Correspondence should be addressed to B.S. Manjare,

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1 Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 2013, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp , Article ID Tech-158 ISSN Research Article Open Access Mapping of Lineaments in Some Part of Betul District, Madhya Pradesh and Amravati District of Maharashtra, Central India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques B.S. Manjare Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University (MS), Maharashtra, India Correspondence should be addressed to B.S. Manjare, Publication Date: 21 October 2013 Article Link: Copyright 2013 B.S. Manjare. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Lineament analysis around Salbardi and adjoining area were carried out using a remotely sensed IRS-LISS-3 Satellite imagery for the analysis of the areas based on the frequency and density of lineaments on the lithology. The area comprising 252 lineaments in the rocks of Proterozoic, Deccan trap, and Upper Gondwana formation. The extracted lineaments were statistically analyzed to determine lengths and intersections of the lineaments to create rose diagram and lineament map. The lineament from the study area which is important part of the Son Narmada Tapti Lineament has numerous long and short fractures/lineation whose structural trends are mainly to the Son Narmada Tapti Lineament and gets the special significance to the given study area. The calculated lineaments from the given study area has been utilized for the correlation to the Salbardi fault and Son Narmada Tapti Lineament. Keywords Lineaments; Azimuths; Remote Sensing; Geographic Information System 1. Introduction The planned study area is one of the important elements of the Tapti-Purna lineament which is a major component of SONATA (Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament) trending ENE-WSE direction. In the area the Salbardi fault is one of the important structural features present. The Salbardi fault is probably the eastern continuation of well known Gavilgrah/Elichpur fault (Rajurkar 1981). Auden (1949) had guessed the through of this fault to be anywhere between mts in Gawilgrah region and extends in the north east direction. It was variously described as Gawilgrah fault, Ellictipur fault and Salbardi fault in different stretches (Rajukar 1992, Saxena, 1994, Tiwari, 1985). Lineaments seen on remote sensing data like satellite image/aerial photographs and geophysical data etc. are of great relevance to geoscientists as they reflect various structural feature of an area.

2 Mapping and analysis of lineaments help in understanding the structural and tectonic set-up of an area. Lineaments, which represent faults, fractures, shear zones, joints, litho-contacts, dykes etc. Can be mapped easily using remote sensing data. Mapping and analysis of lineament are only help in understanding the structural/tectonic aspect of an area but also in turn are useful in exploration of mineral, ground water, oil and in understanding the seismicity of a given area. 2. Study Area The study area lies in the Survey of India top sheet no. 55 k/2, 55 k/3, 55 G/14, 55 G/15 and bounded by latitude and longitude to E and to N respectively. The present study area falls in to two states i.e. one part comes under the state of Maharashtra district Amravati and other falls under the state of Madhya Pradesh district Betul (Figure 1). Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area 3. Geology of the Study Area Geologically though the area is occupied mainly by Deccan traps the rocks belonging to other ages also form and an important of the geological sequence. Stratigraphycally the area consist of litho units like granites, gneisses, quartzite, and felspathic gneisses and are followed by upper Gondwana and Lameta belonging to upper cretaceous period. This formation is unconformably overlained by Deccan trap and which is in turn is overlain by the alluvium of quaternary period. 4. Lineament Lineaments/fractures are defined as mappable linear surface features, which differ distinctly from the patterns of adjacent features and presumably reflect subsurface phenomena (O Leary et al. 1976). Satellite data along with aerial photographs are widely used to extract lineaments for different studies. Since satellite data are obtained from varying wavelength and frequencies with different intervals of the electromagnetic spectrum, they are considered to be an enhanced device to discriminate the lineaments and to produce healthier information than conventional studies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of lineaments extracted from remotely sensed satellite data to International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 334

