POLYMER SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY I
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1 POLYMER SCIENCE ad TECHNOLOGY I Dr. Işıl Gerçek Beşkardeş 2018 What is the greatest cotributio of chemistry to sciece ad society? Developmet of POLYMERIZATION is oe of the biggest ivetios chemistry has doe, where it had the biggest effect o everyday life. 1
2 DEFINITIONS POLYMER POLY+MEROS (i Greek) The word polymer meas may parts or uits. Polymers are chai-like structures. A polymer is a molecule made up of smaller molecules that are joied together by chemical bods, i geeral covalet bods. 2
3 DEFINITIONS The process by which moomers combie is called polymerizatio DEFINITIONS Polymers are large molecules made up of repeatig uits called Moomers Polymerizatio H 2 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Moomer Polymer O Moomer Polymerizatio CH 2 CH 2 O Polymer 3
4 ADVANTAGES OF POLYMERS Wide variety Easy processig Lightess CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS Meltig poit Mechaical properties Desity Electrical properties Optical properties Colorability, solvet sesitivity, flammibility etc. 4
5 USES OF POLYMERS Packagig materials Textile materials Trasportatio Idustrial materials Home furishig Iformatio techologies Medical devices Pharmaceutical applicatios, etc. Europea plastics demad by segmet
6 PROCESSING PLASTIC FIBER ELASTOMER PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY Moomer Polymer Resi (liquid) (viscous liquid or solid) (Itermediate) Plastic 6
7 MONOMER VS POLYMER PLASTICS The word plastic comes from the Greek PLASTIKOS, which meas to form or mold. Plastics are materials composed of polymers that ca be readily formed or molded ito a useful shape. A resi is a polymer that has ot yet bee formed ito its fial useful shape. 7
8 RESIN Itermediate World resi producers DuPot, ICI, Exxo, Mobil, Hoechst, Shell, BASF, Allied Sigal. Widely produced resis PE, PP, PS, PVC, PC, Nylo, PU, Polyesters. PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY 8
9 PLASTICS Commodity Plastics PE, PE copolymers, PP, PVC, PS Egieerig Plastics Polyamides, polyasetals, polycarboates, polyacrylates, fluoropolymers PLASTICS 9
10 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS Polyasetilee Polypyrol Polyailie Polythiofee PLASTICS 10
11 PLASTICS NATURAL FIBERS Silk Wool Cotto 11
12 SYNTHETIC FIBERS RAYON (Modified cellulose ) NYLON (Polyamide) ACRYLICS Processig Fiber Yar Fabric Natural Fiber Source or Sythetic Polymer Resi(Chip) Textiles for various applicatios Fibers Fabric Yar 12
13 Sythetic Fiber Productio Iitially, polymer chips are melted or dissolved i order to get them ready for spiig process. Melt Spiig After Extruded Wet Spiig Dry Spiig After Dissolvig NANOFIBERS i differet morphologies 9 m Ultrafie Fibers Pore surface fibers Beaded fibers Sigle Fiber Aliged Fibers Multi-Layer Aligmet (0/+45/-45o) 13
14 ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY Elastomers are rubber-like materials. SBR NBR Silico rubber Butyl rubber TISSUE ENGINEERING 14
15 TISSUE ENGINEERING 15
16 CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS Based o the Origi of the Polymer i) Natural polymers (ii) Semi-sythetic polymers (iii) Sythetic polymers Based o Structure of Polymers i) Liear polymers (ii) Brached chai polymers (iii) Cross liked polymers Based o Types of Moomers i) Homopolymer (ii) Copolymer (iii) Terpolymer Based o the Backboe of the Polymer i) Orgaic ii) Iorgaic i) Homochai ii) Heterochai 16
