Springer. Advances in Spatial Science

Transcription

1 Advances in Spatial Science Editorial Board David F. Batten Manfred M. Fischer Geoffrey J.D. Hewings Peter Nijkamp Folke Snickars (Coordinating Editor) Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo

2 Titles in the Series c. S. Bertuglia, M. M. Fischer and G. Preto (Eds.) Technological Change, Economic Development and Space XVI, 354 pages ISBN H. Coccossis and P. Nijkamp (Eds.) Overcoming Isolation VIII, 272 pages ISBN X 1. Anselin and R. /.G.M. Florax (Eds.) New Directions in Spatial Econometrics XIX, 420 pages ISBN Y. Leung Intelligent Spatial Decision Support Systems XV, 470 pages ISBN c. S. Bertuglia, S. Lombardo and P. Nijkamp (Eds.) Innovative Behaviour in Space and Time X, 437 pages ISBN A. Nagurney and S. Siokos Financial Networks XVI, 492 pages ISBN X H. Eskelinen and F. Snickars (Eds.) Competitive European Peripheries VIII, 271 pages ISBN M. M. Fischer and A. Getis (Eds.) Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis X, 434 pages ISBN /. C./.M. van den Bergh, P. Nijkamp and P. Rietveld (Eds.) Recent Advances in Spatial Equilibrium Modelling VIII, 392 pages ISBN R.H.M. Emmerink Information and Pricing in Road Transportation XVI, 294 pages ISBN P. Nijkamp, G. Pepping and D. Banister (Eds.) Telematics and Transport Behaviour XII, 227 pages ISBN D. F. Batten and C. Karlsson (Eds.) Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development VIII, 298 pages ISBN T. Puu Mathematical Location and Land Use Theory IX, 294 pages ISBN

3 Piet Rietveld Frank Bruinsma Is Transport Infrastructure Effective? Transport Infrastructure and Accessibility: Impacts on the Space Economy With 50 Figures and 99 Tables, Springer

4 Professor Dr. Piet Rietveld Dr. Frank Bruinsma Vrije Universiteit Faculty of Economics De Boelelaan 1105 NL-IOBI HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Cataloging-in-Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Rietveld, Piet: Is transport infrastructure effective? : transport infrastructure and accessibility impacts on the space economy; with 99 tables I Piet Rietveld; Frank Bruinsma. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1998 (Advances in spatial science) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1998 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific, statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcoverdesign: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN / Printed on acid-free paper

5 Preface When in 1989 the authors started research on infrastructure, they did not foresee that this would lead to a long-term involvement in this area. Our beginning happened to coincide with the publication of David Aschauer's article on public capital and productivity, which induced a large flow of publications in this field. Infrastructure has indeed been a hot topic in policy and research during the past decade. It is surprising, however, that the number of monographs on spatial and economic impacts of infrastructure has remained very limited. The aim of this book is to contribute to the literature in a consolidated way. A distinguishing feature of our book is that we analyze infrastructure impacts using various methods (both modelling and non-modelling) at a variety of spatial levels (from local to international). Other special features are that we make ample use of 'accessibility' as a bridge concept between the areas of infrastructure and the economy. Finally, we not only treat transport infrastructure projects as given, as is the usual approach in infrastructure impact research, but we also analyze the factors influencing infrastructure supply. We have adopted a mainly non-technical approach throughout most of the book. This means that it can also be used by readers without a strong background in statistics, modelling or micro-economics. A considerable part of the book is clearly related to papers already published in various journals and edited books. The essential sections of the introductory Chapters (J -4) however, have been written specifically for this book. The empirical part of the book has both a national (Dutch) and an international (European) orientation, however, the emphasis is not on the specific

