15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions
|
|
- Allen Williams
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 15.1: Hydrocarbon Reactions Halogenation An alkane will react with a halogen to produce a halalkane and the corresponding hydrogen halide. The catalyst is ultraviolet radiation. Reaction 1 methane chlorine chloromethane hydrogen chloride Reaction 2 propane bromine 2-bromopropane hydrogen bromide 1-bromopropane Notice that the second reaction has two possible haloalkanes. The halogen will replace any hydrogen in the alkane and so there would be two haloalkanes produced in this reaction: 2-bromopropane and 1- bromopropane Combustion Reactions Combustion is the process of burning in the presence of oxygen. It is the rapid reaction in which oxygen and alkanes may undergo complete or incomplete combustion. Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion also produces carbon dioxide and water but also carbon soot and carbon monoxide. Crude petroleum, in the form of crude oil, is not very useful. It is a complex mixture of many aliphatic and aromatic compounds. In order to produce more useful alkanes and alkenes, the large alkanes are cracked into smaller alkanes and alkenes. With a catalyst and under high temperatures, large alkanes are cracked to produce smaller alkanes and alkenes. Catalytic reforming of crude petroleum converts aliphatic compounds into aromatic compounds. The following example shows the catalytic cracking and reforming of heptane in the presence of high temperatures and a catalyst. 173
2 Alkene Reactions i.) Addition Reactions There are three types of addition reactions involving alkenes: hydrogenation, halogenation and hydrohalogenation. Each reaction name provides a clue as to the other reactant reacting with the alkene. All three are, respectively, are shown in the following reactions: In each of the above cases, the double bond has been broken, allowing another atom to bond with the carbons that initially made up the double bond. In the case of hydrogenation, each carbon receives a hydrogen. In halogenation, each double bonded carbon receives a halogen. The hydrogen and halogen both bond with the carbons that were initially double bonded. Markovnikov s Rule The symmetrical or the unsymmetrical structure of an alkene determines the products in the hydrohalogenation reaction. In a symmetrical alkene, there is only product. There is the possibility of two products when an unsymmetrical alkene undergoes a hydrohalogenation reaction. A symmetrical alkene refers to the similarity of the two carbons that form the double bond. If both carbons have the same structural arrangement, then there is symmetry. If one carbon, between the two that are double bonded, has a different arrangement, then it is unsymmetrical. Observe the following examples: Symmetrical Alkene 174
3 Unsymmetrical Alkene In the unsymmetrical alkene hydrohalogenation reaction, Markovnikov s rule states that the double bonded carbon with more bonded hydrogens in the unsymmetrical alkene will attract the hydrogen more than the halogen. The halogen will gravitate to the double bonded carbon with the fewer hydrogens. The reaction between 1-octene and hydrogen bromide is: Sample Problem: Complete the following reaction: ii.) Hydration In the presence of a strong acid, an alkene will react with water to produce an alcohol. Notice that Markovnikov s rule applies when an alkene is hydrated. Observe the following example: Example 1: Example 2: The hydration of 1-methylcyclopentene is: 175
4 iii.) Combustion Like alkanes, alkenes will undergo combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water. Alkyne Reactions i.) Acetylene Combustion and Preparation The most common alkyne is ethyne. It is more commonly known as acetylene, a flammable gas. Welders use acetylene in torches to weld metals. Its very hot flame can reach temperatures of around 3000 C. The combustion reaction is as follows: 2C 2 H 2(g) + 5O 2(g) 4CO 2(g) + 2H 2 O(l) Acetylene can be prepared by reacting calcium carbide with water: CaC 2(s) + 2H 2O (l) C 2H 2(g) + Ca(OH) 2(aq) Check out the following video. A demonstration of the explosive potential of even a small amount of acetylene mixed with the right amount of oxygen Acetylene Explosion Video ii.) Addition Reactions The following names of the types of reactions involving alkynes provide clues to the other reactant and the resulting product(s). Halogenation The halogenation of alkynes produces haloalkanes. The more common halogens are chlorine and bromine. Examine the following examples: Example: Example: The reaction between 2-pentyne and bromine is: 176
5 Hydrogenation The hydrogenation of an alkyne produces an alkane with the assistance of a nickel catalyst. Example: The hydrogenation of propyne with a nickel catalyst is: There are two other possibilities of hydrogenation of an alkyne: production of a cis and trans alkene. Sample Problem: Show the hydrogenation of 2-butyne with a sodium and liquid ammonia catalyst. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physical and Chemical Properties Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons are nonpolar. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as hexane, carbon tetrachloride, and ether. Benzene is considered to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) and other compounds with multiple benzene rings bonded together are also considered carcinogenic. The boiling and melting points of aromatic compounds are typical of nonpolar organic compounds. 177
