DESET LET INŠTITUTA ZA GEOGRAFIJO UNIVERZE V LJUBLJANI

Transcription

1 UDK : = 863 Vladimir Klemenčič* DESET LET INŠTITUTA ZA GEOGRAFIJO UNIVERZE V LJUBLJANI Že v uvodu naj podčrtam, da pomeni desetletno delo Inštituta za geografijo univerze v Ljubljani nadaljevanje raziskovalnega dela na področju geografije, ki sega s svojim začetkom, z ustanovitvijo Geografskega inštituta na Filozofski fakulteti univerze v Ljubljani, v leto Organizirano desetletno raziskovalno delo inštituta je tudi nadaljevanje nadvse plodnega dela ustanoviteljev moderne slovenske geografije, tako že pokojnega akademika profesorja Melika in še danes aktivnega akademika profesorja Ilešiča. Prav akademiku Ilešiču se moramo ob obračunu našega desetletnega dela še posebej zahvaliti za njegovo sodelovanje v funkciji soustanovitelja, mentorja in dolgoletnega predsednika Znanstvenega sveta inštituta, za snovanje raziskovalnih programov ter za usmerjanje razvoja inštituta od njegove ustanovitve leta 1962 pa do danes. Prav njegovi napori pri razvoju agrarne geografije, ki so bili povezani z vključevanjem socialnega aspekta že v zadnjih letih pred drugo svetovno vojno ter v prvem desetletju po njej, so pomenili inštitutu teoretično osnovo pri izpopolnjevanju metodologije proučevanja transformacije slovenske pokrajine, zlasti agrarnega podeželja. Usmerjanje inštitutskega dela v proučevanje regionalne preobrazbe Slovenije kot celote, njenih posameznih regij ali posameznih vasi po iniciativi akademika Ilešiča, zasluži tako pozornost, da smo se ob deseti obletnici ustanovitve inštituta odločili za poseben simpozij, posvečen problemom regionalne diferenciranosti slovenske pokrajine. Simpozij je tudi ena od jubilejnih prireditev slovenskih geografov ob proslavah petdesetletnice Geografskega društva Slovenije, hkrati pa tudi skromna oddolžitev in priznanje za štiridesetletno ustvarjalno raziskovalno delo na področju slovenske geografije akademiku Ilešiču ob njegovi petinšestdesetletnici. Preteklo desetletno raziskovalno obdobje Inštituta za geografijo sovpada z oblikovanjem nove družbene in raziskovalne dejavnosti, regionalnega prostorskega planiranja v Sloveniji, ki je nakazovalo potrebe po geografskih regionalnih analizah, ki so bile ves čas v ozki povezanosti z že inštitutsko zasnovanim analitskim spremljanjem transformacije slovenske pokrajine. Ob tem delu smo razširili ožje zasnovana agrarnogeografska proučevanja na širše zasnovana proučevanja učinkov in posledic deagrarizacije in urbanizacije. Proučevanje prostorske relevant- * Dr., univ. prof., direktor Inšt. za geogr. univerze, Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, glej izvleček na koncu zbornika.

2 nosti urbanizacije in deagrarizacije se je odvijalo v okviru inštituta po fazah. V prvi fazi so nam kot osnova za spoznavanje zakonitosti odvijanja omenjenih dveh procesov služile poglobljene geografske monografije bolj ali manj obsežnih regij Slovenije, ki so bile hkrati doktorske teze. Med te sodi Bračičevo proučevanje vinorodnih Haloz, Belčevo proučevanje severovzhodnega dela Slovenskih goric, Pakovo proučevanje Dravskega polja, Medvedovo proučevanje Mežiške doline, Vojvodovo proučevanje Bohinja, Jeršičevo proučevanje Blejskega kota in Bistriške ravnine. Istočasno smo tudi proučevali učinke deagrarizacije in urbanizacije na spreminjanje izrabe zemlje po posameznih katastrskih občinah v prirodno in družbenogeografsko različnih območjih Slovenije; v katastrskih občinah Sebeborci v Prekmurju, Podgorje na Bistriški ravnini ter Ingoličeve raziskave Krajne vasi na Tržaškem Krasu in raziskave nekaterih katastrskih občin v Spodnjem Posavju ter na območju Ljubljanskega polja. Tem raziskavam so bile dobro dopolnilo proučevanja zakonitosti spreminjanja izrabe zemlje, ki so jih opravili študentje širom Slovenije v okviru terenskih vaj pod vodstvom učiteljev geografije Filozofske fakultete v Ljubljani in Pedagoške akademije v Mariboru. Naštete raziskave in še vrsta drugih raziskav, ki so bile izvedene v okviru drugih slovenskih geografskih inštitucij, tako na primer Vrišerjeve raziskave območij rudarskih Zasavskih mest in tipov kmetijskogospodarskega izkoriščanja zemlje v Sloveniji, Titlove študije o Koprskem Primorju, so nam služile pri nadaljnjem snovanju raziskovalnega programa inštituta za proučevanje tistih problemov