Status of the EXO double beta decay project. Andreas Piepke for the EXO Collaboration University of Alabama
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1 Status of the EXO double beta decay project Andreas Piepke for the EXO Collaboration University of Alabama
2 Double beta research is relevant for: particle physics cosmology No further elaboration possible in a 15 min talk! 6/24/2009 Blois 2
3 Double beta decay: Simultaneous decay of two neutrons into two protons via virtual intermediate nucleus. Two neutrino mode: 2n 2p + 2e - + 2ν e Neutrinoless mode: 2n 2p + 2e - Very rare second order decay, allowed in standard model. Observed for 10 nuclides but not 136 Xe. e - have continuous energy distribution. Mediated by exchange of light neutrinos or super symmetric particles. Requires ν to be Majorana particles. For neutrino mass mode decay rate proportional to squared average ν mass. 6/24/2009 Blois 3
4 Decay modes distinguished by measurement of electron sum energy. Left: expected spectra for 200 kg 136 Xe in one year. Right: leakage of ββ2ν-events into ββ0ν analysis interval. 5.8 th power! 6/24/2009 Blois 4
5 6/24/2009 Blois 5
6 EXO goals: Probe degenerate and inversely hierarchical mass scenarios for Majorana neutrinos. Use high resolution tracking detection of decay electrons and final state (Ba) tagging for unambiguous ββ decay signature. If decay is observed, compare to yield determined by other experiments to exclude unaccounted background and test consistency of nuclear matrix elements. 6/24/2009 Blois 6
7 EXO detection strategy Xe TPC detect the 2 electrons (ionization + scintillation in xenon detector) e e- - e - e e Xe 136 Ba e - (+ 2νe) positively identify daughter via optical spectroscopy of Ba + ion tip [M. Moe, Phys. Rev. C 44 (1991) R931] other Ba + identification strategies are also being investigated within the EXO collaboration CCD observe single ion 6/24/2009 Blois 7
8 EXO s two parallel research thrusts: EXO-200 uses 200 kg of isotopically enriched 136 Xe. Demonstrate sufficient energy resolution, background, test Heidelberg claim for neutrinoless decay and measure two neutrino decay mode. Use simultaneous detection of charge and scintillation light. Light read-out via APDs. No Ba tagging. Large next generation double beta decay experiment in advanced state of assembly at WIPP (NM). Development of single Ba ion detection using laser pumping, Ba retrieval. A lab demonstrator is being set up to quantify all efficiencies. If required by physics build a large 1 to 10 ton experiment combining both aspects. 6/24/2009 Blois 8
9 EXO-200: An intermediate detector without Ba tagging using 200 kg liquid xenon, isotopically enriched to 80% 136 Xe ( 108 C, 3.02 g/cm 3 ) 6/24/2009 Blois 9
10 25 cm Pb 5 cm Cu cryostat 50 cm cryogenic fluid HFE-7000 EXO-200 Thin walled Cu TPC
11 Lab preparation 6/24/2009 Blois 11
12 Jun, 2006 Sep, 2006 May, 2007 June, EXO-200 schedule and location Cryostat and lower Pb installed (Stanford) First empty cool-down (Stanford) Replace super insulation (Stanford) Move clean rooms to WIPP Finish underground manufacturing of TPC components. E-beam weld pressure vessel. Assemble and install TPC and veto at WIPP. 6/24/2009
13 October 2007: cleanrooms and gowning area installed at WIPP. Staging container for component pre-cleaning installed at WIPP. 6/24/2009 Blois 13
14 Background control 6/24/2009 Blois 14
15 Natural, cosmogenic and anthropogenic radioactivity content of all construction materials quantified using various techniques. EXO testing program: more than 450 material measurements. Techniques: Low background γ-counting (Th/U): 1 ppb (UA) 10 ppt (Bern) Mass spec (Th/U): 10 ppt GDMS, 1 ppt ICPMS (INMS Canada) NAA utilizing MIT reactor (Th/U): 0.02 to 0.3 ppt (UA) α counting for 210 Pb analysis of shielding lead (via 210 Po): 5 Bq/kg (UA) Rn counting, PIN diode with electrostatic collection: 10 atoms (Laurentian, Canada) Keep track of results through an elog data base. D. Leonard et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 591 (2008) 3. 15
16 Use Monte Carlo to quantify background impact of every det. component. 6/24/2009 Blois 16
17 The TPC 6/24/2009 Blois 17
18 Energy resolution improvement in LXe Compilation of Xe resolution results Ionization alone: σ(e)/e = 570 kev or Q ββ EXO ioniz only Ionization & Scintillation: σ(e)/e = 570 kev or Q ββ (a factor of 2 better than the Gotthard TPC) E.Conti et al. Phys. Rev. B (68) EXO ioniz + scint EXO-200 will collect 3-4 times as much scintillation further improvement possible 5/20/2009 IPMU 18
19 Charge Detection Double-ended TPC chamber with ~20 cm drift regions. In Xe about 50 e/kev at 2480 kev results in 124,000 e-. Mid-plane cathode biased up to -75 kv 38 Inductive Y wires per side at -4 kv, 100% charge transparent. 38 X wires at virtual ground to collect the charge. Light detection: mm (active area) APD s. QE measured to be 120% at 175 nm by NIST. Geometrical photo-coverage ~17%. Compared to PMTs with about 30% QE corresponds to 70% coverage. Read-out: gangs of seven APD s Yield enhanced by reflective Teflon reflectors in TPC. 6/24/2009 Blois 19
