The Enriched Xenon Observatory
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1 The Enriched Xenon Observatory Michelle Dolinski Stanford University for the EXO Collaboration CIPANP 2009
2 The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) The goal of EXO is to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 136 Xe using a large-scale Xe detector with Ba + tagging. Motivation for the EXO detector Ba + tagging -Ba + trapping -Daughter ion extraction Ton-scale Xe detector technologies -Liquid-phase research and development -Gas-phase research and development EXO-200 detector -Recent progress -Schedule Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 2
3 Sensitivity S 0 a 1/2 A MT B 1/2 is efficiency a is isotopic abundance A is atomic mass M is source mass T is time B is background is resolution To maximize sensitivity: Large mass Low background High detection efficiency Good energy resolution In addition, identification of the daughter isotope would reject most sources of background and confirm double beta decay. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 3
4 EXO will search for the decay: 136 Xe 136 Ba + 2e - Choice of isotope T 1/2 0 > 1.2 x y (90% C.L.) R.Bernabei et. al., Phys.Lett. 546B, 23 (2002) Natural isotopic abundance of 8.9 % -Inexpensive enrichment F.Simkovic et al., Phys.Rev.C77:045503,2008 Q-value of 2479 kev -favorable phase space -above most naturally occurring -rays Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 4
5 Ba + tagging 136 Xe 136 Ba e - Ba + system best studied (Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toshek, Dehmelt 1980) Very specific signature 493nm 2 P 1/2 650nm 4 D 3/2 metastable 47s Single ions can be detected from a photon rate of 10 7 /s 2 S 1/2 Ba + tagging would allow for the elimination of all backgrounds except the background from 2. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 5
6 Trapping Vcos( t) + U U Ba oven Scope CCD Spectroscopy lasers e - gun DC potential [V] Ba Buffer gas 0 Volts -5 Volts Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 6
7 Trapping Tip loading access Main turbo port Loading region in the vacuum tank Ba oven ~9 discrimination in 25s integration M.Green et al., Phys Rev A 76 (2007) B.Flatt et al., NIM A 578 (2007) 409 e-gun Differentially pumped aperture Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 7
8 Liquid-phase R&D Advantages of LXe detector: -Compact detector -Low background Development: -EXO-200 -Ba + extraction probes Ionization alone: (E)/E = 570 kev or Q Ionization & Scintillation: (E)/E = 570 kev or Q E.Conti et al., Phys. Rev. B: (2003) Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 8
9 Ba + extraction - Liquid phase Cryogenic probe Resonance-ionization spectroscopy (RIS) P.Fierlinger et al, Rev. Sci. Instr. 79, (2008) Michelle Dolinski 5/26/2009 9
10 Gas-phase R&D Advantages of GXe detector: -Improved resolution -Tracking capabilities -Possible in situ ID of Ba + daughter Development: -Gas TPCs at Gotthard and Laurentian University Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
11 Ba + extraction - Gas phase Barium ions are guided towards the exit orifice and focused using a high-field asymmetric waveform technique. The second chamber is maintained at a pressure of ~10-30 mb using a cryopump and is lined with an RF carpet. An RF funnel guides the ions towards the RF quadrupole which is at high vacuum. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
12 EXO-200: Enriched Xe The EXO collaboration has 200 kg of Xe, enriched to 80% in 136 Xe. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
13 EXO-200: Detector ~1.5m ~1.5m HFE7000 cooling/shielding fluid Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
14 EXO-200 TPC X and Y wire grids provide positionsensitive collection of ionization. LAAPDs collect scintillation signal and give timing information. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
15 Copper vessel Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
16 TPC halves Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