3 analysis length and orientation to the understanding of the faults and their association to the Son Narmada Tapti Lineaments and Salbardi fault. 5. Origin of Lineaments Number of hypothesis have been put up by various scientists to explain the origin of lineaments, the prominent among them are Global Regmatic Shear pattern, wrench fault tectonics, Deep tectonic zones and Global Tectonics concept. Lineaments could be thought of as observable physical responses of a host of interrelated geodynamic phenomena such as lithospheric accretion and destruction, oceanization and cratonization, seismicity and taphrogenesis and mountain building, pluton emplacement and metallogeneis (Bhave et al., 1989). 6. Methodology for Lineament Analysis Lineaments usually become visible as straight lines or edges on the satellite data images or on aerial photos which contributed to the tonal and textural differences within the earth surface. The lineaments vary from 2 kms to more than even 1000 kms in length with linear and curvilinear expressions. The study of these lineaments in relation to geology, structure, magmatism, mineralisation and deep geophysical responses etc. led to the classification of these lineaments into various groups and classes. 1) Stream and streams segment designates relatively short; straight channel reaches commonly connecting at sharp, angular junctions. Stream segments include the shortest lineaments recognized, as short as 2 kms long. Stream segments were delineated only if they were part of a distinctive sequence of linear channels. 2) Drainage line designates linear valley trends independent of the orientation or linearity of channel segments. 3) Scarp and fault line scrap designates a prominent topographic break evident because of changes in land cover or land use, changes in drainage pattern, variations in outcropping rock units, or the presence of shadows on the imagery. 4) In dividing lineaments between the high plains and rolling plains categories, the scarps of the caprock escarpment boundary feature are considered separately as a unique physiographic category. 5) Geologic contact designates linear contacts between surficial materials with different reflectivity. 6) Tonal anomaly designates as a linear feature. Based on the length of individual lineaments, such lineaments have been classified: (i) Micro: <2km (ii) minor: 2-10 km (iii) medium: km (iv) major: km (v) mega > 500 km. (K. Ganesh Raj, GSI, 2003) International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 335

4 6.1. Lineament Extraction According to literature there are two common methods for the extraction of lineaments from satellite images: 1) Visual extraction: At which the user primarily starts by image processing method to make edge enhancements, using the directional and non directional filters such as the Laplacian, and Sobel, then the lineaments are digitized manually by the user. 2) Automatic (digital) extraction: different computer-aided methods for lineament extraction have been proposed. Mainly used in the lineament extraction methods are based on edge enhancement techniques. The most commonly used software for the automatic lineament extraction is the LINE module of the PCI Geomatica or which can be calculated in the ERDAS. By using these above different techniques 252 numbers of lineaments are extracted from IRS LIIS-4 and IRS LISS-3 images data. The resulted lineament map and their frequency distribution are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Manually extracted lineaments are evaluated in order to extract further information on the distribution and nature of the lineaments (Figure 2). Figure 2: Representation of Lineaments on the IRS LISS-3 Satellite Image of Some Part of Betul (M.P) and Maharashtra International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 336

5 6.2. Lineament Length In the study area, there are 252 lineaments of different length (as counted using Arc GIS 9.3 software). There are 68 lineaments of the micro type (< 2km) which is equal to about 26.98% (per number) and 125 lineament are minor type which is equal to 49.60% and covers the larger part of the study area while rest are of medium category and equal to 23.41% (Table 1) respectively. The resulting map reveals a range of lengths which are indicative of several geo-tectonic and geomorphic controls, mainly the power of the tectonic forces, rock hardness and consolidation, geomorphic setting of terrain where lineaments exist (Figure 3 & 4). Table 1: Classification of Lineament in the Study Area Sr. No. Lineament Class Numbers % Length(mts) 1 Micro lineament Minor lineament Medium lineament Major lineament Mega lineament TOTAL Figure 3: Rose Diagram of the Medium, Minor and Micro Lineament Orientation (One Unit is 5% Frequency) 6.3. Classification of Lineaments In general there is no minimum length for lineaments, but significant crustal feature are typically measured in tens or hundreds of kms. (Kowalik and Gold, 1976) suggested a lengthwise classification of lineaments/linear feature. The classification is as follows (Table 1): (a) short/minor 1.6 to 10 km (b) Intermediate 10 to 100 km (c) long/major 100 to 500 km (d) mega - > 500 km. However, no uniform classification system has been evolved yet (Figure 3 & 4). International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 337