20 6/24/2009 Blois 20
21 6/24/2009 Blois 21
22 September /24/2009 Blois 22
23 Because of limited overburden at WIPP (1585 mw.e.) we are setting up an active scintillation muon veto system. 6/24/2009 Blois 23
24 EXO-200 Majorana mass sensitivity Assumptions: 1) 200kg of Xe enriched to 80% in 136 2) σ(e)/e = 1.4% obtained in EXO R&D, Conti et al Phys Rev B 68 (2003) ) Low but finite radioactive background: 20 events/year in the 2σ interval centered around the 2.46MeV endpoint 4) Negligible background from 2νββ (T 1/2 > yr R.Bernabei et al. measurement) Case EXO- 200 Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) σ E 2.5MeV (%) Radioactive Background (events) T 1/2 0ν (yr, 90%CL) Majorana mass (mev) QRPA 1 NSM * ) Rodin, et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 793 (2007) ) Caurier, et. al., arxiv: v2 6/24/2009 Blois 24
25 Ba single ion detection Out of time? Skip to end 6/24/2009 Blois 25
26 ββ decay observables Energy deposition from two e - a.u. (T 1 +T 2 )/Q ββ e - e - ν e ν e Daughter nucleus 136 Xe 136 Ba ++ 6/24/2009 Blois 26
27 Under development: Ba ion retrieval system based on charged probe (grabber) Release technology e.g. by coating probe with thin Xe ice Ba+ single ion detection via laser spectroscopy in ion trap 6/24/2009 Blois 27
28 Cryogenic dipstick Capture ion on SXe coating LHe cooling (~20K) to maintain stable SXe coating in 10-8 torr vacuum Microcapacitor used to measure and stabilize SXe with accuracy of a few monolayers in LXe and vacuum 6/24/2009 Blois 28
29 Prototype grabber and linear ion trap at Stanford. 6/24/2009 Blois 29
30 6/24/2009 Blois 30
31 Stable laser tagging system Reference Cavities 6/24/2009 Blois 31
32 Grabber insertion port Gas purifier system Linear trap Lasers RF/DC feed Reference trap Laser injection optics 6/24/2009 Blois Microscope & readout 32
![potential [V] High ion loading efficiency](/docs-images/89/98394085/images/33-1.jpg "observed.")
33 Ba + Linear Ion Trap Vcos(Ωt) + U U Ba oven Scope CCD Spectroscop y lasers e- gun DC potential [V] High ion loading efficiency observed. Ions loaded at one end will travel to the other. Ions can be manipulated by changing DC potential configuration. Ba Buffer gas 0 Volts -5 Volts
34 4 ions 3 ions 2 ions 1 ion 0 ions Ion signal as a function of time as ions are loaded and unloaded from the linear trap. The quantized structure demonstrates our ability to detect single atoms in a buffer gas with high S/N. 6/24/2009 Blois 34
35 EXO neutrino effective mass sensitivity Assumptions: 1) 80% enrichment in 136 2) Intrinsic low background + Ba tagging eliminate all radioactive background 3) Energy res only used to separate the 0ν from 2ν modes: Select 0ν events in a ±2σ interval centered around the 2.46 MeV endpoint 4) Use for 2νββ T 1/2 > yr (Bernabei et al. measurement) Case Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) σ E 2.5MeV (%) 2νββ Background (events) T 1/2 0ν (yr, 90%CL) Majorana mass (mev) QRPA 1 NSM 2 Conserva tive * 0.5 (use 1) 2* Aggressi ve (use 1) 4.1* * s(e)/e = 1.4% obtained in EXO R&D, Conti et al Phys Rev B 68 (2003) s(e)/e = 1.0% considered as an aggressive but realistic guess with large light collection area 1) Rodin, et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 793 (2007) ) Caurier, et. al., arxiv: v2 6/24/2009 Blois 35
36 Conclusion The investigation of neutrinoless double beta decay allows to test the properties of neutrinos under CP conjugation, paired with nuclear structure calculation it probes the neutrino mass scale. Oscillation results now set a scale for these searches and the next generation of experiments is being set up. An unambiguous decay signature will be important for a positive claim. EXO is being set up to provide such signature in form of final state detection. The next step is EXO-200 without Ba tagging. The Ba retrieval and detection technology developed in parallel. First EXO-200 data is expected this year. 6/24/2009 Blois 36
37 The EXO team 6/24/2009 Blois 37
38 What if the Heidelberg signal is due to ββ0ν decay? Central value T 1/2 (Ge) = , ( 3σ) (MPL A 1547 (06) A Ge and Xe experiment have the neutrino mass in common: 1 1 T 0ν 0ν 2 2 G = m 2 ββ = 0ν Ge M 0ν 0ν Ge 0ν 0ν 0ν 0ν 0ν 1/2, Xe Ge = GGe M T Ge 2 1/2,Ge = αt T1/2,Xe 1/2,Ge G Xe M 0ν 0ν Xe G Xe MXe In 200 kg EXO, after 2 yrs of life time: Worst case (RQRPA, upper limit, α=0.53): 46 events on top of 40 events bkgd 5.0 σ Best case (NSM, lower limit, α=0.20): 170 events on top of 40 bkgd 11.7 σ 2 6/24/2009 Blois 38
39 Xe offers a qualitatively new tool against background: 136 Xe 136 Ba ++ e - e - final state can be identified using optical spectroscopy (M.Moe PRC44 (1991) 931) Ba + system best studied (Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toshek, Dehmelt 1980) Very specific signature shelving Single ions can be detected from a photon rate of 10 7 /s Important additional constraint Drastic background reduction 2 S 1/2 493nm 2 P 1/2 4 D 3/2 650nm metastable 47s 6/24/2009 Blois 39
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