6 VI Preface region or country itself, but rather on the existence and spatial distribution of impacts of infrastructure projects (urban belt ways, international express ways, railways, etc). Therefore, we believe that the book is also valuable for those not particularly interested in the specific regions examined. It was about seven years ago after completing a book that one of the authors insisted he would never write a book again because of the large amount of work involved and the frustrations with the word-processors of that time. The present book shows that this claim was premature. Improved word processors have indeed helped soften some of the hardships of writing, and infrastructure appeared to be a challenging theme to address. We want to express our gratitude to several colleagues who contributed to specific sections of the book. In alphabetical order we thank Jaap Boonstra, Maarten Hilferink, Joost van Nierop, Peter Nijkamp, Gerard Pepping, and Sytze Rienstra for their valuable contributions. The maps in the book have mostly been produced by o"ur colleagues Wim Douven, Michel Grothe, and particularly Niels Vlaanderen, who have great expertise with Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Not only are we thankful to colleagues working in our own department; the following colleagues throughout Europe made their data available for us: Nadine Cattan, DA TAR, Ulf Erlandsson, Javier Gutierres, Wilhelm Meester, Piet Pellenbarg, Klaus Spiekermann, and Michael Wegener. Michel Wegener and Chris Jensen-Butler and Bjarne Madsen were so kind to allow us to use parts of their empirical studies as examples of international-oriented infrastructure impact research. The results of some research projects are already presented in journals or as chapters in edited books. We thank the publishers Carfax (Regional Studies, Urban Studies), KNAG (TESG), Nomos, Pion (Environment & Planning A), Springer (Annals of Regional Science), and Wiley for their permission to rewrite and use the material once again for this book. We also thank the editorial board of Advances in Spatial Science (especially Folke Snickars), as well as Marianne Bopp from Springer for their encouragement to complete this project. Finally, we thank Sue Davis who corrected our English. Amsterdam, Easter 1998 Piet Rietveld Frank R. Bruinsma

7 Contents 1 Introduction Introduction 1.2 The Scope of the Book Policy Analysis of Infrastructure Projects: Impact Studies Accessibility Impacts Infrastructure and Location Decisions of Firms Transport Infrastructure: Supply or Demand Driven? Infrastructure and the Environment JO 1.8 Aim and Structure of the Book 12 Part A: Concepts, Theory and Review of Empirical Research 2 Concepts and Data I ntroducti on Defining Infrastructure Infrastructure and Publicly Provided Capital Ways of Measuring Infrastructure Trends in Infrastructure Investments Europe The Netherlands Trends in Private Versus Public Capital Formation The Accessibility Concept Definitions of Accessibility 33

8 VIII Contents Further Variations in the Accessibility Concept Problems in the Measurement of Accessibility A Broader Comparison of Some Accessibility Measures Link between Infrastructure Improvement and Accessibility 43 Conclusion 44 3 Theory: Infrastructure and the Space Economy Introduction Transport Infrastructure as a Production Factor Transport Infrastructure, Interregional Trade and Industrial Location Transport Infrastructure and Interregional Trade Transport Infrastructure and Industrial Location 3A Other Approaches to Measure Effects of Infrastructure Improvements 3 A.I Spatial Organization of Distribution 3 A.2 Housing and Labour Market 3A.3 Transport Infrastructure and Land Prices 3 AA Monopolistic (Monopsonistic) Price Setting 3.5 Distributive and Generative Effects 3.6 External Benefits to Transport? 3.7 Costs and Benefits Versus Other Effects of Infrastructure Investment 3.8 Conclusion A Review of Empirical Infrastructure Impact Research 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods for Analyzing Transport Infrastructure Impacts 4.3 Transport Infrastructure and RegionallNational Productivity 4A Transport Infrastructure and Relocation of Economic Activity 4.5 Transport Infrastructure and Intra-Urban Development 4.6 Major European Infrastructure Projects: Two Case Studies The Danish Fixed Links The Channel Tunnel 4.7 Concluding Remarks

9 Contents IX Part B: European Accessibility Studies Introduction to Part B The Accessibility of Cities in European Infrastructure Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methodology 5.3 Air Traffic 5.4 Rail Traffic 5.5 Road Traffic 5.6 National Borders as Barriers in the Road Network 5.7 Integration of the Transport Modes: the Shortest Travel Time 5.8 Equity in Accessibility Air Traffic and the Shortest Travel Time Rail Traffic Road Traffic The Transport Modes Compared 5.9 Concluding Remarks 6 A Comparison of European Accessibility Studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A Comparison of Accessibility Measures Methodological Aspects of the Seven Studies A Comparison of Approaches 6.3 Comparison of the Rankings of Each Transport Mode Multi-Modal Air Traffic Rail Traffic High-Speed Trains Network Comparison between Modes 6.4 Conclusion Appendices