6 Substitution Reactions Aromatics undergo substitution reactions with halogens, alkyl halides and nitric acid. Examine the following: Example: The reaction between benzene and bromine is: Sample Problem: Show the reaction between 1-chlorobutane and benzene. 178
7 15.2: Other Carbon Functional Groups Reactions A. Alcohols Reactions Addition: Hydration of Alkenes Alkenes reacting with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, will produce an alcohol. Commercially, ethanol can be produced in this manner. Biologically, ethanol, through the activity of enzymes, can be produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates (sugar or starch) in the absence of oxygen. The following chemical reaction is the fermentation of a sugar: The following reaction is the hydration of an alkene to produce an alcohol: Sample Problem: Show the hydration of propene in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst. Elimination: Dehydration of an Alcohol The dehydration of an alcohol is the reverse reaction of the hydration of an alkene. The dehydration of an alcohol will produce an alkene. Example: The following shows the dehydration of 1-hexanol: Sample Problem: Show the dehydration of 1-butanol, at 180 C, in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst. Substitution: Reaction between an alcohol and a concentrated hydrohalogen acid. Production of an alkyl halide is possible by reacting the corresponding hydrohalogen acid with an alcohol with the addition of heat. The following example shows the substitution reaction between concentrated hydrobromic acid and 1-butanol: 179
8 Sample Problem: Show the reaction between concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1-propanol with the addition of heat. Reaction: Condensation Reaction between Alcohols Ethers can be produced by reacting two alcohols in the presence of sulphuric acid acting as a catalyst. Here is an example of two alcohols reacting where the hydrogen of one alcohol has dissociated and the OH, hydroxyl, group of the other alcohol has dissociated to produce the ether. CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH + OHCH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OCH 2CH 2CH 3 Sample Problem: Name the two reacting alcohols and the ether in the same reaction. CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH + OHCH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OCH 2CH 2CH 3 B. Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions Aldehydes tend to be more reactive than ketones. Formaldehyde is the most reactive of the aldehydes and ketones. The reactivity of these carbonyl groups is due to the partial positive charge of the carbonyl carbon. Addition Reactions One type of addition reaction involves water. Both aldehydes and ketones produce alcohols with two OH groups, diols. An equilibrium system is created when water reacts with these carbonyl groups. The reactions will proceed in the forward and reverse directions. Examples: The following reactions are just two examples: propanone 2,2-propanediol methanal methanediol 180
9 Sample Problems: 1. Complete the following reaction by showing the structural formula and name of the product. 2. Show the structural formulas and the products for the reaction between 3-methyl-2-hexanone and water. Oxidation: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohol. Alcohols can be converted into aldehydes and ketones under mild oxidation conditions. An alcohol at the end of the parent chain, taking part in a mild oxidation, will produce an aldehyde. An alcohol, where the hydroxy group is bonded to a carbon with other carbons, will produce a ketone under mild oxidizing conditions. Observe the following examples: Examples: 1-hexanol pentanal 3-hexanol 3-hexanone Sample Problems: 1. Complete the following reaction by showing the structural formula and name of the product. 2. Show the structural formulas of the complete mild oxidation reaction of 2-butanol and give the name of the product. 181
10 Carboxylic Acid Reactions Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the oxidation of normal alcohols and aldehydes using strong oxidants such as potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, or potassium dichromate, K 2Cr 2O 7. Since carboxylic compounds are acids, they do have the ability to undergo a neutralization reaction to produce an organic salt. Preparation The production of a carboxylic acid from a normal alcohol is a two step process. The oxidation of a normal alcohol can be shown with the reaction between ethanol and an oxidizing agent producing an aldehyde and in return the aldehyde oxidizes to produce a carboxylic acid. The production of acetic acid can take the following form: Step One: ethanol ethanal Step Two: ethanal ethanoic acid Did You Know? When wines turn sour, it is because of the oxidation of ethanol leading to the production of acetic acid. Sample Problems: Show the two step oxidation process of propanol. 182
