The Enriched Xenon Observatory for Double Beta Decay
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1 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 1 The Enriched Xenon Observatory for Double Beta Decay Francisco LePort Stanford University
2 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 2 EXO neutrino effective mass sensitivity Assumptions: 1) 80% enrichment in 136 2) Intrinsic low background + Ba tagging eliminate all radioactive background 3) Energy res only used to separate the 0ν0 from 2ν2 modes: Select 0ν0 events in a ±2σ interval centered around the MeV endpoint 4) Use for 2νββ2 T 1/2 > yr (Bernabei( et al. measurement) Case Conserva Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) σ E 2.5MeV (%) 2νββ Background (events) T 1/2 0ν (yr, 90%CL) tive * 0.5 (use 1) 2*10 27 Aggressi ve (use 1) 4.1*10 28 Majorana mass (mev) QRPA NSM # Redshaw et al. Phys Rev Let 90, (2007) * σ(e)/e = 1.4% obtained in EXO R&D, Conti et al Phys Rev B 68 (2003) σ(e)/e = 1.0% considered as an aggressive but realistic guess with h large light collection area Rodin et al Phys Rev C 68 (2003) # Courier et al. Nucl Phys A 654 (1999) 973c
3 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 3 Multiple Paths to a Background Free Detector EXO High Pressure Gas TPC Cryogenic Liquid TPC Ba Identification in High- Pressure Gas Ba Identification in Liquid Ba Identification in low-pressure Gas
4 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 4 Detection Method Overview [M. Moe, Phys. Rev. C 44 (1991) R931] 136 Xe 136 Ba e - (+ 2νe) Ion grabber/mover Optical Spectroscopy of Ba+ Xe TPC e e- - e - e e- -
5 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 5 EXO-200 Goals Search for 0νββ in 136 Xe with competitive sensitivity Measure 2vββ half life of 136 Xe (best limit currently set by Bernabei et al, 1x10 22 y) Understand the operation of a large LXe detector Understand backgrounds / characterize detector materials Learn about large scale Xe enrichment Understand Xe handling, purification, resolution
6 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 6 EXO-200 Detector Improve energy resolution via simultaneous collection of ionized electrons and scintillation light (confirmed by others) E. Conti et al. (EXO Collab), PRB: 68(2003)054201] Ionization and Scintillation results using 207 Bi
7 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 7 EXO-200 TPC Central HV plane (photoetched phosphor bronze) acrylic supports (one holds the field divider resistor chain) APD plane (copper) and grid plane (photo-etched phosphor bronze) field shaping rings (copper) flex cables on back of APD plane (copper on kapton, no glue) teflon light reflectors/diffusers
8 Detector Components 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 8
9 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 9 Chamber Chamber is fully designed and being machined at Stanford University under 7 m.w.e shielding E-beam welding will be used for all but final weld to minimize introduction of radioactive background
10 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 10 The EXO-200 detector 200 kg of LXe in thin vessel (ultra pure copper, 1.5 mm thick) double walled vacuum insulated cryostat (ultra pure copper, 2.5 cm thick) 50 cm of ultra pure cryofluid, providing large thermal bath for uniform temperature and excellent screening from external γ rays (density = 1.8 at -100 C) (3M HFE-7000, hydrofluoroether C 3 F 7 OCH 3 )
11 The EXO-200 detector class 100 clean room 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 11 Refrigeration and HFE feedthroughs hermetic lead enclosure (25 cm, low Pb-210 activity)
12 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 12 Electronics -Fully designed and in production -DAQ software has been written -Fine tuning of shaping times and other parameters underway
13 6/11/07 Francisco LePort Xe stockpile ini shipping container 200 kg of xenon enriched to 80% in 136 Xe : the largest isotope possession by any ββ collaboration
14 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 14 APD and Electronics commissioning Test 16 APDs simultaeously using a Xe scintillation source and an 55 Fe source Full DAQ chain in use (HV board, FEC, TEM, Linux PC with DAQ software)
15 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 15 Commissioning LXe and Refrigeration Systems In April, successfully liquefied 30 kg of Natural Xe in a dummy stainless steel vessel!
