Observatoire des Sciences de l Univers de Grenoble

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1 Involvment of the SOERE CRYOBS-CLIM (CRYosphere, an OBServatory of the CLIMate IR OZCAR) in snow and ice related hazards prevention in an Alpine context Delphine Six (Univ. Grenoble Alpes / IGE) Florence Naaim (Univ. Grenoble Alpes / Irstea) Philippe Schoeneich (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IGA) Samuel Morin (Meteo France, CNRM-CEN) And CRYOBS-CLIM team

2 Outlines of the presentation What is the Cryosphere? What are the snow and ice related hazards? What is CRYOBS-CLIM? What is our contribution to hazard prevention? Conclusions

3 What is the Cryosphere? UNEP 2007 The Cryosphere is the frozen part of the earth system It exists at all latitudes and altitudes on land and sea and in the air for some portion of year (50% of the land surface (Vaughan et al., 2013) All continents are at some risk from cryospheric hazard

Snow and ice related hazards Small and large,

avalanche Large and rapid : domino effect

sheet - Seasonality of runoff and freshwater

4 Snow and ice related hazards Small and large, fast and slow Small and rapid : Ice/snow/rock avalanche Large and rapid : domino effect Small and slow : formation of lakes, Slow at continental to global scales! - Sea-level rise related to melting of ice sheet - Seasonality of runoff and freshwater supply linked to snowfall/snow cover duration and disappearance of glaciers

SOERE CRYOBSCLIM CRYosphere, an OBServatory of CLIMate Long term observatory (in-situ data with remote observations and modeling) of the terrestrial cryosphere (mountain glaciers, polar ice-sheets,

5 SOERE CRYOBSCLIM CRYosphere, an OBServatory of CLIMate Long term observatory (in-situ data with remote observations and modeling) of the terrestrial cryosphere (mountain glaciers, polar ice-sheets, seasonal snow cover and mountain permafrost) located worldwide (at high latitudes and altitudes) to address major societal issues such as water resources, ice-related hazards, atmospheric processes, in a context of climate change SOERE CRYOBS-CLIM La CRYosphère un OBServatoire du CLIMat Glacier Snow Permafrost (European Alps, tropical Andes, Himalayas, Antarctica, Svalbard), 53 people, 8 laboratories, 1300 k

6 SOERE CRYOBSCLIM CRYosphere, an OBServatory of CLIMate The monitoring and research topics consist in documenting and studying : Ice, water, and vapor mass fluxes Radiative and turbulent energy fluxes Internal state of subsurface systems and the resulting continental water mass storage Ice dynamics and related consequences on ice flow

7 Snow and ice related hazard within CRYOBS-CLIM Focus on the Alps Three examples : - Glacier (Outburst flood) - Permafrost (Rockglacier collapse) - Snow (Avalanche)

8 Outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse The 1892 catastrophe 175 fatalities Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E., Lefebre, E., Le Meur, E., Six, D., Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892 (Mont Blanc area, France), Journal of Glaciology, vol. 56, n 198, 210

9 Outburst flood from Tête Rousse Glacier Rupture of an interglacial cavity in Glacier de tête Rousse Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E., Lefebre, E., Le Meur, E., Six, D., Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892 (Mont Blanc area, France), Journal of Glaciology, vol. 56, n 198, 210

Outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse The 1892

800 000 m 3 of sediment Vincent, C., Garambois, S.

, Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête

10 Outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse The 1892 catastrophe 175 fatalities m 3 of water + ice m 3 of sediment Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E., Lefebre, E., Le Meur, E., Six, D., Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892 (Mont Blanc area, France), Journal of Glaciology, vol. 56, n 198, 210

Outburst flood from Tête Rousse Glacier The cavity was formed from a crevasse that was filled and enlarged by melt water Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E.

