Table of Contents. Foreword. The Taste for Measuring and Modeling... Nicole MATHIEU

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1 Table of Contents Foreword. The Taste for Measuring and Modeling... Nicole MATHIEU xi Preface... xxiii Acknowledgements...xxv Chapter 1. The Place of Both the Model and Modeling in HSS... 1 Patrice LANGLOIS and Daniel REGUER 1.1. Models and modeling: definitions The mathematical concept of a model The semantic conception The empirical concept Links between the mathematical model and its object Is there a specificity of HSS? Modeling: explain to understand? Bibliography Chapter 2. From Classic Models to Incremental Models Yves GUERMOND 2.1. The geographic object Lessons from the classic models Introduction to dynamics and auto-organization From auto-organization to complexity Spatial agents Incremental modeling Bibliography... 35

2 vi The Modeling Process in Geography Chapter 3. The Formalization of Knowledge in a Reality Simplifying System Françoise LUCCHINI 3.1. Formalizing a complex cultural system using a series of perspectives An initial perspective on culture and the city: the French example A simplification of the cultural system in place in France that is transposable to other countries Culture: possible measures Culture in a centralized state: a French diagnostic turned towards the elaboration of a transposable investigation protocol The necessary re-formulation of knowledge to overcome the successive and qualitative steps of advancement Differentiation of the system of cities by culture: contribution of the spatial analysis for testing the global cultural model A methodological investigation to define the cultural potential of British and French cities and their competitive capacity A comparative intra-urban study of two cities: similar disparities at the heart of the urban areas of Rouen and Brighton Alternative formalizations Measuring urban cultural potential A way to better define the global operation of the cultural system Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4. Modeling and Territorial Forecasting: Issues at Stake in the Modeling of Réunion s Spatial System Gilles LAJOIE 4.1. Introduction A few major theoretical breakthroughs for modeling spatial complexity Modeling and territorial forecasting of the socio-spatial system of Réunion Spatial complexity and social urgency in Réunion or future deviations The trend scenarios or the probable future Catastrophic scenarios/unacceptable futures Reformist scenarios/desirable futures Modeling of Réunion s socio-spatial system Graphic modeling of Réunion s complexity Towards a modeling of the dynamics of Réunion s system Conclusion Bibliography... 98

3 Table of Contents vii Chapter 5. One Model May Conceal Another: Models of Health Geographies Alain VAGUET 5.1. Modeling in order to surpass descriptions? Mode of the models and models in vogue Modeling of healthcare provision The models put to comprehension and action testing Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6. Operational Models in HMO Jean-François MARY and Jean-Manuel TOUSSAINT 6.1. Buffer and barycenter to determine the location of cardiac defibrillation Thiessen s accessibility formula Accessibility: the direct added-value of the GIS A regional database of road accessibility devoted to emergency The reallocation projects and their consequences Relocation of a medical clinic: simulation of a new accessibility Bibliography Chapter 7. Modeling Spatial Logics of Individual Behaviors: From Methodological Environmentalism to the Individual Resident Strategist Michel BUSSI 7.1. Reconsidering spatial determinism: modeling versus local development Ecological methodology Individualism and ecology What place does geography have in the systemic approach to societal phenomena? The collective dimension of individual facts: the intra-urban example Towards a post-industrialist behavior Self-organization and segregation Space/individualism: two interpretations From neighborhood effect to the theory of the citizen-resident-strategist Bibliography Chapter 8. Temporalities and Modeling of Regional Dynamics: The Case of the European Union Bernard ELISSALDE 8.1. Integrating time and temporalities into spatial models A renewed approach to time Temporalities and complex systems...164

4 viii The Modeling Process in Geography A necessary introduction of polytemporality into modeling Introduction of complexity theory in the interpretation of regional inequalities in Europe The European Union: regional convergences or divergences? Which interpretive models? The evolution of regional inequalities in Europe Evaluating the issue of possible catch-up and convergence Hypothesis of the neighborhood effect Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 9. Modeling the Watershed as a Complex Spatial System: A Review Daniel DELAHAYE 9.1. Shape indices for measuring various forms of a watershed Organization of the networks Genesis of hydrographical networks Researching network laws Towards a law concerning reach distribution Synthesis concerning the shape and organization indices From morphometry to complex systems Methodological framework Results from the simulation Applications and the contributions of the cellular automaton Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10. Understanding to Measure...or Measuring to Understand? HBDS: Towards a Conceptual Approach for the Geographic Modeling of the Real World Thierry SAINT-GERAND A forgotten face of the geographic approach The causality in question The concept in the light of the technique: collisions and misadventures of a couple in disharmony The conceptual modeling of the geographic phenomena: a necessary prerequistie, why and how The GIS: a special spatial information system The geographic object: logic makes the entity Formalizing a spatial reasoning in databases Operational structures for the geographic modeling of the real world Preliminary research into the data structuring methods: a historical overview...227

5 Table of Contents ix A methodology adapted to research: hypergraphic modeling by Bouillé Spatial concepts and planar law for a hyper(geo)graphic reasoning Example of thematic application: the industrial risks at Notre- Dame-de-Gravenchon (lower Seine valley) Identifying the specific and central concepts To identify the peripheral concepts Formalizing the spatial synthesis of danger Back to the sources Bibliography Chapter 11. Complexity and Spatial Systems Patrice LANGLOIS 11.1 The paradigm of complexity The systemic paradigm: from the combinatorial to emergence The systemic triangle The whole is greater than the sum of its parts The whole is less than the sum of its parts The whole as a structure of its components The whole as an emergence of its parts Moving towards a more formalized definition of the notion of a spatial system First definition of a system Geographic objects Interactions The functioning of a system A formal definition of a spatial system Bibliography Chapter 12. Cellular Automata for Modeling Spatial Systems Patrice LANGLOIS The concept of the automaton and its modeling A little bit of history The concept of the finite state automaton Mealy and Moore automata An example of Moore s automaton Moore s automaton simplified Logic gate AND: an example Threshold automata, window automata The automaton and the stochastic process The concept of the cellular automaton Level of formalization Presentation of the concept The formal definition of a cellular automaton...287

6 x The Modeling Process in Geography The cellular network The neighborhood operator and cell neighborhoods Input pattern The local rule of the transition of the cell Configuration and global transition mechanism Configuration space: attractor, attraction basin, Garden of Eden D cellular automata The game of life: an example CAs used for geographic modeling Diffusion simulation The SpaCelle model Simulation of surface runoff: RuiCells model Bibliography Websites Chapter 13. Multi-Agent Systems for Simulation in Geography: Moving Towards an Artificial Geography Eric DAUDE Introduction From global to local description of structures and spatial dynamics Spatial analysis in practice Artificial geography in practice Multi-agent systems Environment Agents in the environment Method of communication between agents Multi-agent systems and geography A typology of MAS models Artificial geography: simulations of structures and spatial dynamics Emergence and evolution of spatial structures Exploration of dynamics in space Practices, representations and organization of space Conclusion Bibliography Conclusion Yves GUERMOND List of Authors Index...339