transformacije slovenske pokrajine, ki so že pričeli vzbujati pozornost v širokih družbenih krogih. Pri proučevanju območij, ki so bila v prvih letih po drugi svetovni vojni še čisto agrarna, smo postavili v ospredje probleme socialnega prestrukturiranja prebivalstva z vsemi posledicami ali učinki, ki so vplivali na oblikovanje bolj ali manj urbaniziranih con na območju krajev, ki so že v prvih letih po drugi svetovni vojni zabeležili hitro večanje števila zaposlenih izven kmetijstva, v industriji in v terciarnih dejavnostih. Med indikatorje teritorialne urbanizacije smo upoštevali tudi širjenje območij dnevne migracije delovne sile in s tem pojavom povezano oblikovanje delavsko-kmečke strukture. Kot posledico tega pojava smo spremljali krčenje obsega obdelovalnih površin, nenačrtno širjenje travnih in gozdnih površin, in kar je za zadnja leta še posebej karakteristično, širjenje socialnega preloga, to je širjenje tistega pojava, ki je znanilec prehajanja tudi dobre kmetijske zemlje v roke nekmeta ali pa v roke ostarelega kmečkega prebivalstva. Medved in Zgonik sta posvetila veliko pozornosti v svojih magistrskih in doktorskih tezah pojavu prehajanja kmečke zemlje v roke nekmečkega ali v roke ostarelega kmečkega prebivalstva na območju Mežiške doline in Pohorja in vsem iz tega izhajajočim zakonitim posledicam ozelenjevanja in ogozdovanja pokrajine. Med študije, ki nazorno osvetljujejo soodvisnost socialnega prestrukturiranja prebivalstva s spreminjanjem načina izkoriščanja zemlje, sodi prav gotovo najnovejša Belčeva študija o razvoju vinogradništva v Sloveniji, ter Kertova študija o pojavih spreminjanja izkoriščanja zemlje na gospodarsko slabo razvitem in depopulaciji podvrženem območju občine Lenart v Slovenskih goricah.

3 Vzporedno s pro-učevanji pojavov spreminjanja izrabe zemlje smo za tolmačenje spreminjanja celotne podobe slovenskega prostora proučevali tudi neagrarne elemnte. Med te sodijo Vrišerjeva proučevanja sodobnih problemov malih mest ter Jeršičeve sistematične raziskave prostorskih učinkov razvoja turizma v Sloveniji. V skupino teh raziskav sodijo: valorizacija prirodnih pogojev za turizem, ocena učinkov transformacije slovenskega prostora zaradi večanja potreb slovenskega urbanega prebivalstva po različnih oblikah rekreacije na podeželju, možnost razvoja kmečkega turizma ter širjenje weekend hiš in weekend naselij. Vrišerjeve raziskave malih mest dopolnjuje poglobljena Lojkova raziskava mesta Škofje Loke in njegovega vplivnega območja. Med Pakove raziskave urbanega prostora sodi tudi proučevanje oblikovanja tipa slovenskega mestnega»sluma«v središčih slovenskih mest, ki so nastala v srednjem veku ter s črnimi gradnjami pozidanih mestnih obrobij. Za tolmačenje vzrokov socialne prostorske zdiferenciranosti in odmiranja prebivalstva in kulturne pokrajine v gospodarsko manj razvitih območjih Slovenije sodijo tudi Pakova proučevanja oskrbe mest in drugih manjših ali večjih centralnih krajev, ter Lojkova proučevanja mreže in strukture šol ter šolskih centrov v Sloveniji. Ker je razmeroma velik del slovenskega etničnega ozemlja izven SR Slovenije in izven Jugoslavije, v Avstriji, Italiji in na Madžarskem, kjer so Slovenci kot narodna manjšina bolj ali manj pomešano naseljeni z Nemci, Italijani in Madžari, v okviru SR Slovenije pa so Italijani kot narodna manjšina s Slovenci pomešano naseljeni na Koprskem, Madžari pa so kot narodna manjšina s Slovenci pomešano naseljeni v severovzhodnem obmejnem delu Pomurja, posvečamo v zadnjih letih posebno pozornost pripravi metodologije proučevanja transformacije in socialnega prestrukturiranja prebivalstva na narodno mešanih ozemljih. S sodnimi raziskavami na narodno mešanem ozemlju Pomurja želimo ugotoviti, kaj je potrebno storiti v okviru regionalnega prostorskega planiranja, da narodne manjšine ne bodo izpostavljene raznarodovanju ob urbanizaciji in ob postopnem oblikovanju infrastrukturno urejenega prostora. V zvezi s temi proučevanji, ki so vezana na spremljanje regionalnogospodarskih, regionalnosocialnih in regionalnopolitičnih problemov Slovencev, ki žive izven SR Slovenije, ter Italijanov in Madžarov, ki žive v SR Sloveniji, proučujemo kot nov dejavnik regionalnega razvoja tudi odprtost jugoslovansko-italijanske, jugoslovansko-avstrijske in jugoslovansko-madžarske državne meje. Soodvisnost