6 The authors feel that keeping in mind the high resolution data/large scale of mapping (up to 1:5000) possible currently, lineaments can be classified based on their length as (i) micro: <2 km, (ii)minor: 2-10 km, (iii) medium: km, (iv) major: km, and (v) mega > 500 km. 7. Lineament Trends in the Area The trends of the all lineaments of the study area given in Tables 1-4. Most of minor, major, micro lineaments trends are NE, ESE, SE, SSW in which minor lineaments gives the frequency % of 7.29,24.00,30.40,21.60,8.80,8.00 respectively while medium lineament gives the trends of 11.86,28.81,11.86,32.20,10.16,5.08 frequency % respectively and micro lineaments shows 16.17,35.29,14.70,10.29,16.17,7.35 frequency % respectively (Table 2, 3 and 4). It suggesting that the trends are N- S, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, SE-SW and E-W axis which is also the principal direction of the regional structures directions. In the study area the major lineament and mega lineament are absent. Table 2: Micro Lineament Trends in Study Area Sr. No. Trends Number of Fraction % Length (mts) TOTAL Table 3: Minor Lineament Trends in Study Area Sr. No. Trends Number of Fraction % Length (mts) TOTAL Table 4: Medium Lineament Trends in Study Area Sr. No. Trends Number of Fraction % Length (mts) TOTAL International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 338

7 Figure 4: Lineament Map of the Study Area 8. Conclusion Satellite data has provided evidence to lineament identification and mapping. This study demonstrates the satellite lineament interpretation of study area. The result gets from the study area of the analysed lineament/fracture indicated that the area has numerous long and short fractures whose structural trends are mainly in north- east to south west direction. The cross-cutting lineaments are relatively high areas around the central, north-eastern and south-western parts of the study area but low in the other part of the study area (Figures 2 & 3, 4). The lineament intersection density are shows the tectonic activity in the study area. We found that most of the major orientations in the field could be successfully detected from the satellite image. The results show that the remote sensing and GIS technique is competent of extracting lineament trends for the tectonic analysis. The totals of 252 lineaments were extracted from the satellite image with a total length of mts (Table 1). In which medium Lineament covers mts. lengths, minor lineament gives total length of mts and the length of micro lineament is mts. In the central, northeastern and southwestern parts of the study area has a relatively high density value. According to Edet et al., 1998, the zones of relatively high lineament density are identified as zones of high degree of rock fracturing which are prerequisite for groundwater channel development in an area. The rose diagram (Figure 3) shows the directional frequency of the mapped lineaments over the area which has major trends in the north east and south west trends. The major trends of the lineament in the study area are in the direction of N- S, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, SE-SW and E-W axis which is also the principal direction of the regional structures directions (Figure 3). Apart part from the prominent trends the lineament from the study area correlated with the Salbardi fault (ENE-WSW) and interpretation of International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 339

8 hidden subsurface tectonic arrangement in form of linear features intersection and cross cutting geological structures that are diagnostics of deep seated fracture/ fault medium are interpretable on the lineament map and hence it suggested the area is good for ground water extraction. Acknowledgement The author thanks to Dr. Sanjay Balamwar (Resource Scientist) MRSAC Nagpur, India for rendering the help and other facility throughout this study. Author also thanks to Dr. P.P. Kundal, Prof and HOD. P. G. Department of Geology RTM Nagpur University Nagpur and Dr. D.B. Malpe, Prof and UGC- SAP Coordinator for the financial assistance towards the field work. References Auden, J.B., Geological Discussion of the Satpura Hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India ; Bhave, K.N., Ganju, J.L., and Jokhan, Ram, 1989: Origin, Nature and Geological Significance of Lineaments. In: Qureshy, M.N., and Hinze, W.J (Ed.). Regional Geophysical Lineaments their Tectonic and Economic Sgnifivcance. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, Vol. 12; Kowalik, W.S., and Gold, D.P. The Use of Landsat-1 Imagery in Mapping Lineaments in Pennsylvania. Proceeding First Int. Conf. on the New Basement Tectonics, Utah Geol. Assoc ; O'Leary, D.W., Freidman, J.D., and Pohn, H.A., Lineaments, Linear, Lineation-Some Proposed New Standards for Old Terms. Geological Society of America Bulletin ; Rajurkar, S.T., 1992: Photographic Interpretation of Upper Wardha Project and Surrounding Area Wardha, Amravati and Betul Districts, Geol Suvy. India. Golden Jubilee Symposium Volume, Department of Geology, Nagpur Saxena, R.K., 1994: Geothermal Investigation of Salbardi around Hot Spring Area, Dist. Betul (M.P) and Amravati Maharashtra, Geol. Surv. Ind. F.S Tiwari, M.P. Neotectonism in Tapti Purna Valleys and its Probable Correlation with Geothermal Activity. In: Geothermal Energy of India. Geo. Surv. India, Spe. Pub ; International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 340