16 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 16 EXO-200 clean rooms milling machine + lathe for xenon chamber The EXO-200 modular clean rooms 2m thick concrete roof Sheilded shipping container for Cu and Detector soft wall clean room: pre-assembly and cleaning HFE storage dewar in shipping container
17 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 17 muon flux at WIPP (~ 1700 m.w.e.): m -2 s -1 ( m -2 s -1 sr -1, ~15 m -2 h -1 ) EXO-200 [E.-I.Esch et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 538(2005)516] underground at WIPP
18 Materials qualification database 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 18 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) - Alabama (MIT reactor) ICP-MS and GD-MS - INMS (Ottawa) Radon emanation - Laurentian (Sudbury) Gamma counting - Neuchatel, Alabama Alpha counting - Alabama, Carleton, SLAC, Stanford ~ 330 entries
19 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 19 EXO-200kg Majorana mass sensitivity Assumptions: 1) 200kg of Xe enriched to 80% in 136 2) σ(e)/e = 1.4% obtained in EXO R&D, Conti et al Phys Rev B 68 (2003) ) Low but finite radioactive background: 20 events/year in the ±2σ interval centered around the 2.458MeV endpoint 4) Negligible background from 2νββ2 (T > yr R.Bernabei et al. measurement) Case Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) (T 1/2 >1 σ E 2.5MeV (%) Radioactive Background (events) T 1/2 0ν (yr, 90%CL) Majorana mass (ev) QRPA NSM Prototype * * What if Klapdor s observation is correct? Rodin et al Phys Rev C 68 (2003) Courier et al. Nucl Phys A 654 (1999) 973c Central value T 1/2 (Ge)) = , (±3σ)( (Phys. Lett.. B 586 (2004) consistently use Rodin s s matrix elements for both Ge and Xe) In 200kg EXO, 2yr: Worst case (QRPA, upper limit) 15 events on top of 40 events bkgd 2σ Best case (NSM, lower limit) 162 events on top of 40 bkgd 11σ
20 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 20 Ba Retrieval and Tagging Goals Identify the Ba daughter of the ββ decay with high efficiency One method: Retrieve Ba daughter from LXe Release Ba daughter into a linear RF quadrupole trap Positively identify Ba daughter via laser spectroscopy, possibly in the presence of Xe gas Other methods under development: Spectroscopy of Ba directly in LXe Spectroscopy of Ba in high pressure GXe
21 Create Ions Single Ba ion trapping Hyperbolic field traps ions radially Spectroscopy is done Ba oven e-gun Fluorescence imaging Buffer gas (He/Xe) kinematically cools Ion... 0 V -10 V DC field is graded to trap Ions axially short longitudinal trapping segment 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 21
22 Linear ion trap at Stanford EMCCD camera with scope 493/650 nm lasers Input optics (493 nm, 650 nm beams on single fiber) 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 22
23 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 23 First detection of single ions in buffer gas! Single ion cloud (5 s integration) 10-3 Torr He P(493) = 75 µw P(650) = 300 µw Electrodes glowing from scattered laser light 4.4x10-3 Torr He 2 ions 1 ion Unpublished, paper in preparation
24 Capacitive cryo-tip 1 mm Picture of sensor lhe line He return Vacuum insulation Edge welded bellows (400mm travel) Cu cold-finger (2 mm diameter) Fingers for dielectric ice-thickness measurement: ε r (Xe,liquid) = 1.88 ε r (Xe,solid) = 2.25 Turbo pump Ice thickness sensor Gate valve 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 24
25 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 25 Thin layer freezing lhe cryostat Actuator Paper submitted to Rev Sci Inst arxiv: v1 [physics.gen-ph] 6/4/07 in 1e -8 mbar vacuum in 700 mbar Xe from liquid Xe Ice sensor Sensor-tip lxe cell
26 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 26 Preliminary Results -Freeze thin Xe layer on tip -Load Ba ions onto tip, trapping them in Xe Ice -Vaporize the Xe, view time correlated signal in Channeltron -Unfortunately, no sensitivity to ion type Heater Cryo-tip Channeltron Ice thickness sensor with +/- HV Ion optics Ionizer Ba+ + source Ion trap
27 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 27 Tip moving robot In progress 2 mm Cryo-tip (ground) Electrostatic field lines -HV Ion trap LXe cell 38 mm Ion mobility: µ ~ 0.3 cm 2 /kvs v = µ x 1kV/cm ~ 0.3 cm/s K. Wamba et al. (EXO Collab), NIM A 555 (2005) 205
28 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 28 Conclusions EXO-200 will move to WIPP in July! Commissioning of many major components complete Detector design complete, components are in hand and being assembled Ba retrieval and identification along the path to completion Single Ion Ba spectroscopy in buffer gas well understood Retrieval system being pursued with good success Integrated system designed and in early stages of assembly Full EXO is on the horizon!
29 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 29 Enriched Xenon Observatory for double beta decay D.Leonard, A.Piepke Physics Dept, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL P.Vogel Physics Dept Caltech, Pasadena CA A.Bellerive, M.Bowcock, M.Dixit, I.Ekchtout, C.Hargrove, D.Sinclair, V.Strickland Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada B. Mong, W.Fairbank Jr., S.Jeng, K.Hall Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO M.Moe Physics Dept UC Irvine, Irvine CA D.Akimov, A.Burenkov, M.Danilov, A.Dolgolenko, A.Kovalenko, D.Kovalenko, G.Smirnov, V.Stekhanov ITEP Moscow, Russia J.Farine, D.Hallman, C.Virtue Laurentian University, Canada E.Baussan, M.Hauger, F.Juget, L.Ounalli, D.Schenker, J-L.Vuilleumier, J-M.Vuilleumier, P.Weber Physics Dept University of Neuchatel, Switzerland C. Hall, L. Kaufman Physics Dept University of Maryland, College Park MD M.Breidenbach, R.Conley, J.Hodgson, D.McKay, A.Odian, C.Prescott, P.Rowson, J.Sevilla, K.Skarpaas, K.Wamba, J.Wodin SLAC, Menlo Park CA R.DeVoe, P.Fierlinger, B.Flatt, G.Gratta, M.Green, F.LePort, M.Montero Diez, R.Neilson, K. O Sullivan, A.Pocar Physics Dept Stanford University, Stanford CA
30 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 30 Main γ (external) backgrounds γ (2449 kev) from 214 Bi decay (from 238 U and 222 Rn decay chains) γ (2615 kev) from 208 Tl decay (from 232 Th decay chain) γ (1.4 MeV) from 40 K (a concern for the 2νββ) 60 Co: kev simultaneous γ s (from 63 Cu(α,n) 60 Co) other γ s in 238 U and 232 Th chains other cosmogenics of Cu (a concern for the 2νββ)
31 6/11/07 Francisco LePort 31 Build an AC quadrupole potential: Single Ba ion trapping longitudinal trapping radial trapping write: trap parameters:
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