regionalnega razvoja SR Slovenije od zunanjega sveta poizkušamo osvetliti s proučevanji oblik in funkcije migracijskega pretakanja delovne sile med SR Slovenijo in tujino in vračanjem tega prebivalstva. Pri teh proučevanjih dajemo prednost tistim prostorsko relevantnim pojavom migracij prebivalstva, ki vplivajo na transformacijo agrarnega gospodarstva in naselij na slovenskem podeželju. Med dolgoročnimi raziskovalnimi nalogami je v zadnjih treh letih v ospredju priprava Nacionalnega atlasa Slovenije. To je ena od nalog, s katero povezuje inštitut širok krog geografov drugih geografskih in sorodnih negeografskih raziskovalnih inštitucij. V zvezi s tem usmerja inštitut raziskavo tistih pojavov, za katere moramo po programu projekta Nacionalnega atlasa Slovenije pripraviti posamezne karte. Ob triletni pripravi kart vključuje inštitut v svoje delo tudi geografe Hidrometeorološkega zavoda SR Slovenije. Priprava kart za fizičnogeografske

4 elemente pa nam je narekovala vključitev fizičnega geografa med redaktorje Nacionalnega atlasa Slovenije in s tem tudi med stalne zunanje sodelavce inštituta. Pri pripravi geoloških kart smo tesno povezani z Geološkim inštitutom SRS, pri pripravi kart o gozdnih površinah pa z Inštitutom za gozdno in lesno gospodarstvo SR Slovenije. Inštitut za geografijo je lahko izpolnjeval širok program svojega dela predvsem zaradi svoje odprtosti in sodelovanja z drugimi geografskimi institucijami, zlasti z oddelkom za geografijo Filozofske fakultete univerze v Ljubljani in s Pedagoško akademijo v Mariboru. V naše delo so se vključevali tudi geografi raziskovalci, ki delajo izven raziskovalnih ustanov, v družbenih službah in v srednjih šolah. V zadnjih petih letih je bilo vključenih v aktivno raziskovalno delo inštituta vsaj po dvanajst znanstvenih delavcev z doktoratom, večinoma iz vrst zunanjih sodelavcev inštituta. V letu 1972 je bilo takih sodelavcev že 17. Pri tem moramo podčrtati, da je od teh sedemnajstih sodelavcev doseglo doktorat znanosti z delom na inštitutskih raziskovalnih temah sedem raziskovalcev. Vključevanje zunanjih sodelavcev iz Pedagoške akademije v Mariboru v raziskovalno delo inštituta je močno prispevalo k formiranju samostojne raziskovalne geografske skupine v omenjenem mestu. Inštitut posveča veliko pozornost tudi pomlajevanju raziskovalnega kadra, saj so med stalnimi sodelavci trije asistenti stažisti, od zunanjih inštitutskih sodelavcev pa trije z raziskovalnimi deli na inštitutu pripravljajo doktorske teze, dva pa magistrska dela. V inštitutska raziskovalna dela vključujemo kot pomožne raziskovalce tudi kvalitetnejše študente geografije višjih letnikov, ki ob tem pripravljajo svoja diplomska dela. Nekateri od njih so prejeli Prešernovo nagrado za študente. Inštitut aplicira rezultate svojih raziskav tudi za potrebe družbe, zlasti pri nalogah Zavoda za regionalno prostorsko planiranje SR Slovenije ter za potrebe upravno političnih organov, ki se ukvarjajo s problemi narodnih manjšin, z regionalnimi problemi s Slovenci poseljenih narodnostno mešanih ozemelj v SR Sloveniji in v zamejstvu, ter s prostorsko relevantnimi problemi sezonskega zaposlovanja Slovencev v tujini. Inštitut se je v svojem raziskovalnem delu intenzivno povezal z geografskimi institucijami v drugih republikah Jugoslavije in v inozemstvu. Svoje načelo odprtosti je uveljavljal tudi s tekočim publiciranjem rezultatov svojega dela v revijalnem slovenskem geografskem tisku, v glasilu Geografskega društva Slovenije, v Geografskem vestniku in v publikacijah Inštituta za geografijo SAZU, v Geografskem zborniku. Rezultate svojega dela smo posredovali širši javnosti v lokalnih zbornikih. Večje število del so objavili sodelavci inštituta v časopisu za zgodovino in narodopisje v Mariboru. Skoraj redno posredujemo rezultate svojega dela v poljudnem, za široke družbene sloje razumljivem jeziku, v dnevnem tisku in v radiu. Vrednost svojega dela smo preverjali z aktivno udeležbo naših raziskovalcev na republiških, jugoslovanskih ter mednarodnih znanstvenih prireditvah. Vključevali smo se tudi v interdisciplinarno razglabljanje o prostorskih problemih na specializiranih strokovnih simpozijih doma in v tujini, ki so se jih poleg geografov udeleževali tudi ekonomisti, demografi, regionalni planerji, urbanisti, sociologi, zgodovinarji, pravniki in drugi.

