Mixed Protonic/ Electronic Conductors: SSAS and DAFC Applications. Jason Ganley, Ted Olszanski, and Neal Sullivan 24 September
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1 Mixed Protonic/ Electronic Conductors: SSAS and DAFC Applications Jason Ganley, Ted Olszanski, and Neal Sullivan 24 September
2 Presentation Outline Review of ongoing work at the CFCC Mixed Protonic / Electronic Conductors (MPECs) Applications for MPECs / Ceramatec SBIR Regenerative Fuel Cells (RFCs) General Characteristics Application to ammonia systems Characteristics of MPEC or composite electrodes Protonic mobility Electronic conductivity Catalytic activity 2
3 Work at the CFCC Ceramic fuel cell development Focus on intermediate temperature ( C) Proton-conducting ceramics (perovskites) Electrode development (fuel cell cathodes: air electrodes) Rapid prototyping of fuel cells: cold, uniaxial pressing of electrode-supported button cells, dip-coating of electrolytes Geothermal fuel cell! High temperature ceramic membranes Hydrogen pumping Hydrogen permeation 3
4 Geothermal Fuel Cell Independent Energy Partners 4
5 H 2 Pumps vs. H 2 Membranes Pumps: proton-conducting ceramics (PCCs), electrical insulators Membranes: use ceramics that conduct both H + and e - Mixed protonic / electronic conductors (MPECs) No external power req d; pressure/conc. driving force No electrodes 5
6 A Bit More About MPECs Subset of mixed ionic/electronic conductors (MIECs) If used alone, restricted to membrane apps Where the ions go, the electrons go Can t produce or consume electrical work Rely on pressure and concentration potentials to operate Very useful for integrated electrochemical systems! Fuel cell or electrolytic cell electrode components Protective layers for protonic electrolytes Functionality depends on application environment Reducing or oxidizing? Temperature? Surroundings can change nature of ion/elec. conduction 6
7 CFCC Pitches In: Ceramatec Phase 1 SBIR: ARPA-E One-step natural gas to chemicals process Hydrogen produced as side product, need to shift equilibrium CFCC testing MPEC membranes for H 2 flux from model gas Composite ceramic combined MPEC BaCe 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3-δ (a.k.a. BCY, is a PCC) Ce 0.8 Y 0.2 O 2-δ (a.k.a. YDC, is an EC) Goal: 0.3 μmol cm -2 s -1 H 2 flux Coking issues, high mech. failure rate, thermal cycling problems 7
8 CFCC Electrode Modification La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-δ (LSCF):common cathode for SOFCs. Also a MIEC (oxide ion / electron) Great for SOFCs Not good for PCC-based FCs! Water may form only at TPBs 8
9 Proton-conducting Backbone Improvement: now protons get to more surfaces Comparable to finned heat exchanger enhancement Electrons still require a continuous pathway around the outside Another problem: electrode structure is fragile 9
10 MPEC to the Rescue? Improvement: a porous MPEC interlayer Electrons and protons get where they need to go! Gas (O 2 or steam) can get in/out of porous layer LaCoO 3 may be layered, or impregnated throughout MPEC layer YDC demonstrates electronic conduction in reducing environments What about oxidizing environments? Hmmm 10
11 Regenerative Fuel Cells (RFCs) A fuel cell that may be run in electrolytic mode generating fuel when power is provided. 11
12 Ammonia RFC PCC membrane operating in (a) fuel cell and (b) fuel synthesis modes. 12
13 Oxidizing or Reducing? Chemically oxidizing reducing + negative electrons positive spent electrons polarization from fuel = = = This all changes STRONGLY OXIDIZING REDUCING if you switch REDUCING OXIDIZING ENVIRONMENT. to an ENVIRONMENT. oxide ion conductor! 13
14 Reducing Environments Why do they allow MPEC behavior? Ce +4 (dominates YDC20) reduced to Ce +3 Oxygen vacancy and stranded lattice electron created Acts as n-type conductor New oxygen vacancy (w/h 2 O) assists with proton conduction, lattice electron assists with electronic conduction. 14
15 Oxidizing Environments These are a little different Oxygen vacancies already exist: Y +3 in place of Ce +4 Oxide ions are therefore free to hop through the lattice Porous layer of PCC/YDC? H +, O -2 make water at point of contact, water escapes. But this doesn t help with electronic conductivity. Or does it? 15
16 Electronic Conduction in YDC This study observes hole (p-type) conduction at high oxygen partial pressure and holes are part of the protonic fuel cell process. Xiong, et al. J. Electrochem. Soc., 149 (11) E450-E454 (2002). 16
17 Oxygen Vacancy Competition Two oxygen vacancy reactions for oxidizing env. Electrolytic and fuel cell modes each have O 2 / H 2 O at same electrode in a protonic cell Water makes protonic defects Oxygen creates holes Incorporated oxygen atoms are opposed in these reactions Can tailor MPEC for environment, temperature, and cell function 17
18 The Bottom Line In oxidizing environments, YDC isn t a great idea P-type electrical conduction, but Ionic conduction dominated by hole conduction A better idea: dope proton conductors with multivalent (+2/+3) cations Or, mix +3 cations with different ionization energies (In, Pr, Bi, Gd). 18
19 Some Promise: BCYb Pergolesi, et al. EChem. Comm., 12 (7) (2010). 19
20 Composite Electrode, or MPEC? Composite: separate ionic and electronic phases Pathways can be tortuous, or dead-ends! Will there be interphase chemical interaction? Differences in thermal expansion? Unified MPEC drawbacks exist Better at either ion or electron/hole conduction Electron or hole conduction is never great Almost zero electrocatalytic activity If MPECs are used, must: Be in thin layers Be capable of catalyst support 20
21 CFCC Plans Move on after Ceramatec project Electrode-supported button cell tests Thin electrolytes Special focus on fuel cell cathodes Steam electrolysis tests Catalyst screening (La 2 NiO 4, LaCoO 3, etc.) Demonstrate cell reversibility (H 2, O 2 / H 2 O) Ammonia as fuel, SSAS with addition of N 2 in electrolytic mode Cell temperatures of C, atmospheric pressure tests 21
22 Questions? Jason C. Ganley Colorado School of Mines Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering 1613 Illinois Street, AH 155 Golden, CO (303)
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