-SQA- SCOTTISH QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY HIGHER NATIONAL UNIT SPECIFICATION GENERAL INFORMATION

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1 -SQA- SCOTTISH QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY HIGHER NATIONAL UNIT SPECIFICATION GENERAL INFORMATION -Unit Number Superclass- -Title- RD CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DESCRIPTION- GENERAL COMPETENCE FOR UNIT: Describing the preparation and reactions of simple aliphatic compounds, explaining mechanisms of some organic reactions and the concepts of stereochemistry. S 1. name and represent aliphatic compounds; 2. describe the structure, preparation and reactions of hydrocarbons and functionalised hydrocarbons; 3. explain the concepts of stereochemistry in simple aliphatic compounds; 4. describe the structure, preparation and properties of molecules containing carbon-oxygen double bonds. CREDIT VALUE: 1.5 HN Credits ACCESS STATEMENT: Successful completion of the HN unit General Chemical Principles or the equivalent For further information contact: Committee and Administration Unit, SQA, Hanover House, 24 Douglas Street, Glasgow G2 7NQ. Additional copies of this unit may be purchased from SQA (Sales and Despatch section). At the time of publication, the cost is 1.50 (minimum order 5.00).

2 HIGHER NATIONAL UNIT SPECIFICATION STATEMENT OF STANDARDS UNIT NUMBER: UNIT TITLE: CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Acceptable performance in this unit will be the satisfactory achievement of the standards set out in this part of the specification. All sections of the statement of standards are mandatory and cannot be altered without reference to SQA. 1. NAME AND REPRESENT ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS The naming of aliphatic compounds is correct in terms of IUPAC nomenclature. Representations of aliphatic compounds are consistent with IUPAC names. Aliphatic compounds: simple alkanes; alkenes and alkynes; haloalkanes; aminoalkanes, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids and esters; structural isomers of these compounds. Written evidence deriving names from the structures given in the range. Written evidence of the ability to draw the structures given their names. Evidence must be collected for one example of each class of aliphatic compound in the range, containing between 2 and 8 carbons. 2

3 2. DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE, PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS AND FUNCTIONALISED HYDROCARBONS (d) Explanations of the shapes of and bond angles found in alkanes, alkanes and alkynes are correct in terms of orbital overlap and hybridisation. The descriptions of synthetic routes to given target molecules are correct with respect to reactant and reactant conditions. The descriptions of the main reactions of a given hydrocarbon and functionalised hydrocarbon are correct in terms of products obtained. The explanation of the mechanism of electrophilic addition to an alkene is accurate with respect to electron movement. Synthetic route to/main reactions of: alkanes; alkenes; alkynes; haloalkanes; alkanols; aminoalkanes. Written evidence covering PC s and (d); for PC written evidence describing two synthetic routes to target molecules, for PC a minimum of six reactions must be described. 3. EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF STEREOCHEMISTRY IN SIMPLE ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS (d) (e) The definition of stereochemical terms is accurate and illustrated with appropriate examples. The naming of geometric and optical isomers is correct in terms of cis/trans, Z/E notation and R/S notation respectively. The structure and stability of compounds is correctly related to their possible geometric configuration. Prediction of the number of optical isomers in a compound with two chiral centres is correct. The description of the separation of a pure optical isomer from a racemate is correct in terms of method and reagents used. 3

4 The range for this outcome is fully expressed within the performance criteria. Written evidence of the ability to define 4 of the following stereochemical terms: conformations; geometric isomers; chirality; enantiomers; optical activity; diastereoisomers; racemic mixture; resolution. 4. DESCRIBE STRUCTURE, PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF MOLECULES CONTAINING CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE BONDS (d) (e) The explanation of the chemical properties of a carbonyl compound is correctly related to electron distribution and bonding. Descriptions of the main reactions of alkanals and alkanones are correct in terms of products obtained and reaction mechanism. Description of methods of preparation of alkanoic acids is correct. Descriptions of the principal reactions of alkanoic acids and derivatives are correct in terms of reaction mechanism and products obtained. Explanations of the acidity of alkanoic acids and substituted alkanoic acids are correct in terms of electronic theory. Main reactions of alkanals, alkanones: reduction. nucleophilic addition; oxidation; Acid derivatives: acid halide; acid anhydride; ester; amide. Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids: oxidation of alcohols; Grignard reagents; nitrite hydrolysis. Written evidence covering the PC's and range. 4