5 Vzgojo mladega naraščaja in strokovno izpopolnjevanje znanstvenih delavcev smo snovali na intenzivnem povezovanju inštituta z uglednimi tujimi raziskovalnimi institucijami in s posameznimi znanstveniki. K oblikovanju raziskovalnega tima za proučevanje tipov agrarnega gospodarstva in agrarne izrabe zemlje je močno pripomoglo vključevanje Inštituta za geografijo v delo Podkomisije za agrarno izkoriščanje zemlje vzhodnega dela srednjeevropskih držav pri Mednarodni geografski uniji, ki je v okviru večletnega, mednarodno zasnovanega programa med letoma 1962 in 1970, z mešanimi ekipami načrtno oblikovala metodologijo proučevanja agrarnega izkoriščanja zemlje med Baltiškim, Črnim in Jadranskim morjem. V okviru programa dela te podkomisije je ekipa našega inštituta skupaj z ekipo Geografskega inštituta poljske Akademije znanosti iz Varšave izvedla številne raziskave izkoriščanja zemlje na območju Poljske, v Sloveniji, v Hrvatski, v Bosni in Hercegovini in v Makedoniji. Pri tem so sodelovale tudi ekipe raziskovalcev-geografov iz omenjenih republik. V okviru programa te vrste raziskav je leta 1966 ekipa našega inštituta skupno z ekipo Geografskega inštituta madžarske Akademije znanosti iz Budimpešte izvedla raziskavo o izkoriščanju zemlje in o položaju slovenske narodne manjšine v Slovenskem Porabju na Madžarskem. To je tudi prva terenska ekipna raziskava slovenskih geografov v tem delu slovenskega zamejstva. Metodološke izkušnje smo izmenjavali z geografi munchenske socialnogeografske šole, z geografi Geografskega inštituta Visoke tehniške šole in z geografi Gospodarskogeografskega inštituta Ekonomske fakultete v Munchnu. V zadnjih letih smo zlasti poglobili naše sodelovanje z Gospodarskogeografskim inštitutom, ki ga vodi profesor dr. Kari Ruppert. Izmenjava publikacij, strokovnih ekskurzij sodelavcev, študentov ter predavateljev, občasni medinštitutski kolokviji ter publiciranje razprav sodelavcev iz Munchna v naših revijah in obratno, postaja dnevna praksa, ki se ji pridružujejo tudi razne oblike izpopolnjevanja raziskovalnega in tehničnega kadra. Med zelo koristno obliko mednarodnega sodelovanja sodi tudi koordinacijska vloga našega inštituta pri sodelovanju slovenskih geografskih inštitucij z geografi iz Trsta in Vidma v Italiji. Na vsakoletnih srečanjih v Julijski Krajini in Furlaniji ali v SR Sloveniji se seznanjamo z najnovejšimi izsledki, pri čemer so v ospredju rezultati raziskav o problemih odprte meje, problematika obmejnih območij in z njo povezani problemi regionalnega prostorskega načrtovanja ter problematika narodnih manjšin. Mednarodne zveze našega inštituta segajo tudi v druge centre ZR Nemčije, zlasti v Heidelberg in Frankfurt, ter v Halle v DR Nemčiji, v Bratislavo na Slovaško, v Amsterdam na Nizozemsko, v Lunden na Švedsko, v Moskvo v Sovjetsko zvezo. Povezani smo tudi z nekaterimi geografi v ZDA, v Veliki Britaniji, Belgiji, Franciji in Japonski. Inštitut ima tudi razvito dokumentacijsko INDOK službo, ki letno izdaja Geografsko bibliografijo. 2e od ustanovitve inštituta je vključen v njegov okvir kot samostojna enota Zemljepisni muzej Slovenije, ki je zbral od ustanovitve v prvih letih po drugi svetovni vojni bogato muzejsko zbirko starih atlasov, kart in publikacij slovenskega ozemlja. Po njegovi vključitvi v okvir inštituta za geografijo je Zemljepisni muzej razširil svojo dejavnost na zbiranje ter samostojno pripravo razstavnih kart, ki dokumentirano ponazarjajo razkroj klasične agrarne in obliko-

