Regional Planning - International Lessons

Transcription

1 Regional Planning - International Lessons T 65 th Annual Danish Town Planning Congress Greg Clark 1 October 2015

2 The Global Century 2

3 The Big Drivers of Spatial Change Population growth and demographics Globalisation and Mobility Climate, Planet and Environment Geopolitical Insecurity Urbanisation Metropolitanisation Densification De-suburbanisation Spatial Disparities 3

4 Globalization of cities happens in waves Cities (re)entering a global path Antwerp, Genoa, Istanbul, Venice Amsterdam, Guangzhou, London, New York Berlin, Paris, Birmingham Bilbao, Liverpool Manchester, Rotterdam, Vienna Munich, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo, Toronto Bangalore, Barcelona, Chicago, Sydney, Tel Aviv Colombo, Nanjing, Brisbane, Sao Paulo. 4

5 New patterns of growth, trade and change Growth since Source: Brookings Global Metro Monitor (2015) 5

6 Systems of cities: a new way of thinking While fundamental to economic growth, most leading cities remain dependent on national level funding and frameworks Shift in policy thinking Cities not stand-alone entities Must be supported in the context of local, regional, national and international setting. The importance of national systems of cities Cities as essential for national success. Progress needs to be seen in national context. Can national contribution be optimised? 6

7 Regional Systems of Cities Larger cities = more diversified and service oriented innovate, invent, breed new firms, and expel mature industries. Smaller cities = industrially specialized produce or manufacture and receive relocated industries standardized traditional goods 7

8 Continental Systems of Cities As categorised in the State of European Cities Report 2007

9 Implications for Regional Planners i. Urbanisation is the driving force leads to metropolitan regions as new regionalism. ii. iii. iv. Density, compact cities, metro-regions, green, smart,. New role of infrastructure and connectivity De-ruralisation and re-purposing of suburbs. v. Shifting roles of national and local. vi. Spatial disparities within nations. vii. City to city networks and systems as a new interregionalism. viii. Transnational regions emerging rapidly. ix. The rise of functional geography. x. Re-invention of planning. 9

10 Traditional Regional Policies Regional Planning 1950s to 1990s New Regional Policies Territorial Development 1980s to present Objectives Balanced economies Tackle disparities Regional development Strategies Sectoral approach Integrated development Geog. focus Political regions Metro regions and eco regions urban and rural together Target Lagging regions All regions - Metropolitan regions Context National economy International economy and local economies Tools Actors Subsidies, incentives, state aids, regulations National governments Regional governments Assets, infrastructures, collaboration incentives, development agencies, financial instruments Multiple levels. Implementation agencies. Collaborative governance 10

11 Requirements of the two models Traditional New Political Orientation Development within regions Departmental approach: capable National Gov Technical skills and administration Market Orientation Linkages between regions Inter-Governmental approaches, whole of Gov approach Capable local/regional governance Leadership and alliance building 11

12 Regional Development Tools i. National Regional Dev Systems Poland / New Zealand ii. Regional business/investment climate Switzerland iii. Regional Development Agencies Finland iv. Regional Development Systems South Africa v. Regional Financial Institutions FinPiemonte vi. Regional Marketing Alliances GWI vii. Regional Enterprise Scottish Enterprise viii. Regional Innovation Systems South Ontario ix. Regional University Networks Emilia Romagna x. Regional Investment Incentives Western Canada xi. Regional Business Clusters New Zealand xii. Regional Business Leadership Seattle Trade Alliance

13 13

14 The Northern Way 14

15 Cooperate to Compete? 15

16 Regional Collaboration The Business of Cities Ltd

17 Regional Collaboration

18

19 Metropolitan Regions 19

20 Metro Regions: Cities outgrow their boundaries Metropolitan Areas offer: Coherence Scale Clout Productivity.but only if they are organised. Visibility Diversity Growth management or growth mismanagement.

21 Agglomeration phase 1: Growth More extensive markets Greater competition Specialisation Deeper labour markets Knowledge spillovers and innovation. New institutions Productivity rise, including for lower educated (3-4%) Clusters 21

22 Agglomeration phase 2: Externalities (the price of success) High costs: housing, labour, living Infrastructure investment demand Two-tier labour market Social cohesion and integration Sprawl? Congestion? Pollution? Inflation? Opposition to growth model National system impacts? Sucking in? Pushing out? Spatial disparities? Regional consequences? 22

23 Metropolis Off or On? Metropolis Off Metropolis On Madrid Vienna Milan Berlin Atlanta Bogota Toronto Sydney Barcelona Zurich Turin Stockholm Miami Amsterdam Vancouver Melbourne Copenhagen? Aarhus? Odense? Aalborg?

24 What should metro reforms address? OECD Growth Management: Transport, Land, Housing, Fiscal systems. World Bank Planning, Institutions, Investment, Initiatives. Brookings Economic Strategy, global orientation.

25 Comparing the options Metropolis off Metropolis on. Sectoral policies lead Autonomous bodies Hierarchical system Spatial disparities and variation Low co-ordination equilibrium. Tax and transfer payments Integrated planning Cross cutting objectives Networked governance Spatial strategy and cohesion Cross cutting/catalytic projects High co-ordination equilibrium Financial innovation and leverage

26 Regional Strategic Planning Definition: Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. (European Regional / Spatial Planning Charter) It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy." (European Regional / Spatial Planning Charter)

27

28 Strategic Planning v Regional Planning Long term. Short term to medium term. Integrated approach with Land use and infrastructure spatial story. focus. Empowerment and inspiration. Regulation. Hard and soft measures. Hard measures. Multiple jurisdictions. Within a jurisdiction. Private sector as partner. Private sector as customer. Multiple tiers of gov and multiparty. singe party of Single tier of government, government.

