Assessing The Toxicity of Cotton Production

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1 Assessing The Toxicity of Cotton Production Zara Niederman Research Associate Lawton Lanier Nalley Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics Mary Matlock Professor of Agricultural and Ecological Engineering November 3, 2009

2 Research Questions 1. How do we assess toxicity? What Impact Methods What Impact Categories How do the Impact Methods Compare 2. What pesticides are most toxic? Per kg a.i. applied By actual application rates 3. How do different production practices compare? By Region By Seed Technology By Location (proximity to humans)

3 Assessing Toxicity Impact Methods: Impact CML 2001 ReCiPe TRACI Impact Categories: Human Toxicity Carcinogen Non-carcinogen Ecological Toxicity Terrestrial Marine Aquatic, Sediment Freshwater Aquatic, Sediment

4 Assessing Toxicity Pesticides (e.g.) 2,4-D Aldicarb Cypermethryn Glyphosate Prometryn Production Regions Arkansas California Georgia Kansas Texas Production Practices Seed: Conventional vs. Biotechnology Tillage: Conventional vs. Reduced Till

5 Impact Methods and Metrics Methods (16) (40) (38) (17 ) CML Impact ReCiPe TRACI Human Toxicity Human Toxicity Carcinogens Human Toxicity Carcinogens kg 1,4-DB eq Non-carcinogens kg 1,4-DB eq / DALY Non-Carcinogens kg C2H3Cl eq / DALY kg benzen/ toluen eq Ecological Toxicity Freshwater Aquatic Aquatic Freshwater Ecotoxicity Marine Aquatic Terrestrial Marine kg 2,4-D eq Freshwater Sediment kg TEG eq/ PDF*m2*yr Terrestrial Marine Sediment kg 1,4-DB eq / species.yr Terrestrial kg 1,4-DB eq 1,4-DB: Para-dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid C2H3Cl: Vinyl Chloride TEG: Triethylene-glycol DALY: Disability Adjusted Life Year PDF*m2*yr: Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Toxicity: Impact 2002+ Human Ecological Carcinogens Noncarcinogens Aquatic Terrestrial Impact 2002+ Human Toxicity DALY Normalized Points Carcinogens 7.4E-08 1.

6 Toxicity: Impact Human Ecological Carcinogens Noncarcinogens Aquatic Terrestrial Impact Human Toxicity DALY Normalized Points Carcinogens 7.4E E-05 Non-carcinogens 2.1E E-04 Total Human 3.1E-04 Ecological Toxicity PDF*m2*yr Normalized Points Aquatic 1.6E E-05 Terrestrial 1.2E E-04 Total Ecological 9.0E-04

Toxicity: CML 2001 (100yr) Human Ecological Human Freshwater Marine Terrestrial CML 2001 (100 yr) Human Toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq Normalized Points Human Toxicity 31 1.

7 Toxicity: CML 2001 (100yr) Human Ecological Human Freshwater Marine Terrestrial CML 2001 (100 yr) Human Toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq Normalized Points Human Toxicity E-10 Ecological Toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq Normalized Points Terrestrial E-06 Freshwater Sediment E-07 Freshwater Aquatic E-07 Marine Sediment E-10 Marine Aquatic 6 4.9E-10 Total Ecological 3.1E-06

8 Toxicity: ReCiPe Endpoint (H) Human Ecological Human Terrestrial Freshwater Marine ReCiPe Human Toxicity DALY Normalized Points Human Toxicity 5.6E E-04 Ecological Toxicity species.yr Normalized Points Terrestrial 7.3E E-03 Freshwater 7.1E E-06 Marine 5.9E E-09 Total Ecological 8.6E-03

9 Toxicity: TRACI Human Ecological Carcinogens Non-Carcinogens Ecotoxicity TRACI Human Toxicity Carcinogens Non-carcinogens 7.3E-02 kg benzen eq 1.7E+01 kg toluen eq Ecological Toxicity Ecotoxicity 2.4E+02 kg 2,4-D eq

10 Assessing Toxicity Toxicity Categories: Pesticides have largest impact on: Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Followed by: Aquatic Toxicity and» Dilution? Human Toxicity (Non-Carcinogens)» Reduced Exposure?