6 vanje industrijske pokrajine po drugi svetovni vojni. Bogata zbirka, okoli 800 kart s področja regionalne demografije, agrarnega gospodarstva, turizma, izobraževanja, izkoriščanja zemlje, podeželske in mestne pokrajine ter mest in vasi, je solidna osnova za posredovanje rezultatov razvoja geografske znanosti v obliki razstav s tolmačenjem za izobraževanje široke javnosti in za geografsko izobraževanje učencev, dijakov, študentov ter učiteljev geografije. Samo v zadnjih desetih letih je obiskalo razstave Zemljepisnega muzeja v njegovih prostorih ali drugod po Sloveniji ob priliki geografskih posvetovanj skoraj obiskovalcev, med katerimi je bilo okoli tujcev. Zemljepisni muzej je pripravil tudi nekaj razstav v inozemstvu, dve na Madžarskem, eno v ZR Nemčiji in eno v DR Nemčiji. Se nekaj o delovnem programu inštituta v naslednjih letih. Še nadalje bo temelj raziskovalnega dela izpopolnjevanje metodologije proučevanja zakonitosti transformacije slovenske pokrajine v procesu oblikovanja industrijske družbe. V ospredju bodo proučevanja spreminjanja odnosa družbe do prirodnega okolja. S tem delom se že pričenjamo vključevati v raziskovalni projekt varstva človekovega okolja, ki ga snujejo za to organizirane komisije in podkomisije pri Raziskovalni skupnosti Slovenije. Te raziskave bomo povezovali tudi s proučevanji učinkov nove nastajajoče industrijske družbe na okolje in položaj manjšin na narodno mešanih ozemljih v SR Sloveniji in v zamejstvu. Vso pozornost bomo posvečali tudi prostorskim učinkom odprte meje in vsem vrstam selitev prebivalstva znotraj SR Slovenije, iz Slovenije v inozemstvo in obratno. Pojave oblikovanja industrijske pokrajine bomo proučevali tudi specializirano po učinkih človekovih dejavnosti v prostoru kot posledico spreminjanja načina življenja in potreb človeka po prostoru s stališča dela, bivanja, izobraževanja, rekreacije, oskrbe in prometa. Navedeno delo bo tesno povezano s programom priprave Nacionalnega atlasa in geografske monografije Slovenije. Za večjo učinkovitost raziskovalnega dela, teoretične, metodološke in aplikativne narave, bo moral inštitut v naslednjih letih izpopolniti svojo tehnično opremo za kartografsko, fotografsko in terensko raziskovalno delo. Razširiti bo moral tudi krog tehničnih, specializiranih sodelavcev, zlasti strokovnega kadra za potrebe dokumentacije INDOK službe in za uvajanje računalništva ter matematičnih metod v raziskovalno delo. Vključevanje v mednarodno delitev raziskovalnega dela bo moralo biti v bodoče še intenzivnejše. Poglobiti bomo morali zlasti stike z vsemi tistimi inozemskimi in mednarodnimi geografskimi institucijami, ki se neposredno ali posredno ukvarjajo s problemi slovenskega prostora in s slovenskim prebivalstvom v SR Sloveniji, v zamejstvu in v tujini, kakor tudi s problemi odprte meje. Mnogo večjo pozornost bomo morali v bodoče posvetiti povezovanju našega raziskovalnega dela z raziskovalnimi institucijami sorodnih strok, zlasti pa z raziskovalnimi geografskimi institucijami v drugih republikah Jugoslavije. Za slednje je dobil naš inštitut na letošnjem Kongresu geografov Jugoslavije mandat z zaupanjem sedeža Komisije za znanstveno delo Zveze geografskih institucij Jugoslavije. Vse naše programirano bodoče delo bo še naprej v ozki povezanosti z vzgojo mladega znanstveno-raziskovalnega naraščaja in z nadaljnjim strokovnoznanstvenim izpopolnjevanjem in specializacijo že formiranih znanstvenih delavcev.