11 Outburst flood from Tête Rousse Glacier The cavity was formed from a crevasse that was filled and enlarged by melt water Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E., Lefebre, E., Le Meur, E., Six, D., Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892 (Mont Blanc area, France), Journal of Glaciology, vol. 56, n 198, 210

Outburst flood from Tête Rousse Glacier Mass balance reconstruction (red curve) using meteorological dataset and mass balance from Glacier d Argentière (green curve) The origin of the meltwater

12 Outburst flood from Tête Rousse Glacier Mass balance reconstruction (red curve) using meteorological dataset and mass balance from Glacier d Argentière (green curve) The origin of the meltwater reservoir was more likely a supraglacial lake formed before 1878 during a period of negative mass balance. Following a period of positive mass balance after 1878, the lake was hidden until the outburst flood of 1892 Catastrophe Datasets of cryospheric components over large time periods are essential. It helps stakeholder to understand past trajectories and to anticipate the future Vincent, C., Garambois, S., Thibert, E., Lefebre, E., Le Meur, E., Six, D., Origin of the outburst flood from Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892 (Mont Blanc area, France), Journal of Glaciology, vol. 56, n 198, 210

Rockglacier collapse Laurichard (2400-2600 m) Rockglaciers show different reactions to climate change: - a normal behavior, - a

the processes Bodin X., Thibert E., Fabre D., Ribolini A., Schoeneich P., Francou B., Reynaud L., Fort M. (2009).

13 Rockglacier collapse Laurichard ( m) Rockglaciers show different reactions to climate change: - a normal behavior, - a strong acceleration (crevasses, and scars) the collapse Monitoring of selected cases allows to get a better understanding of the processes Bodin X., Thibert E., Fabre D., Ribolini A., Schoeneich P., Francou B., Reynaud L., Fort M. (2009). Two decades of responses ( ) to climate by the Laurichad rock glacier, French Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 20, p

Over 20 potentially hazardous rockglaciers could

of destabilized rockglaciers Based on survey of

14 Over 20 potentially hazardous rockglaciers could be identified, and field surveys were initiated in 2017 on a few of them. Observatoire des Rockglacier collapse Inventory of destabilized rockglaciers Based on survey of destabilization features Velocity changes estimated from orthophoto comparisons

Datasets of cryospheric components over large time periods are essential.

15 Rockglacier collapse Col du Lou (2800 m) the event 15 August 2015 Two active slides at the front of the rockglacier Debris flow with heavy damage. The site was identified as potentially hazardous in the rockglacier inventory. Datasets of cryospheric components over large time periods are essential. It helps stakeholder to understand past trajectories and to anticipate the future Schoeneich P., Marcer M., Bodin X., Brenguier O.(2017). Etude géomorphologique du glacier rocheux du Col du Lou suite à la lave torrentielle du 14 août UGA/CNRS. Rapport pour la commune de Lanslevillard.

16 Avalanche forecast The evaluation of avalanche release conditions constitutes a great challenge for risk assessment The spatial variability of snowpack properties has an important impact on snow slope stability and thus on avalanche formation

17 Avalanche forecast Snowpack model Observatoire des Crocus A snow pack model used to compute the time evolution of the vertical profile of the physical properties of snow Morin, Brun E., E. Martin, V. Simon, C. Gendre C. and C. Coléou, An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 35(121), , Brun E., P. David, M. Sudul and G. Brunot, A numerical model to simulate snowcover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38(128), 13-22, 1992

Coléou, An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol.

18 Avalanche forecast Snowpack model Observatoire des CROCUS analysis provides an index for avalanche release which is used in avalanche bulletin Morin, Brun E., E. Martin, V. Simon, C. Gendre C. and C. Coléou, An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 35(121), , Brun E., P. David, M. Sudul and G. Brunot, A numerical model to simulate snowcover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38(128), 13-22, 1992

Avalanche forecast Snowpack model Observatoire des Col de Porte (1300 m) Detailed evaluation (snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), basal runoff, surface temperature and albedo, and profiles

19 Avalanche forecast Snowpack model Observatoire des Col de Porte (1300 m) Detailed evaluation (snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), basal runoff, surface temperature and albedo, and profiles variables such as temperature, density, liquid water content and snow type) ). Weekly measurements of snowpack properties, Daily meteorological and snowpack conditions since 1960 (hourly measurements since 1993) Morin, S., Lejeune, Y., Lesaffre, B., Panel, J-M., Poncet, D., David, P., Sudul, M., An 18-yr long ( ) snow and meteorological dataset from a mid-altitude mountain site (Col de Porte, France, 1325 m alt.) for driving and evaluating snow pack models, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, 13 21, 2012

, Naaim-Bouvet, F., Giraud, G., Deliot, Y.

