Chemical Fingerprinting and Biomarkers (Hydrocarbon Forensics)
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1 Chemical Fingerprinting and Biomarkers (Hydrocarbon Forensics) April 19, 2018 Kesavalu M. Bagawandoss, Ph.D., J.D. Laboratory Director Copyright 2018TestAmerica. All rights reserved.
2 Agenda Introduction Why do we need Chemical Fingerprinting? How do Products get into the Environment? What is necessary to perform Fingerprinting? Analytical Tiers Methods and Choices Laboratory Information Example Data Summary Communication
3 Introduction Types of Products Chemical Fingerprinting and Comparisons Hydrocarbon GW Plume Sources Multiple Sources State Agency Analytical Parameter Recommendations Combination of Methods Tiered Approach to Characterization
4 Why do we need Chemical Fingerprinting? Characterization of Product Determination of Source Multiple Sources? Allocation of Liability
5 How do Products get into the Environment? Spills Leaks Explosions Natural Seeps ( GPD)(NOAA, Lorenson et al., 2011)
6 What is necessary to perform Fingerprinting? Samples from Site Source Product or Products Historical Background All other Information MORE INFORMATION THE BETTER!!!
7 Analytical Tiers Tier I GC/FID* Tier II GC/MS (SHC s, PAH/APAH s, BIOMARKERS, PIANO) Tier III CSIA (Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis) *Fuels comparison Whole Oil Analysis (GC/FID) P (Paraffins), I (Isoparaffins), A (Aromatics), N (Naphthenes), O (Olefins)
8 Methods and Choices Volatiles (VOA) GC/FID GC/MS SW Mod. SW Mod. SW D Mod. ASTM D7900 (Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (DHA)) ASTM D6730 Mod. (DHA Analysis) ASTM D8003 HPLIS (n-c1 through n-c24) Organic Lead, Manganese Analysis Sulfur Analysis (ASTM D4294.)
9 Methods and Choices Semi Volatiles (SVOA) GC/FID GC/MS SW Mod ASTM D3328 ASTM D7363 ASTM D5739 SW D Mod SINTEF 2002 Prep Methods Cleanup Methods Quantitative method best approach
10 Matrices Pure Product NAPL (Nonaqueous Phase Liquids) Soils & Sediments Water Matrix Combinations
11 Factors Affecting Fingerprinting Weathering Evaporation Water Washing Biodegradation Additives and Blending Crude Oil Genesis Petroleum Refining Mixing in the Environment Naturally Occurring Sources and Anthropogenic Sources
12 Techniques Fingerprints Diagnostic ratios Models, Statistics, Chemo metrics Mapping and Visualization
13 Data Presentation Quantitation Reports GC/FID traces Total Ion Chromatograms Weathering patterns Diagnostic ratios Isoprenoids, PAH s/apah s, Biomarkers Histograms SHC s, PAH s/apah s, Biomarkers, Metals Determination of processes (Petrogenic, Pyrogenic, Biogenic) Scatter Plots, Radar Plots (PIANO Components) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Data Interpretation Reports
14 Example Data GC/FID Traces
15 Example Data - Overlays
16 Example Data Weathering patterns
17 Example Data Weathering patterns
18 Example Data - PIANO PIANO - GC/MS 8260 (Paraffins, Isoparaffins, Aromatics)
19 Example Data PIANO PIANO - GC/MS 8260 (Naphthenes & Olefins)
20 Example Data Diagnostic Ratios Isoprenoid Ratios n-c17/pristane n-c18/phytane Pristane/Phytane n-c17/n-c18 PAH s C2 DBT/C2 PHE C3 DBT/C3 PHE C3 DBT/C3 CHR
21 Example Data Diagnostic Ratios Isomerization Isopentane / Pentane 2-Methylpentane / 3-Methylpentane Evaporation n-pentane / n-heptane 2-Methylpentane / 2-Methylheptane Water Washing Benzene / Cyclohexane Toluene / Methylcyclohexane Aromatics / Total Paraffins Aromatics / Naphthenes Benzene / Toluene Toluene / Total Xylenes Biodegradation (C4 - C8 Paraffins + Isoparaffins) / C4 - C8 Olefins 3-Methylhexane / n-heptane Methylcyclohexane / n-heptane Isoparaffins + Naphthenes / Paraffins Octane Rating / Alkylation 2,2,4,-Trimethylpentane / Methylcyclohexane Refining Ratios 2,2,4 - TMP+Toluene / n-c7 + n-c8 2,2,4 - TMP / (2,2,4 - TMP + 2,2,3 - TMP + 2,3,4 - TMP + 2,3,3 - TMP) n-c4/(n-c4 + i-c4) i-c5/(i- C5 + n- C5) Naphthalene/n-C12 Note: TMP = Trimethylpentane