7 Vladimir Klemencic TEN TEARS OF THE INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA It should be said from the very start that the ten years of work of the Institute of Geography at the University of Ljubljana meant a continuation of the geographical research which has started with the foundation of the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Arts as early as in the year The ten years of organised research work in the Institute were also a continuation of the very productive work of the founders of modern geography in Slovenia, the late professor Melik and the still active academician professor Ilesic. When making an inventory of our work during the last ten years, it is the academician professor Ilesic whom we have to thank in particular for his cooperation when in the preparation of the research programmes and for his guidance, both in his role as one of the co-founders and mentors as well as in his role as the chairman of the Reasearch Council of the Institute ever since its foundation in the year His own endevours in the development of the geography of rural areas, which are linked with the introduction of the social aspects into research during the years preceding the Second World war and just after it, represented a theoretical basis for the further development of the methodology for research concerned with the transformation of the Slovenian landscape and, in particular, of the rural areas. We owe the orientation of the work carried out by the Institute into research of the regional transformation of entire Slovenia and of her regions and of particular villages to the initiative of the academician professor Ilesic who deserves a full recognition and so we have decided that the symposium held at the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Institute should be devoted to problems of the regional differentiation of the Slovenian geographical space. At the same time the symposium is also part of the jubilee celebrations of Slovenian geographers at the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the Geographical Society of Slovenia. It is also a modest acknowledgement to professor Ilesic personally at the occasion of his 65 th anniversary and of fourty years of his active work in geography. The past ten years of the research work in the Institute of Geography coincided with the emergence of the new social and research activity of the regional spatial planning in Slovenia, the activity which has emphasised the need for regional geographical analyses that had been all that time closely linked to the organised analytical work of the Institute and focused on the transformation of the Slovenian landscape. The more narrow approaches of the geography of rural areas have been consequently widened in order to include also the research on the impacts of contemporary deagrarisation and urbanisation. The study in the Institute of the spatial relevance of urbanisation and deagrarisation has gone trough several stages. In the first stage the bases for the study of the observed regularities in both processes were provided by in-depth studies of selected larger

8 or smaller areas of Slovenia. These studie which were nearly all also doctoral dissertations included monographs by Bračič on the vine-growing hills of Haloze, by Belec on the northeastern part of Slovenske gorice, by Pak on the Drava plain, by Medved on the valley of Mežica, by Vojvoda on the Bohinj area and by Jeršič on the Bled area. At the same time the impact of the deagrarisation and urbanisation on the changing utilisation of land were studied for selected cadastral communes in many parts of Slovenia and in various natural and socioeconomic environments. These studies included catastral communes Sebeborci in the Mura-land, Podgorje near Kamnik, Kraj na vas in the Karst region and some on the Ljubljana plain and in the Lower Slovenian Sava-land. The studies of the changing land-use patterns that have been carried out in various parts of Slovenia by students led by geography lecturers from the University of Ljubljana and the Pedagogical Higher School at Maribor have provided useful supplementary evidence. Some other studies done by the Institute or carried out by other geographical institutions should also be mentioned, notably that by Vrišer on the mining district along the river Sava and that by Titl on agriculture in the coastal area provided a stimulus for the expansion of the research programme of the Institute to include the study of those problems of transformation of the Slovenian landscape that have begun to attract attention in wider social circles. The problems of social transition and its impact and consequences were in the foreground in the research on those areas that were still entirely agricultural in the first years after the Second World War. In such areas more or less marked urbanised zones have since appeared in many cases because the redundant labour-force has found non-agricultural employment in towns, mostly in manufacturing industries but also in services. One of the indicators used in determining the territorial extent of such a hidden urbanisation of rural areas was the expansion of the areas supplying labour-force to particular towns. The result in such areas was the emergence of worker-farmers and, as a consequence, the reduction of the cultivated land, the unplanned expansion of meadows and of forests and, what is specially characteristic of the last few years, the spreading social fallow, i. e. of a phenomenon of the emergent transfer of even good agricultural land into the hands of the non-agricultural population or into the hands of the remaining aging peasant population. Two of our associates, Medved and Zgonik, have paid special attention in their studies to this phenomenon in the Pohorje mountain and in the valley of Meža, as well as to the related consequences of the increase of the grass-land and woodland which inevitably follows. Among studies that are good illustration of the interdependence between the social restructuring of the population and the type of agriculture viz. of land utilisation pattern is to be mentioned the latest study by Belec on the evolution of the vine-growing in Slovenia and that by Kert on the phenomena of the changing land utilisation in an area which is economically less developed (the commune of Lenart in Slovenske gorice) and where rural depopulation is continuing. In order to be able to interpret the totality of the change in the Slovenian space the studies on non-agricultural elements were undertaken paralel with those concerned with phenomena of the changing