17 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS Based o Thermal Processig Behaviour i) Thermoplastic Polymers (ii) Thermosettig Polymer Based o Tacticity (Cofiguratio) i) Isotactic polymer (ii) Sydiotactic polymer (iii) Atactic polymer Based o Molecular Weight i) Oligomers ii) Itermediates iii)macromolecules Based o Sythesis i) Additio polymers (ii) Codesatio polymers Based o the origi Natural polymers (Cellulose, starch, wool, cotto, chiti, etc.) Semi-sythetic polymers (Cellulose itrate, cellophae) Sythetic polymers (Nylo, polyesters, polyethylee, etc.) 17
18 Sythetic Polymers A pedat group o a polymer is a small group of atoms (eve a small chai sometimes) that hags off of the mai chai (that is, the backboe of the polymer). Here are some examples of pedat groups circled i red: polypropylee polyviylalcohol polystyree 18
19 Natural Polymers 19
20 Based o the Sythesis Chai polymers (Additio polymers) Codesatio polymers (step-growth polymers) Chai Polymerizatio 20
21 Codesatio Polymerizatio Besed o the Structure Liear Amorph Brached Cross-liked Crystallie Accordig to chai structure Accordig to solid structure 21
22 Based o Tacticity POLYMER SCIENCE 1920 Herma Staudiger, Macromolecule hypothesis (1953 Nobel Award) 1937 Flory, mechaism of chai polymerizatio (1974 Nobel Award) 1950 Karl Ziegler-Cuha Natta, stereospecific catalysts (1963 Nobel Award) 22
23 POLYMER TECHNOLOGY Before 1800 ; atural polymers 1839; Goodyear, vulcaizatio of atural rubber 1868;Celluloid 1909; Baekelad pheolic resi. First techological product ;Sythesis of chai polymers. PVC, PMMA, PS, PE, PP, PAN, PVAc. POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 1934; Carothers, Nylo ad other codesatio polymers ; Silico polymers, polyurethae etc ;Composites ;Novel techiques i sythesis ad processig ;Sophisticated polymers:coductive polymers, degradable polymers. 23
24 Polymer Sciece ad Techology I Itroductio to Polymer Sciece: Defiitio; Classificatio; Historical Developmet; Uses; Prices; Raw Materials Polymer Structure; Bidig; Cofiguratio ad Coformatio; Molecular Weight. Polymer Sythesis: Step-Growth Polymerizatio ad its Kietics, Chai-Growth Polymerizatio, Free-Radical Polymerizatio ad Copolymerizatio Kietics; Ioic Polymerizatio Polymerizatio Techiques: Bulk; Solutio; Suspesio; Emulsio; Solid-state; Gas-phase ad Plasma polymerizatios. Special Topics i Polymer Sythesis; ATRP; Geetic Egieerig, etc. Polymer Sciece ad Techology I Thermodyamics of Polymer Solutios; Phase Equilibria Predictios of Solubilities Measuremet of Molecular Weight: Osmometry; Light Scatterig Methods; Itrisic Viscosity Measuremets; GPC. Solid State Properties: Crystallie State; Crystallizatio Kietics; Thermal Trasitios ad Properties;Mechaical Properties Polymer Degradatio ad Eviromet Itroductio to Polymer Rheology Polymer Processig: Geeral Remarks about Plastic, Fiber ad Elastomer Techologies. 24
25 Polymer Sciece ad Techology II Molecular Weight ad Determiatio Itroductio to Polymer Processig ad Rheology Plastic Techology Fiber Techology Polymer Additives, Bleds, Composites ad Elastomers Polymer Degradatio ad Stability Maagemet of Plastics i the Eviromet (Recyclig, icieratio, biodegradatio) Hydrogels (Structural properties ad sythesis, Applicatios) Bulk Characterizatio of Polymers (FTIR, ATR-FTIR, NMR, mechaical aalysis, DSC, TGA ad applicatios) Surface Characterizatio of Polymers (ESCA, SEM, AFM, ad other techiques) Recet Advaces i Polymerizatio Processes Polymers for Advaced Techologies (Polymeric membraes ad separatio processes, Biomedical applicatios, Electroic applicatios) Polymer Sciece ad Techology III Itroductio to Polymer Techology Itroductio to Polymer Processig Techiques Polymer Melt Flow Extrusio Ijectio Mouldig Mould Desig Other Processig Techiques Mechaical Behaviour of Plastics Recet Developmets i Polymer Techology 25
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