11 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Rankings Summary Pesticide Impact2002+ ReCiPe CML TRACI Average 1 Aldicarb Methomyl Dicrotophos 4 NA NA NA 4 4 Cypermethrin Thiodicarb 6 4 NA NA 5 6 Alpha-cypermethrin NA 6 NA NA 6 7 Methamidophos 5 8 NA NA 7 8 Diuron Paraquat 7 NA NA NA 7 10 Oxamyl Cyanazine Methidathion 9 14 NA NA Bifenthrin Metolachlor Metolachlor, (S) 14 NA NA NA Parathion, methyl NA Chlorpyrifos Parathion Fluometuron NA NA Cyclanilide 17 NA NA NA Cyfluthrin NA NA Endosulfan Glufosinate ammonium NA NA Lambda-cyhalothrin NA NA Prometryn NA NA Trifluralin Mepiquat chloride NA NA Thidiazuron NA NA ,4-D Glyphosate Key Pesticides Assessed By all Aldicarb, Cypermethrin Methomyl Ranking of Common Pesticides: Glyphosate and 2,4-D

12 Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Rankings Ranked by % of Total Impact (1 kg of each Pesticide) Summary Pesticide Impact2002+ ReCiPe CML TRACI Average 1 Cypermethrin Aldicarb Methomyl Dicrotophos 0.05 NA NA NA Cyanazine Paraquat 0.03 NA NA NA Diuron Tribufos 0.00 NA NA Methamidophos NA NA Thiodicarb NA NA 0.02

13 Human Toxicity Rankings Ranked by % of Total Impact (1 kg of each Pesticide) Summary Pesticide Impact2002+ ReCiPe CML TRACI Average 1 Cypermethrin Aldicarb Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.13 NA NA NA Chlorpyrifos Diuron Cyanazine NA Acephate Dicrotophos 0.03 NA NA NA Tribufos 0.00 NA NA Parathion, methyl NA 0.02

14 Aquatic Toxicity Rankings Ranked by % of Total Impact (1 kg of each Pesticide) Summary Pesticide Impact2002+ ReCiPe CML TRACI Average 1 Cypermethrin Aldicarb Methomyl Prometryn NA NA Cyanazine Diuron Tribufos 0.00 NA NA Lambda-cyhalothrin NA NA Thiodicarb NA NA Metolachlor

15 Single Score Rankings Ranked by % of Total Impact (1 kg of each Pesticide) Impact2002+ ReCipe Average 1 Cypermethrin Aldicarb Methomyl Dicrotophos 0.04 NA Chlorpyrifos Paraquat 0.02 NA Methamidophos Lambda-cyhalothrin Oxamyl Diuron

16 Arkansas RR Flex - ReCiPe Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Human Terrestrial

17 Arkansas RR Flex - ReCiPe Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Acephate Ethephon Metolochlor Human Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance DALY Total 8.2E-05 1 Acephate 7.4E-05 2 Ethephon 6.3E-06 3 Metolachlor 5.5E-07 4 Mepiquat chloride 3.6E-07 5 Cyfluthrin 3.2E-07 6 Prometryn 2.3E-07 7 Dicamba 2.1E-07 8 Glyphosate 3.5E-09 9 Thidiazuron - 10 Thiamethoxam - 11 Paraquat - 12 Imidacloprid - 13 Flumioxazin - 14 Dicrotophos - 15 Cyclanilide - 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester -

18 Arkansas RR Flex - ReCiPe Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Metolochlor Prometryn Cyfluthrin Terrestrial Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance species.yr Total 3.1E-06 1 Metolachlor 2.1E-06 2 Prometryn 3.2E-07 3 Cyfluthrin 2.9E-07 4 Mepiquat chloride 1.4E-07 5 Ethephon 1.2E-07 6 Thidiazuron 7.6E-08 7 Acephate 2.9E-08 8 Dicamba 1.7E-08 9 Glyphosate 9.2E Thiamethoxam NA 11 Paraquat NA 12 Imidacloprid NA 13 Flumioxazin NA 14 Dicrotophos NA 15 Cyclanilide NA 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester NA