9 land utilisation. The study by Vriser on the contemporary problems of small towns and systematic studies by Jersic on the spatial effects of the touristic development should be mentioned (e. g. the evaluation of natural conditions for the tourism, the evaluation of the effects of the transformation of the space in Slovenia due to the increasing needs of the urban population for various kinds of recreation in rural areas, possibilities for the development of the tourism on farms, the development of the secondary homes and of settlements of weekend cottages). Supplementary to Vriser's study on the small towns of Slovenia is a through monography by Lojk on the town of Skofja Loka and its area of influence, Pak has contributed sevedal studies on the urban space in Slovenian towns. The research on the emerging slums, either in the historical central parts of towns or in the periphery where wild-cat construction has taken place should in particular be noted. Significant for the interpretation of the reasons for the social differentation in space, for the declining population and the degradation of the cultural landscape in economically less developed parts of Slovenia are the studies by Pak and others on the provision of services in towns and in semi-urban central places and that by Lojk on the school network in Slovenia. All due attentions are paid, in particular during the last few years, to the preparation of a research methodology concerned with the transformation and social transition of population in ethnically mixed areas. A considerable part of the Slovenian ethnic territory is namely outside the boundaries of the S. R. of Slovenia and outside Yugoslavia: in Austria, Italy and Hungary, where the Slovenian minority lives more or less mixed with Germans, Italians and Hungarians; there are also an Italian minority within the boundaries of the S. R. of Slovenia (in the coastal area) and a Hungarian minority along the Hungarian boundary. By the studies of smaller sample areas in the last mentioned sectors we want to find out what necessary measures should be taken in the sphere of regional planning to prevent the loss of identity of the minority in quenstion since this is what might happen in the process of urbanisation. These studies are linked with a continous analysis of the regional problems: economic, ethnic, political which faces Slovenian population living outside the S. R. of Slovenia and which face the Italians and Hungarians living in the border areas of the republic. Another related problem is also being studied, that of the open boundaries with Italy, Austria and Hungary which represent a new factor in regional development. The independence of the development in the S. R. of Slovenia and of other countries is being analysed in the research on the functions and forms of the migration flows of the labour force between Slovenia and foreign countries. The research is focused in particular those phenomena related to the migrations which exercise an influence on the transformation of the agriculture and of the settlements in rural areas of Slovenia. The preparation of a National Atlas of Slovenia is during the last three years in the foreground among the planned long-trem research tasks. This is one of the tasks in which the Institute is joining the efforts of a wide circle of geographers and of geographical and related institutions. In this connection the Institute directs the research on those phenomena for which entirely new maps, as specified in the pro-

10 gramme of the National Atlas Project, have to be made. During the three years of work geographers working in the Hydrometeorological Institute of Slovenia have been thus also active and the editorial work. Concerning maps of the physical geography has been in the hands of a specialist who is a permanent contract associate of the Institute. The cooperation has been closed with the Geological Institute of Slovenia and the Forestry Institute of Slovenia have prepared maps about woodland areas of the country. The execution of the wide programme of work has been made possible because the Institute of Geography was an open institution and has closely collaborated with other geographical institutions in Slovenia, in particular with the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ljubljana and with the Pedagogical Higher School in Maribor. Many individual geographers, researchers in other institutions or working as teachers and civil servents, have also joint in the work of the Institute from time to time. During the last years at least a dozen of researchers holding the doctorate degree in geography have been research associates and in the year 1972 their number has risen to seventeen. It should be stressed that seven among them have got their doctor's degrees by working on the themes that were part of the research programme of the Institute. The cooperation of research associates from the Pedagogical Higher School in Maribor in the research work of the Institute has greatly contributed to the formulation of a separate geographical research group in that city. The Institute pays a great attention to the renewal of geographical research cadres. At the time of writing there are three assistants as permanent staff members; three research associates are working on the doctoral dissertations and two more work on their M. A. theses which are all part of the research programme of the Institute. Several better students are being include as assistant researchers who thus also prepare their theses for the diploma. Some have got the highest awards for students. The results of the research carried out by the Institute are also being applied for the practical purposes in particular for those related to the activity of the Bureau of Regional Spatial Planning of Slovenia and to that of the administrative departments dealing with problems of national minorities with regional problems of mixed ethnic areas in Slovenia and in the neighbouring countries as well as with the spatially relevant problems of the seasonal employment of Slovenians abroad. The Institute has linked its research work also to that of the geographical institutions in other Yugoslav republic and abroad. The principle of openess was manifested also in the publication of the research findings in the Slovenian geographic periodicals: in "Geografski vestnik" published by the Geographical Society of Slovenia, in "Geografski zbornik" published by the Geographical Institute of the Slovenian Academy of Arts and Sciences. Some studies were also published in general publications on particular areas or towns in Slovenia. A larger number has been published in the "Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje" (the Review of History and Anthropology) edited in Maribor. The results of the work are almost regularly being made public in the newspapers and on the radio or television. The value of our work was being tested by the active participation of our researchers at scientific meeting in Slovenia, Yugoslavia and