22 Example Data - Histograms
23 Example Data - Histograms
24 Example Data - Histograms 600 Example PAH/APAH Histogram - Crude Oil (petrogenic signature) Fluorene C1-Fluorenes C2-Fluorenes C3-Fluorenes Naphthalene C1-Naphthalenes C2-Naphthalenes C3-Naphthalenes C4-Naphthalenes Phenanthrene/Anthracene C1-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C2-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C3-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C4-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes Fluoranthene/Pyrene C1-Fluoranthenes/pyrene C2-Fluoranthenes/Pyrene C3-Fluoranthenes/Pyrene Chrysene C1-Chrysenes C2-Chrysenes C3-Chrysenes C4-Chrysenes Benzo(b)thiophene C1-Benzothiophenes C2-Benzothiophenes C3-Benzothiophenes C4-Benzothiophenes Dibenzothiophene C1-Dibenzothiophenes C2-Dibenzothiophenes C3-Dibenzothiophenes C4-Dibenzothiophenes Decahydronaphthalene (cis & trans) C1-Decalins C2-Decalins C3-Decalins C4-Decalins Crude
25 Example Data - Histograms 600 Example PAH's/APAH's - Coal Tar (pyrogenic signature) Coal Tar 0 Fluorene C1-Fluorenes C2-Fluorenes C3-Fluorenes Naphthalene C1-Naphthalenes C2-Naphthalenes C3-Naphthalenes C4-Naphthalenes Phenanthrene/Anthracene C1-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C2-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C3-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C4-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes Fluoranthene/Pyrene C1-Fluoranthenes/pyrene C2-Fluoranthenes/Pyrene C3-Fluoranthenes/Pyrene Chrysene C1-Chrysenes C2-Chrysenes C3-Chrysenes C4-Chrysenes Benzo(b)thiophene C1-Benzothiophenes C2-Benzothiophenes C3-Benzothiophenes C4-Benzothiophenes Dibenzothiophene C1-Dibenzothiophenes C2-Dibenzothiophenes C3-Dibenzothiophenes C4-Dibenzothiophenes Decahydronaphthalene (cis & trans) C1-Decalins C2-Decalins C3-Decalins C4-Decalins
26 Example Data - Histograms
27 Example Data - Histograms
28 Example Data - Histograms
29 Example Data Radar Plot
30 Summary Analysis is complicated Methods are standard with modifications Must understand the overall history Must know the site well and its documentation Multiple sources always a problem Source and Library of Components Necessary Multiple Paths for Data Interpretation Interpretation consists of visual and quantitative techniques Cannot provide rush TATs like the traditional analyses Lots of Information Needed!!!!!
31 References 1. SW SW SW mod. 4. ASTM D ASTM D6730 Mod 6. ASTM D Oil Spill Environmental Forensics Fingerprinting and Source Identification, Zhendi Wang and Scott A. Stout, Introduction to Environmental Forensics, 3 rd Edition, Brian L. Murphy and Robert D. Morrison, Kaplan Isaac R. (2003), Age Dating of Environmental Organic Residues, Environmental Forensics, 4:2, Kaplan Isaac R. et. Al., Forensic Environmental Geochemistry: differentiation of fuel-types, their sources and release time, Org. Geochem. Vol. 27, No. 5/6, , Ioana Petrisor, Contaminant Source Tracking and Age-Dating, San Diego, CA, Feb. 28-Mar 11, PIANO+hydrocarbons&source=bl&ots=wmrmGNEq8m&sig=tY6SykWAujs9nr54ea7hP03mFM0&hl=en &sa=x&ved=0ahukewi54thb36xxahus3ymkhcdcbeoq6aeisdag#v=onepage&q=star%20diagra ms%20for%20piano%20hydrocarbons&f=false. 14. Robert D. Morrison, Environmental Forensics Principles & Applications, ource=univ&sa=x&ved=0ahukewjjr4z3-kzxahvd-mmkhuxyd_oqsaqijq&biw=1920&bih=1024
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