstern, Jessica Palmer, Megan Scott
Image: G. Parker Presenters: Henry Chan, Kayla Ireland, Mara Morgenstern, Jessica Palmer, Megan Scott Is the Ross Formation a suitable analog for sand-rich turbidite plays in passive margin basins? Play:
More informationEGAS. Ministry of Petroleum
EGAS Ministry of Petroleum EGAS Ministry of Petroleum About The Block Location: N. El Arish offshore block is located in the extreme eastern part of the Egypt s economic water border and bounded from the
More informationClastic Textures. I. What is the sorting of sample numbers 60, 61, and 62? Answers on last page.
Sed Rock s Sel f-instruction N ame Geology 100 Harbor Secti on Sedimentary rocks are usually identified in the field by their stratification or layering, which originates by the successive deposition of
More information