11 Neutralization Carboxylic acid is a weak acid. The hydrogen in the carboxyl group dissociates in an aqueous solution. This opens up the possibility of reacting with a base to produce an organic salt. Examine the following example showing the neutralization of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide. Example: ethanoic acid sodium ethanoate Sample Problem: Show the neutralization reaction between butanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. Esters Reactions The two types of reactions that will be covered in this activity are esterification, alnd hydrolysis of esters. The former concerns itself with the formation of esters. The hydrolysis of esters is the reverse reaction of esterification. Esterification Esterification is the reaction between an organic acid, carboxylic acid, and an alcohol using an acid as a catalyst and heat. The carboxyl group in the acid loses its OH group and the alcohol loses the hydrogen from its OH group. Water is the other product of the reaction. Note the reaction between salicylic acid and methanol. Sample Problem: Show the esterification of hexanoic acid and ethanol. 183
12 Amines and Amides Reactions The relationship between amines and amides are at the opposite ends of a condensation reaction. Condensation Amines condense with carboxylic acids to produce amides. In the following condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine, take note of the hydroxyl group from the carboxylic acid detaching from its parent and reacting with the hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen. Sample Problem: Show the condensation reaction between propanoic acid and 2-(ethylamino)butane. Polymers Look around you. How many items do you see that are made out of plastic? You are surrounded. In your everyday routine it is most likely that you will come across a polymer. Some examples of synthetic polymers are Teflon, rubber, vulcanized rubber, polyethylene, and PVC. Our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are polymers. Proteins, cellulose and starch are other natural polymers. The term, polymer, refers to a very large molecule that consists of repeating units called monomers. Poly means many and mer means part. Mono means one. The monomers are held together by covalent bonds. Polymerization is the term referring to the chemical reaction that produces a polymer. There are two ways: addition and condensation, depending on the monomers that are taking part in the reaction. In the end, each polymer has its own unique physical and chemical characteristics. 184
13 Addition Addition reactions involve monomers that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. The simplest addition polymer is polyethylene whose starting alkene is ethane. The double bond of ethene breaks and the carbons at each end have bonding capabilities with the other ethene molecules that have their carbon-carbon double bonds broken in the process. The structural formula for ethene is: When the carbon-carbon double bond is broken then these monomer units take on the following structure: Condensation The monomers used in condensation polymerization are difunctional. They have two functional groups at each of their molecules. These reactive functional groups lend themselves to reaction. In a condensation polymerization reaction there is a removal of a small molecule such as water. Some examples of other products of condensation polymerization include wool, silk, cellulose, nylon and starch. The following is an example of a synthetic condensation polymerization reaction involving the production of polyester from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and 2-ethanediol. The other product is water. Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants. It is composed of repeating monosaccharide units such as glucose. The following example shows the participating atoms that together detach and allow a polymer of starch to be formed from the glucose molecules. 185
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationName Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary
More informationDefinition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons Definition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. It is important to note that carbon atoms have 4 free bonds and that hydrogen has 1 free bond.
More informationOrganic Chemistry Worksheets
Highlight the single longest, continuous carbon-carbon chain. Note the alkyl branches that are connected to the root chain. Count the carbons in the root chain, starting from the end closest to the alkyl
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds.
Organic Chemistry Organic compounds: The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. Catenation: The carbon atom has a property to undergo self linking
More informationChemistry 2.5 AS WORKBOOK. Working to Excellence Working to Excellence
Chemistry 2.5 AS 91165 Demonstrate understanding of the properties of selected organic compounds WORKBOOK Working to Excellence Working to Excellence CONTENTS 1. Writing Excellence answers to Cis-Trans
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationCarbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions
arbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups 2 Reactions Not electrolytes; they do not generally conduct electricity. Low melting points; they are nonpolar with weak forces of attraction.
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationORGANIC REACTIONS 11 MARCH 2014
ORGANIC REACTIONS 11 MARCH 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Look at the chemical reactions of organic molecules Summary Organic molecules can undergo several important chemical reactions. 1.