19 Arkansas RR Flex - ReCiPe Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Acephate Metolochlor Single Score Values Ethephon Prometryn Cyfluthrin Mepiquat chloride Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance Pt Total Acephate Metolachlor Ethephon Prometryn Cyfluthrin Mepiquat chloride Thidiazuron Dicamba Glyphosate Thiamethoxam - 11 Paraquat - 12 Imidacloprid - 13 Flumioxazin - 14 Dicrotophos - 15 Cyclanilide - 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester -

20 Arkansas RR Flex Impact2002+ Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Human Noncarcinogens Terrestrial

21 Arkansas RR Flex Impact2002+ Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Acephate Dictrophos Metolochlor Human Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance DALY Total 1.3E-04 1 Acephate 9.4E-05 2 Dicrotophos 2.7E-05 3 Metolachlor 8.1E-06 4 Prometryn 1.5E-06 5 Ethephon 6.9E-07 6 Glyphosate 3.5E-07 7 Dicamba 1.8E-07 8 Cyfluthrin 1.4E-07 9 Paraquat 8.1E Mepiquat chloride 4.5E Thidiazuron NA 12 Thiamethoxam NA 13 Imidacloprid NA 14 Flumioxazin NA 15 Cyclanilide NA 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester NA

22 Arkansas RR Flex Impact2002+ Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Dictrophos Glyphosate Mepiquat chloride Paraquat Terrestrial Metolochlor Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance PDF*m2*yr Total Dicrotophos Glyphosate Mepiquat chloride Paraquat Metolachlor Ethephon Prometryn Acephate Dicamba Cyfluthrin Thidiazuron Cyclanilide Thiamethoxam NA 14 Imidacloprid NA 15 Flumioxazin NA 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester NA

23 Arkansas RR Flex Impact2002+ Ranked by % of Total Impact Actual Application a.i. for each Pesticide Dictrophos Glyphosate Acephate Mepiquat chloride Single Score Paraquat Metolochlor Arkansas Cotton furrow 12 Row RR Flex No Substance Pt Total Dicrotophos Glyphosate Acephate Mepiquat chloride Paraquat Metolachlor Ethephon Prometryn Dicamba Cyfluthrin Thidiazuron Cyclanilide Thiamethoxam NA 14 Imidacloprid NA 15 Flumioxazin NA 16 Carfentrazone ethyl ester NA

24 Arkansas Toxicity Impact Methods: Each Method only maps ~ half of the pesticides used Impact Categories: Terrestrial and Human Toxicity are both high, but not in same order Pesticides: Acephate ranks high on human toxicity for both Metolochlor also seen somewhat high on both They don t use Aldicarb, Cypermethrin or Methomyl Summary: Methods don t necessarily appear consistent Possibly if we mapped all pesticides they might

25 Production Methods ReCiPe Single Score Method Arkansas California Georgia Kansas Texas Terrestrial Human

26 Production Methods Impact2002+ Single Score Method Arkansas California Georgia Kansas Texas

27 Production and Population: Risk Levels

28 Conclusions Impact Methods: ReCiPe and Impact2002+ are most thorough Methods are somewhat but not fully consistent Impact Categories: Terrestrial, followed by Human and Aquatic Pesticides: Per kg: Aldicarb, Cypermethrin and Methomyl As applied: Not yet studied Production Regions: Southeast appears to have highest impact Production Methods: Not yet studied

Drinking-Water Systems Regulation O. Reg. 170/03

Drinking-Water Systems Regulation O. Reg. 170/03 Part III Form 2 Section 11. ANNUAL REPORT. Drinking- System Number: 210002183 Drinking- System Name: Marsville Subdivision Well Supply System Drinking- System Owner: Township of East Garafraxa Drinking-