11 abroad. The members of the Institute have also participated in the interdisciplinary discussions with economists, demographers, urban and regional planners, sociologists, historians, etc. on spatial problems at specialised symposia in Yugoslavia and in other countries. The education of junior researchers and the professional advancement of others was based, as conceived, on an intensive linkage of the Institute with the distinguished research institutions or individual researchers abroad. The participation of the Institute of Geography in the work of the Sub-commision for the agricultural land utilisation in the East-Central Europe of the International Geographical Union was of great help in the formation of a specialised team for the study of the types agriculture and of the agricultural land-use. In the framework of a long-term international research programe the team has taken part, in the years between 1962 and 1970, in that programmed work and has contributed to the formation of a methodology for the study of the agricultural land utilisation in the area between the Baltic, Adriatic and the Black Sea. Our group has thus joined the group from Geographical Institute of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw and they have jointly carried out several studies on land utilisation in Poland, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and in Macedonia. The geographers from these republics have also joined in the fieldwork. Also in the framework of the programme for such research was the participation of our team in a joint venture with the Geographical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science in Budapest concerned with land utilisation and with the situation of the Slovenian minority in the Raba-land just across the Yugoslav-Hungarian boundary. This was, in fact the first field-work ever carried out by geographers in that part of External Slovenia. Methodological experiences have also been exchanged with geographers of the Munich school of social geography, both with those at the Technical University and with those at the Department of Economic Geography at the Faculty of Economics in Munich. During the last years particular close cooperation was established with the Department of Economic Geography headed by prof. dr. Karl Ruppert. The exchange of publications, the mutual study trips of researchers and students, the periodical joint colloquia and the publication of research papers of the Munich geographers in our journals and vice versa is becoming a current practice. To this the training of our researchers and technical staff in Munich should be added. Among the most useful forms of international cooperation is also the role of our Institute in the coordinating of the work of Slovenian geographic institutions with geographers in Trieste and Udine in Italy. At joint meetings, either in Venezia Giulia or in the S. R. of Slovenia we are mutually informed about the latest results of researches with the focus on the problems of open boundary of the border areas on both sides and on the related problems of regional spatial planning as well as on the problems of ethnic minorities. The international connections of our Institute include also other centres of research in the German Federal Republic, and particular in Heidelberg and Frankfurt, and Halle in the German Democratic Republic as well as to centres in Bratislava, in Amsterdam, in Moscow. Contacts have also been established with individual geographers in U. S. A., in Great Britain, in Belgium, in France and in Japan. 2 Simpozij 17

12 The Institute also has a well developed Documentation Service which is publishing a yearly geographical bibliography. The Geographical Museum of Slovenia was included as a separate unit ever since the Institute was founded. It came into existance soon after the second World War and was able to assemble a rather rich collection of old atlases, publications, photographs, etc. related to Slovenian territory. The field of activity has been expanded since it was included in the Institute to the collection and preparation of thematic maps which document the dissolution of the classical agraian landscape and the emergence of the industrial landscape in the period following the Second World War. The rich collection of some eight hundred thematic maps related to regional demography, agriculture, tourism, education, land utilisation, rural and urban landscape, towns and villages represents a solid basis for the presentation of the rasults of the geographical research in the form of exhibitions when the wider public is being informed also by means of lectures which are organized in particular for geography students and teachers. There were nearly visitors on exhibitions during the last ten years of which some 1000 were foreigners. The museum section organises exhibitions in their premises in Ljubljana as well as in other places, mostly at some specific occasions, Some were organised also abroad: two in Hungary, one in the German Federal Republic and one in the German Democratic Republic. Something should be said also about the programme of work for the next few years. The basic task of research will continue to be the improvement of the research methodology concerning the laws of the transformation of the Slovenian landscape in the period of the new industrial society. The changing relations between the society and the natural environment will be in the foreground. Through such an orientation is the Institute already included into the work on a wider research project concerned with the protection of Man's environment which is being prepared by commissions and sub-commissions of the Research Community of Slovenia. The contemplated studies will be also linked to the research on the impact of the industrial society on the environment and to research on the conditions of national minorities in mixed ethnic areas in the S. R. of Slovenia and in the neighbouring countries. Due attention will be paid also to the spatil consequences of the open boundary and to all kinds of migrations of population: within Slovenia and from Slovenia to other countries viz. vie eversa. The phenomena of the formation of an industrialised landscape will be studied also in more specific terms of particular human activities in space as they are reflected in the changing way of life and changing space requirements in production viz. work, housing, education, recreation, provision of services and in transportation. The planned research tasks will be closely linked to the programme of work on the National Atlas of Slovenia and to the work on a representative geographical monography of Slovenia. During the next years will the Institute have to improve its technical equipment for the cartographic and photographic work as well as for field-work in order to make the research theoretical, methodological and applied more effective. The cooperation with specialised technical experts will have to be expanded in particular in the field of

13 the Documentation Service and in the application of computers and mathematical methods in the research procedures. The participation in the international division of labour in research will have to be intensified in the future. Deeper contacts will have to be established in particular with all those international and foreign geographical institutions which are directly or indirectly concerned with the problems of the Slovenian territory or with Slovenian population, either that living in the S. R. of Slovenia or that in adjacent countries and abroad at large and, finally, with problems of the open boundaries. Much greater attention will have to be paid to the connection of our research work with the work of research institutions in other related fields of knowledge but specially with the geographical institutions in other Yugoslav republics. The institute has got a mandate for that particular task from the Union of the Geographic Institutions of Yugoslavia and has become the seat of its Commission for Research during the current term of office. All our programmed future work will continue to be closely linked to the education of young researchers and to the further professional advancement and specialisation of those researchers in the Institute who have proven already their abilities.