More informationOrganic Chemistry. REACTIONS Grade 12 Physical Science Mrs KL Faling
Organic Chemistry REACTIONS Grade 12 Physical Science Mrs KL Faling SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS This is a reaction where an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms Substitution
More informationvideo 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10
video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationC11.1 Organic Chemistry Quiz Questions & Answers. Parts 1 & 2; all sets Parts 3 & 4; Sets 1 & 2 only
C11.1 Organic Chemistry Quiz Questions & Answers Parts 1 & 2; all sets Parts 3 & 4; Sets 1 & 2 only C11.1 Organic Chemistry Part 1 1. Define a mixture. 2. Define crude oil. 3. Define a hydrocarbon. 4.
More informationUnit 14: Organic Chemistry REGENTS CHEMISTRY
REGENTS CHEMISTRY 1 Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system.
More informationUnit 12 Organic Chemistry
Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationOrganic Chemistry Review: Topic 10 & Topic 20
Organic Structure Alkanes C C σ bond Mechanism Substitution (Incoming atom or group will displace an existing atom or group in a molecule) Examples Occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light or sunlight,
More informationClassifying Hydrocarbons
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationIGCSE SEPARATE SCIENCES TOPIC C14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
IGCSE SEPARATE SCIENCES TOPIC C14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES Organic chemistry is the chemistry of a huge number of compounds containing carbon. Carbon atoms are in group 4 which means they form
More informationAssignment - 3. Organic Chemistry
Assignment - 3 Organic hemistry 85 ORGANI EMISTRY Assignment Sheet 1. (a) For each of the compounds : (i) Ethane (ii) Vinegar, (iii) Marsh gas, draw the relevant structural formula. (b) (i) What words
More informationOrganic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL
Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationReactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key
1) Alcohol Fermentation Reactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key Alcohol fermentation is a series of chemical reaction that convert sugar molecules, such a glucose, into ethanol and C 2. The overall reaction
More information4. Carbon and Its Compounds
4. Carbon and Its Compounds Covalent bonds The bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are known as covalent bonds. In covalent bonding, both the atoms (that are participating in the bonding) share electrons,
More information# Ans Workings / Remarks
# Ans Workings / Remarks 1 B Atomic mass and temperature affects the rate of diffusion of gas. The lower the atomic mass, the lighter the substance. The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of collision
More informationPractice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry
Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo Practice Packet Unit 11: Organic Chemistry www.mrpalermo.com 1 LESSON 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. How many times does carbon bond and why? 2. A student investigated
More informationUnit 2 Review: Organic Chemistry. 1. Terms for which you should be able to write or apply the definitions:
Unit 2 Review: Organic Chemistry 1. Terms for which you should be able to write or apply the definitions: organic compound aliphatic hydrocarbons saturated miscible functional group aromatic hydrocarbons
More informationSlide 1 / 97. Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide 1 / 97 Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide 2 / 97 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Organic compounds range from simple molecules
More informationOCR (A) Chemistry A-level. Module 6: Organic Chemistry and Analysis
OCR (A) Chemistry A-level Module 6: Organic Chemistry and Analysis Organic Synthesis Notes by Adam Robertson DEFINITIONS Heterolytic fission: The breaking of a covalent bond when one of the bonded atoms
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Dr. Catherine Tan. (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus )
Organic Chemistry (IGCSE Chemistry Syllabus 2016-2018) Number of carbon(s) Root Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Carboxylic acids 1 Meth- Methane Methene Methanol Methanoic acid 2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethanol Ethanoic
More informationAn alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
More informationRegents review Organic chemistry
2011-2012 1. Which structural formula represents a saturated hydrocarbon? 2. Which molecule contains ten hydrogen atoms? A) butane B) butene C) propane D) propene 3. A double carbon-carbon bond is found
More informationReplace one H with a Br for every mole of Br 2
Substitution A substitution reaction occurs when a hydrogen atom is removed from a hydrocarbon and replaced by a halide substituent. When a bromine molecule absorbs energy, the covalent bond is broken
More informationCarbon and its Compounds
CHAPTER4 Carbon and its Compounds Multiple Choice Questions 1. Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide only carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide only coal
More informationMODULE-16 HYDROCARBONS. Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms:
MODULE-16 YDROARBONS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED YDROARBONS:- ydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms: (i) Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between
More information9. Which compound is an alcohol? A) methanol C) butane B) ethyne D) propanal
1. Given the structural formulas for two organic compounds: The differences in their physical and chemical properties are primarily due to their different A) number of hydrogen atoms B) number of carbon
More informationChapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group
More informationTopic 2 Organic Chemistry
Form 5 Chemistry Notes Ms. R. Buttigieg Pg. 20 Topic 2 Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds, which are found in living things or are derived from living things. The basis of
More informationWhich alcohol in the table is liquid over the greatest temperature range?