17 Flex cables Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
18 EXO-200 detector Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
19 Cryogenics Commissioning of cryogenics at WIPP is currently underway. Cryo-commissioning at Stanford, Spring 2007 Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
20 WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, NM. Salt mine and low level radioactive waste storage. ~1600 m.w.e. flat overburden. EXO-200 Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
21 Background Massive effort on material radioactive qualification using: Neutron activation analysis Low background -ray spectroscopy -counting Radon counting High sensitivity GD-MS and ICP-MS At present the database of characterized materials includes >300 entries. NIM article published on the subject with entries for 225 materials [D.Leonard et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 591, 490 (2008)] Case Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) E 2.5MeV (%) Radioactive Background (events) T 1/2 0 (yr, 90%CL) Majorana mass (ev) QRPA NSM EXO x * Rodin, et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 793 (2007) * Caurier, et. al., arxiv: v1 Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
22 Sensitivity to 2 mode 2 of 136 Xe has never been observed. Experimental limit Leuscher et al Gavriljuk et al Bernabei et al Theoretical prediction [T max 1/2 ] QRPA (Staudt et al) QRPA (Vogel et al) NSM (Caurier et al) T 1/2 (yr) > > > = = (= ) evts/year in EXO-200 (no efficiency applied) <1.3 M <0.6 M <48 k =23 k =0.58 M (=0.23 M) Excellent prospects for detection of the 2 decay mode in EXO-200. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
23 Sensitivity of full EXO Assumptions: 1) 80% enrichment in 136 Xe 2) Intrinsic low background + Ba tagging eliminate all radioactive background 3) Energy resolution only used to separate the 0 from 2 modes: Select 0 events in a ±2 interval centered around the 2.481MeV endpoint 4) Use for 2 T 1/2 > yr (Bernabei et al. measurement) Case Mass (ton) Eff. (%) Run Time (yr) E 2.5MeV (%) 2 Background (events) T 1/2 0 (yr, 90%CL) Majorana mass (mev) QRPA NSM # Conservative (use 1) 2 x Aggressive (use 1) 4.1 x Rodin, et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 793 (2007) # Caurier, et. al., arxiv: v1 Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
24 Schedule EXO-200 detector assembly complete, installation at WIPP in First physics data by the end of the year. The results will determine the future direction of the EXO program. Continuing development of Ba + tagging technologies. Work is going forward on gas-phase Xe detectors. Michelle Dolinski 5/26/
25 Collaboration K.Barry, E.Niner, A.Piepke Physics Dept., U. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL, USA P.Vogel Physics Dept., Caltech, Pasadena CA, USA A.Bellerive, M.Bowcock, M.Dixit, K.Graham, C.Hargrove, E.Rollin, D.Sinclair, V.Strickland Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada C.Benitez-Medina, S.Cook, W.Fairbank Jr., K.Hall, B.Mong Colorado State U., Fort Collins CO, USA M.Moe Physics Dept., UC Irvine, Irvine CA, USA D.Akimov, I.Alexandrov, A.Burenkov, M.Danilov, A.Dolgolenko, A.Karelin, A.Kovalenko, A.Kuchenkov, V.Stekhanov, O.Zeldovich ITEP Moscow, Russia B.Aharmin, K.Donato, J.Farine, D.Hallman, U.Wichoski Laurentian U., Canada H.Breuer, C.Hall, L.Kaufman, D.Leonard, S.Slutsky, Y- R.Yen U. of Maryland, College Park MD, USA K.Kumar, A.Pocar U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst MA, USA M.Auger, G.Giroux, R.Gornea, F.Juget, G.Lutter, J- L.Vuilleumier Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Bern, Switzerland N.Ackerman, M.Breidenbach, R.Conley, W.Craddock, S.Herrin, J.Hodgson, D.Mackay, A.Odian, C.Prescott, P.Rowson, K.Skarpaas, J.Wodin, L.Yang, S.Zalog SLAC, Menlo Park CA, USA L.Bartoszek, R.Cooper, R.DeVoe, M.Dolinski, B.Flatt, G.Gratta, M.Green, F.LePort, M.Montero- Diez, R.Neilson, A.Reimer-Muller, A.Rivas, K.O'Sullivan, K.Twelker Physics Dept., Stanford University, Stanford CA USA
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