5 MERIT A candidate will be awarded a Pass with Merit if he/she has met the conditions for a pass in the unit and in so doing can demonstrate superior performance in all outcomes of the unit. Superior performance might be demonstrated by, for example: giving a more in-depth explanation of organic reactions; giving a more in-depth explanation of the effect of stereochemistry on structure and reactivity; giving a more in-depth explanation of resolution of a racemate giving three examples ASSESSMENT In order to achieve this unit, candidates are required to present sufficient evidence that they have met all the performance criteria for each outcome within the range specified. Details of these requirements are given for each outcome. The assessment instruments used should follow the general guidance offered by the SQA assessment model and an integrative approach to assessment is encouraged. (See references at the end of support notes.) Accurate records should be made of the assessment instruments used showing how evidence is generated for each outcome and giving marking schemes and/or checklists, etc. Records of candidates' achievements should also be kept. These records will be required for external verification. SPECIAL NEEDS Proposals to modify outcomes, range statements or agreed assessment arrangements should be discussed in the first place with the external verifier. Copyright SQA 1996 Please note that this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that: (i) (ii) no profit is derived from the reproduction; if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. 5

6 HIGHER NATIONAL UNIT SPECIFICATION SUPPORT NOTES UNIT NUMBER: UNIT TITLE: CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SUPPORT NOTES: This part of the unit specification is offered as guidance. None of the sections of the support notes is mandatory. NOTIONAL DESIGN LENGTH: SQA allocates a notional design length to a unit on the basis of the time estimated for achievement of the stated standards by a candidate whose starting point is as described in the access statement. The notional design length for this unit is 60 hours. The use of notional design length for programme design and timetabling is advisory only. PURPOSE To introduce fundamental concepts required for the more detailed study of organic chemistry. CONTENT/CONTEXT Corresponding to outcomes: Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Trivial and IUPAC names should be introduced. Free radical halogenation, combustion of alkanes; additions to alkenes - hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, reaction with hydrogen halides (Markownikoff s rules), hydroboration, polymerisation, reaction with permanganate and ozone. Reactions of alkynes - production of ethanal from ethyne, reduction with hydrogen, reaction with HCl, acidity. Reactions of haloalkanes - nucleophilic substitutions, formation of Grignard reagents, formation of alkenes. Reactions of alcohols - oxidation (classes of alcohols), reaction with sodium, ester formation, reaction with hydrogen chloride, ether formation, dehydration. Reactions of amines - formation of salts, quaternary salts, reaction with nitrous acid. Preparation of amines from nitro compounds, haloalkanes, nitriles, amides and other nitrogen containing compounds. Outcome 3 Conformations of ethane, butane. Geometric isomerism - alkenes and cyclic compounds, Z/E, cis/trans notation, stability of isomers. 6

7 Optical isomerism - nomenclature, R/S notation, chirality, enantiomers, optical activity, diastereoisomers, resolution of a racemate. Outcome 4 Nucleophilic addition to alkanals and alkanones - hydrogen cyanide and sodium bisulphite, ammonia and ammonia derivatives, Grignard reagents. Reduction and oxidation. Preparation of acids from alcohols, using Grignard reagents and nitriles. Properties of acids - acidity, conversion into acid halide, anhydride, amide and ester. Reduction of acids, halogenation and decarboxylation. Additions of bisulphite, ammonia and amine derivatives to alkanals and alkanones. REFERENCES 1. Guide to unit writing. 2. For a fuller discussion on assessment issues, please refer to SQA's Guide to Assessment. 3. Information for centres on SQA's operating procedures is contained in SQA's Guide to Procedures. 4. For details of other SQA publications, please consult SQA's publications list. Copyright SQA 1996 Please note that this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that: (i) (ii) no profit is derived from the reproduction; if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged. 7