1 The table below gives information about four alcohols. Alcohol Formula Melting point in C Boiling point in C Methanol CH 3 OH 94 65 Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH 118 78 Propanol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH 129 97 Butanol
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: CO 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 O C 2.58Ǻ
More informationORGANIC REACTIONS 14 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes
ORGANIC REACTIONS 14 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes 1. Combustion Alkanes are very important fossil fuels. The combustion of alkanes is very exothermic and carbon dioxide and water are produced. General
More informationNATIONAL 5 CHEMISTRY
Farr High School NATIONAL 5 CHEMISTRY Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Exam Questions 1 Homologous series 1. 2006 I2 13MC The above structural formulae represent A the same hydrocarbon B Different hydrocarbons
More informationObjectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17
Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.
More informationName Date Class FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. SECTION 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (pages )
Name Date lass 23 FUNTINAL GRUPS SETIN 23.1 INTRDUTIN T FUNTINAL GRUPS (pages 725 729 This section defines a functional group and gives several examples. It also describes halocarbons and the substitution
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More informationCHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS
CHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS This chapter deals organic compounds. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbons, which have the general chemical formula, C X H Y, and
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. The ring is sometimes shown with a circle in the center instead
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Introduction to Organic Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9r1dmhh2m0 Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain carbon as the main element Relevant
More information# C Name Structural Diagram The simplest hydrocarbon has one carbon atom.
Organic Chem Class notes name: 1. is the first atom of organic chemistry. 2. Carbon can make bonds to other carbon atoms. 3. There are metals in organic chem 4. Count out loud to ten in organic prefixes
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More information- aromatic hydrocarbons carbon atoms connected in a planar ring structure, joined by σ and π bonds between carbon atoms
hapter 25: The histry of Life: rganic and Biological hemistry - organic chemistry the study of carbon compounds - biochemistry the stuyd of the chemistry of living species 1.1 Introduction to ydrocarbons
More informationDetailed Course Content
Detailed Course Content Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry 4 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule 6 Lewis Structures 8 Formal Charge 11 Resonance 14 Quantum
More informatione.g. propan-2-ol ethane-1,1-diol propane-1,2,3-triol H H
Alcohols General The functional group is - The homologous series has general formula n 2n+1 The names end in ol, with a number if needed to indicate where on the carbon skeleton the group is located. When
More informationSCH4C Organic Test Review
S4 rganic Test Review Multiple hoice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not a structural isomer of pentane? a. c. b. d. 2. 3. 4.
More informationLe Lycee Mauricien. Proposed Syllabus Chemistry (5070) - Form 5
Le Lycee Mauricien Proposed Syllabus 2017 Chemistry (5070) - Form 5 First Term 1. Metals Properties of metals - Physical properties of metals - Structure of alloys and uses Reactivity Series - Place metals
More informationSome Families of Organic Compounds HL
Name: Organic Chemistry 22. Types of Reactions in Organic Chemistry Objectives Addition Reactions -explain what is meant by an addition reaction -write balanced equations using structural formula for the
More informationChapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen
More informationChapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1 19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry large number of remarkably stable compounds consist of C, H, O and N organic compounds no organic compounds had been
More informationUnit 14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Name: Date: Period: Unit 14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY There are at least nine million organic compounds. What factors are responsible for the tremendous number of organic compounds? What makes all of these compounds
More informationQuestion Bank Organic Chemistry II
Question Bank Organic Chemistry II 1. What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Classify the following as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. CH 4, C 2 H 2, C 2 H 6, C 3 H 6, C 3 H 4 Ans. Compounds
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationQuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationExplain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.