10 x Contents Part C: Regional and Urban Impact Studies Introduction to Part C Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development: Regional Models Introduction- The Development of Accessibility in the Netherlands The Development of Regional Employment in the 174 Netherlands The Development of Accessibility in the Different Zones Using an Accessibility Index Correlations in Accessibility Growth 183 A Reference Region Approach Introduction to the Al Highway and the AI-Regions The AI-Regions Compared with the Remainder of the Intermediary Zone The AI-Regions Compared to Reference Regions Remarks on the Reference Region Approach A Regional Labour Market Approach The Regional Labour Market: an Introduction The Results of the Model for Total Regional Employment Results for the Transport and Communication Sector Conclusions Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development: Entrepreneurial Surveys Introduction Entrepreneurial Surveys: an Introduction The Surveys of 1989 and General Results of the 1989 Survey 8.3 Infrastructure-<md Firm Development Development of Employment New and Relocated Firms 8.4 Infrastructure Components The Impact of Infrastructure in General Bottlenecks in the Infrastructure Networks

11 Contents XI Impact of the A 1 on the Performance of Firms Conclusions Infrastructure and Urban Development: the Amsterdam Orbital Motorway Introduction Analyzing Impacts of Orbital Motorways The Amsterdam Orbital Motorway Introduction Effects of the Opening of the Orbital Motorway on the Traffic Volumes Effects of the Opening of the Orbital Motorway on Traffic Behaviour Effects of the Opening of the Orbital Motorway on Congestion Effects of the Orbital Motorway on the Office Market Effects of the Orbital Motorway by Entrepreneurs Introduction The Use of the Amsterdam Orbital Motorway Hindrance Before the Opening The Effects of the Opening for the Companies Expected Consequences if the Orbital Motorway had not been Completed Conclusion Amsterdam Orbital Motorway Models Versus Surveys? Results Achieved by Model Approaches Results Achieved by Entrepreneurial Surveys Accessibility and the Valuation of Cities Introduction The Valuation of Dutch Cities as Industrial Sites Accessibility of the Cities via the Road Network Operationalization Accessibility The Accessibility Measures Road Infrastructure and the Valuation of Location Sites Correlation Analysis

12 XII Contents Regression Analysis Conclusion Urban Location Preferences of Entrepreneurs Introduction Different Applications of Entrepreneurial Surveys Relocations of Firms The Location of Firms in The Relocations during the Period Locational Preferences of Firms A Stated Preference Analysis of Locational Profiles Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Conclusions 294 Part D: Infrastructure Supply Studies Introduction to Part D Evolution of the Dutch Railway Network and Urban Development Introduction The Interrelationship between Network Development and Urban Development Development of the Dutch Railway System Historical Description Factors at the Demand Side Cost Factors Military Considerations Network Design Methods Network Design: Cost Minimization Algorithms Network Design: Introduction of the Demand Side The Rate of Return on Investment in Network Infrastructure Application: the Development of the Dutch Railway System Impacts of Railway Development on Urban Development 326

13 Contents xiii 12.7 Concluding Remarks Appendices Determinants of Infrastructure Supply in European Regions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Spatial Distribution of Infrastructure Networks 13.3 A Spatial Model of Infrastructure Supply 13.4 Estimation of the Infrastructure Supply Model 13.5 Infrastructure Supply within Border Regions 13.6 Concluding Remarks Conclusion 14.1 The Infrastructure Concept 14.2 Accessibility 14.3 Impacts of Infrastructure Supply 14.4 Spatial Scale of Infrastructure Impacts 14.5 Infrastructure Impacts: Models Versus Entrepreneurial Perceptions 14.6 Locational Behaviour 14.7 Analysis of the Behaviour of Suppliers of Infrastructure 14.8 Is Infrastructure Effective? 14.9 Prospects References