29 Turin metropolitan regional strategic plan City centre strategy Strategic themes of strategy Specific initiatives Strategy management Phase 1 ( ) Urban renewal Film Commission Torino Invest in Turin and Piedmont Winter Olympics. City of Turin, Piedmont Region, Torino Internazionale (Agency for Strategic Plan) Phase 2 ( ) Internationalising the city Torino World Design Capital World Congress of Architecture Euroscience Open Forum Italia 150 City of Turin, Piedmont Region, Torino Internazionale Bank Foundations, Universities, The Urban Centre Metropolitano. Phase 3 ( ) Turin as a knowledge hub Torino Wireless Milano-Torino High Speed Train City of Turin, Piedmont Region, Torino Internazionale Phase 4 Regional co-operation, with Integrated Metropolitan Mobility; Green Infrastructure; Regeneration of Urban Spaces; The (new) Metropolitan City of

30 4 Cycle Dynamics 1st Cycle Projects & Physical Renewal Proactive city brand Tourism 2 nd cycle Assets Strategic plans Specialist Agencies New funding tools. Programmes Economic space. 3 rd cycle Managing growth Shaping the future PPPs Metropolitan sphere Broader leadership Integrated brand 4 th Cycle Managing success at the internatiatonal scale

31 Regional Planning Case Studies 31

32 Melbourne 2030 Melbourne Planning for sustainable growth Released in October 2002 by State Government s Department for Infrastructure A plan to manage urban growth and development across metro Melbourne the plan envisaged 1million extra people by 2030 Plan focuses on how land use and transport can best support the economic, social and environmental needs of Melbourne Directs growth to activity centres and 5 designated growth areas, and identifies 12 green wedges. Introduced an Urban Growth Boundary as a tool to manage the outward growth of metropolitan Melbourne. 32

33 Planning in Melbourne The Need for Flexibility First independent audit of Melbourne 2030 undertaken in Indicated more action needed to bridge policy intentions with on-the-ground actions, and identified priority areas for action (e.g. transport and traffic management). Revised population projections in 2008 prompted an update to Melbourne 2030 Intensified focus on building jobs and services in key Central Activities Districts and close to people s homes Outlined the need to direct future growth to the north and west of Melbourne Provisioned for an extended growth boundary. Identified need for brownfield redevelopment in established areas. Planned more effective links with Victoria s other regional centres. 33

34 The Next Chapter. Plan Melbourne NEW long-term vision to 2050, released in May 2014 Victorian government has already committed to refreshing Plan Melbourne, with update to be released in the first half of 2016 Government states the refresh is needed because the final Plan did not reflect the weight of community input or expert advice, and confidence was lost in the process. Population estimates also continue to be revised upwards. Broad agreement on key objectives, many of which are consistent with Melbourne 2030 e.g. growing population within a fixed urban growth boundary and protecting the green wedges ensuring there are more jobs closer to where people live better transport and stronger activity centres integrated public transport, infrastructure investment and land use planning. 34

35 South Florida Regional Planning Council MPO?

36 South Florida Regional Planning Council MPO Works with the regional community to identify challenges, opportunities and strategies to achieve the desired future. Strategic Regional Policy Plan for South Florida guides all activity. Its vision is: By the year 2025, Southeast Florida s investment in its People, Places & Future has helped our region mature into one of the great places in the world to live, work, play, and prosper. The Regional Policy Plan contains 22 goals that reflect the priority issues of the Region. These include affordable housing, school facilities, transportation, and natural resources. Issues are addressed in the context of the SRPP s supporting values: Sustainability Investing in People, Places & Future for a Livable South Florida Connectivity Providing Linkages between People, Places & Opportunities Responsibility Conducting Business for the Benefit of our Region Indicators and targets are provided for each goal to help determine progress, identify opportunities for improvement and collaboration, and recognize regional success. 36

37 What kinds of leadership are needed? Vision Long term Vertical and Horizontal Through cycle Collaborative 37

38 Why does regional planning fail? Strategy done for wrong reasons / without focus No intention to implement Lack of leadership and cross working No communication, compacting and conviction No assessment of local assets and distinctiveness No assessment of demand side opportunities No responsibility to deliver amongst competent bodies Lack of tools to implement at scale Lack of investment, capacity / resources Failure to solve problems as they arise No support from higher tiers of government or neighbours 38

39 How does regional planning succeed? Builds coalitions around long term vision Prioritisation Persuasion Catalytic projects New sources of investment Spatial lens for integration Creates and captures value Solves problems Shares responsibility 39

40 Denmark 40

41 What are the issues for Denmark? Who is in charge of future planning? Has Denmark completed the Transition to new regionalism? Does it want to? Can national objectives be achieved without regional dimension? How can spatial plans help to achieve national goals? Connectivity via Copenhagen or Hamburg? Relationship with Gothenburg? Geo-spatial risk: Super connected Copenhagen Disconnected Jutland Long term spatial disadvantage? 41

42 What is needed in Denmark? Successful Copenhagen. Understanding of gateway and spill-over functions Metropolitan Aarhus, Odense, and Aalborg Long term infrastructure Sector strategies A plan for Jutland Whole of Jutland A new kind of (inter)regional planning? 42