Section 1 Organic ompounds Objectives Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. ompare the use of molecular and structural formulas to represent
More informationCHEMISTRY FOR THE IB DIPLOMA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
10 rganic chemistry Revision checklist I am able to: explain, using an example, what is meant by the term homologous series sketch a graph of boiling point against number of carbons for the straight-chain
More informationNational 5 Chemistry. Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes
National 5 Chemistry Unit 2 Nature s Chemistry Summary Notes Success Criteria I am confident that I understand this and I can apply this to problems? I have some understanding but I need to revise this
More information12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent
More information2.1. The Main Types of Organic Reactions. Addition, Substitution, and Elimination Reactions
The Main Types of rganic Reactions Figure 2.1(A) shows raw fruit. The crisp, sharp-tasting fruit becomes soft and sweet when it is cooked. Figure 2.1(B) shows a chemist accelerating the tranformation of
More informationChapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More informationAQA Chemistry Checklist
Topic 1. Atomic structure Video: Atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures Use the names and symbols of the first 20 elements in the periodic table, the elements in Groups 1 and 7, and other elements in this
More informationChem!stry. Organic Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions
hem!stry Name: lass: ate: / / rganic hemistry Multiple hoice Questions 1. n organic compound, X, has the empirical formula 24 and a relative molecular mass of 88. It reacts with ethanol in the presence
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Alkynes
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Alkynes by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science & Technology seema@ump.edu.my & iezwan@ump.edu.my
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: C 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 C 2.58Ǻ?
More informationAS Organic Chemistry Revision. Part 1
AS Organic Chemistry Revision. Part 1 2.2 Nomenclature and isomerism in organic compounds 2.2.1 understand the terms empirical, molecular and structural formulae, homologous series and functional groups;
More informationOrganic Chemistry unit formative exam
Class: Date: Organic Chemistry unit formative exam Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements is true about polymers?
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch16_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D)
More informationDownloaded from
1. mark questions CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS 1. Name of the organic compound, which can be produced by fermentation of sugar and is a constituent of beer. 2. Name the main products formed when
More informationOrganic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.
Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.
More informationUnit 1 Test: Organic Chemistry Name: /78
SCH4U Organic Chemistry Unit 1 Test: Organic Chemistry Name: /78 Knowledge and Understanding (16 marks) 1. Carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms form what shape? a. Linear b. Square c. Tetrahedral 2.
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More informationExperiment 5 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Experiment 5 Reactions of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons can be classified further by the type of bonds they contain. If a hydrocarbon contains
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) What element is present in all organic compounds? A) hydrogen B) nitrogen
Name: 1) What element is present in all organic compounds? A) hydrogen B) nitrogen C) carbon D) oxygen 2) A molecule of a compound contains a total of 10 hydrogen atoms and has the general formula C n
More informationCHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry
CHAPTER 24 rganic Chemistry 1. The general formula for alkenes is A. C n H 2n+2 B. C 2n H 2n C. C n H n+2 D. C n H 2n E. C n H 2n 2 2. The general formula of an alkane is A. C n H 2n B. C n H 2n+2 C. C
More informationChapters 2 & 25: Covalent bonds & Organic Chemistry
hapters 2 & 25: ovalent bonds & Organic hemistry Read: BLB 2.6, 2.9; 25.1-25.4 (only nomenclature in Table 25.1, NOT reactions) W: BLB 2:43, 45, 69, 76, 77 BLB 25:11, 12, 25, 40a, c-f Packet Organic:1
More informationMONICA COACHING CENTRE An Institute For Science Classes JALANDHAR, PUNJAB CARBON AND COMPOUNDS
CARBON AND COMPOUNDS The atmosphere has only 0.03% of carbon dioxide. The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to complete its octet (or duplet) is called its valency. It depends on the number
More informationALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp3) They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates Phenols contain an OH group connected to
More informationChapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes C=C double bonds Alkynes triple bonds Aromatics benzene rings 1 2 NAMING ALKENES Step 1: Name
More informationChemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.
1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More informationAlcohols. Contents. Structure. structure
Page 1 of 9 Alcohols Contents structure Physical Properties Classification of Alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Preparation of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols oxidation of aldehydes Structure Alcohols can
More informationMs. Randall Regents Chemistry Unit 12: Organic Chemistry Unit Notes
Ms. Randall Regents Chemistry Unit 12: Organic Chemistry Unit Notes Unit Objectives: Upon completion of the unit students should be able to: 1. Classify an organic compound based on its structural or condensed
More information1 Principles of chemistry
1 Principles of chemistry The following sub-topics are covered in this section. (a) States of matter (b) Elements, compounds and mixtures (c) Atomic structure (d) The Periodic Table (e) Chemical formulae,
More information