20 Avalanche forecast Drifting snow model Observatoire des Blowing snow events strongly affect the local evolution of the avalanche danger! Vionnet, V., Guyomarc h, G., Lafaysse, M., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Giraud, G., Deliot, Y., Operational implementation and evaluation of a blowing snow scheme for avalanche hazard forecasting, 2018, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 147, March 2018, Pages 1-10

, Naaim-Bouvet, F., Deliot, Y., Fontaine, F., Pugliese, P., Naaim, M., Nishimura, K.

21 Avalanche forecast Drifting snow model Observatoire des Col du Lac Blanc (2700 m) Intensive measurements of wind, drifting snow and snow properties have been collected at the Col du Lac Blanc since Guyomarc h, G., Bellot, H., Vionnet, V., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Deliot, Y., Fontaine, F., Pugliese, P., Naaim, M., Nishimura, K., A meteorological and blowing snow dataset ( ) from a high-altitude alpine site (Col de Lac Blanc, France, 2720 m alt.), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, submitted

22 Avalanche forecast Highly instrumented measurement campaigns are also essential The calibrated models with in situ data allow to extend the knowledge acquired at local sites both in space and time

23 Message to take home The Cryosphere is an important part of the CZ. It affects half of the land surface The datasets at the core of the SOERE CRYOBS-CLIM are often unique in the world Ice and snow related hazards from local to global scale are a constitutive part of CRYOBS-CLIM tasks (, sea-level rise, seasonality of runoff and freshwater supply,..) Long term monitoring and highly instrumented measurement campaigns are essential.

24 Message to take home ANY QUESTIONS? Don t be frozen by the subject

27 Avalanche forecast Drifting snow model Observatoire des A blowing snow scheme has been implemented into the operational chain for avalanche hazard. Vionnet, V., Guyomarc h, G., Lafaysse, M., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Giraud, G., Deliot, Y., Operational implementation and evaluation of a blowing snow scheme for avalanche hazard forecasting, 2017, Cold Regions Science and Technology, accepted.

Avalanche forecast Drifting snow model Observatoire des From data to model and back to data Guyomarc h, G., Bellot, H., Vionnet, V., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Deliot, Y., Fontaine, F., Pugliese, P.

28 Avalanche forecast Drifting snow model Observatoire des From data to model and back to data Guyomarc h, G., Bellot, H., Vionnet, V., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Deliot, Y., Fontaine, F., Pugliese, P., Naaim, M., Nishimura, K., A meteorological and blowing snow dataset ( ) from a high-altitude alpine site (Col de Lac Blanc, France, 2720 m alt.), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, submitted

Rockglacier collapse Col du Lou (2800 m) pre-event evolution Col du Lou rockglacier serve as model for the identification of other potential destabilized rockglaciers.

29 Rockglacier collapse Col du Lou (2800 m) pre-event evolution Col du Lou rockglacier serve as model for the identification of other potential destabilized rockglaciers. Field surveys were initiated in 2017 on a few of them Datasets of cryospheric components over large time periods are essential. It helps stakeholder to understand past trajectories and to anticipate the future Schoeneich P., Marcer M., Bodin X., Brenguier O.(2017). Etude géomorphologique du glacier rocheux du Col du Lou suite à la lave torrentielle du 14 août UGA/CNRS. Rapport pour la commune de Lanslevillard.

Comparing different MODIS snow products with distributed simulation of the snowpack in the French Alps

Comparing different MODIS snow products with distributed simulation of the snowpack in the French Alps Luc Charrois 1, Marie Dumont 1,*, Pascal Sirguey 2, Samuel Morin 1, Matthieu Lafaysse 1 and Fatima