Author Index. See for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Affiliation Index.

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1 Author Index Downloaded via on October 9, 2018 at 03:06:30 (UTC). See for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Borchardt, John K., 163,181 Bright, D. B., 163 Chang, H.-C, 282 Chang, Shih-Hsien, 38 Claridge, E. L., 359 DiAndreth, J. R., 82 Dickson, M. K., 163 Edwards, D. Α., 136 Elsik, Curtis M., 258 Flumerfelt, Raymond W., 295 French, T. R., 405 Friberg, Stig E., 108 Fulton, John L., 91 Gonzalez, Gaspar, 220 Harwell, Jeffrey K, 205 Heller, John P., 375 Holbrook, Stanford T., 387 Huang, D. D., 136 Lake, Larry W., 53 Lee, Hae Ok, 375 Lescure, Β. M., 359 ARCO Oil and Gas Company, 234 Clarkson University, 108 Ε. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, 82 Illinois Institute of Technology, 136 National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, 405 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 375 New Mexico State University, 387 Northwestern University, 38 Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 91 Petrobr'as/Cenpes, 220 Affiliation Index Lopata, Jeffrey J., 205 Louvisse, A M. Travalloni, 220 Ma, Zhuning, 108 Miller, Clarence A, 258 Neogi, Parthasakha, 108 Nikolov, A D., 136 Patton, John T., 387 Patzek, T. W., 326 Paulaitis, M. E., 82 Prieditis, John, 295 Ratulowski, J., 282 Scamehorn, John F., 205 Shirley, Arthur I., 234 Slattery, John C, 38 Smith, Duane H., 2,429 Smith, Richard D., 91 Vinegar, H. J., 344 Wang, M. W., 359 Wasan, D. T., 136 Wellington, S. L., 163,344 Rice University, 258 Shell Development Company, 163,181,326,344 Texas A&M University, 295 U.S. Department of Energy, 2,429 University of Delaware, 82 University of Houston, 295,359 University of Missouri Rolla, 108 University of Notre Dame, 282 University of Oklahoma, 205 University of Texas, 53 Subject Index A Adsorption of binary anionic surfactant mixtures Admicelle standard states, equilibrium monomer definition, 210 concentration,

2 440 SURFACTANT-BASED MOBILITY CONTROL Adsorption of binary anionic surfactant mixtures Continued experimental materials, 209 experimental methods, isotherm curve prediction, 213 mixture adsorption isotherms, 215,216,217/ partial fugacities, 210,212 pure-component isotherms, 210,211/ reduced adsorption isotherms, 213,214^215 Adsorption of ionic surfactant mixtures, deviations from ideality, 208 Adsorption of nonionic surfactants, contact angle at quartz solution interface, 225,22^ Adsorption of nonionic surfactants on quartz adsorption behavior of Triton X-100, 225,226f calculated capillary pressure, 227,228f effect of additives on cloud point, 222,224f experimental materials, 221 solution behavior of Triton X-100, ,224f,225 surface tension vs. log of surfactant concentration, 222,223/ Adverse mobility ratio, problem of gas-flood EOR, 6-9 Air-water surface oil attachment, 144,145/,146t oil droplet configuration, 144,145/ Alcohol ethoxy glycerol sulfonate, structure, 348 Alcohol ethoxylate(s) cloud point, 200,201/ critical micelle concentration, 191, /,198 interfacial tension, 200,202/ Alcohol ethoxylate derivatives, foaming properties, Alcohol ethoxysulfates, foaming properties, 191,193* Amott wettability index, sandstone, 28,29f Apparent miscibility pressure, definition, 360 Axisymmetric gas thread constriction shape, 286 evolution equation for position, 284,286 flow coefficient, 284,286 flow rate, 286 schematic diagram, 284,285/ Β Binary anionic surfactant mixtures, adsorption, Binary mixtures of anionic surfactants, adsorption, Bubble displacement, discussion, Bubble population balance, volume averaging, /" Bubble train displacement, discussion, Capillary number definition, 18,260 effect on dispersions, 18 Capillary pressure, effect on dispersions, 19 Capillary pressure of fluids, definition, 227 Capillary resistance of foams calculation of associated pressure, 299,30Qf effect of lamella structure, 302 influencing factors, pressure difference over a series of lamellae, 302 Capillary snap-off mechanism, description, 15,1(^,17 Carbon dioxide, pressure density behavior, 92,93/94 Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery advantages, 344 CT scans of three-phase flow experiments, description, 376 foam mobility control, low mobilities, 376 mobility-control methods, 345 surfactant screening, ,345^ surfactants for C0 2 foam, 347,34^ technical difficulties, 347 viscous- and gravity-unstable displacements, 344,34^" Carbon dioxide flooding advantages, 3 applications, 387 screening tests for surfactants, 389 sources and amounts of C02,3,4/ surfactant requisites, Carbon dioxide foam flooding computer simulation, effect of surfactant, 363 experimental procedure, factors affecting oil recovery, fluid mechanics effects, fluids used in model, gravity segregation, 361 laboratory model, / miscibility, 36

3 INDEX 441 Carbon dioxide foam flooding Continued model design, 362 oil-wet vs. water-wet pack, 364 phase behavior, 360 Carbon dioxide foam mobility measurements at high pressure advantages, apparatus, 377,378f calculation of mobility, effect of CO z fraction, /384*385 effect of surfactant, 375 effect of surfactant concentrations, Carbon dioxide fraction, effect on mobility, 382,383/384*385 Carbon dioxide mobility, reduction, Chemicalfloodingenhanced oil recovery, description, 206 Circular channel, flow coefficient for pure system, Cloud point, of alcohol ethoxylates, 200,201i Coalescence, dispersions, 17 Computerized tomography (CT) scans of three-phase flow experiments core and fluid data, r experimental procedure, 348 fractional flows, / partial differential across core, / reconstructions from immiscible C02-oil, / reconstructions from miscible C02-oil, / surfactant-induced mobility control, / Computer simulation of carbon dioxide foam flooding components, 364 enhanced oil recoveries, 366 fitting of waterfloods, foam C0 2 flood, / mixing parameter method, 364 predictions offieldbehavior, 369,372 recovery process, 365 WAG C0 2flood, f369 water flood of water-wet system, / Core flood(s) best surfactants, 177,179 description, unsuitability for surfactant screening, Core flood test procedure, 418 with oil-free cores, Correlation length vs. dispersivity, 59,61-6^,63 Critical admicelle concentration binary anionic surfactant mixtures, definition, 208 Critical micelle concentration alcohol ethoxylates, 191, *,198 definition, 101 Crude oil emulsions agents for permeability reduction, 408 blockage mechanisms, 409,41Qf core flood test procedure, 418 core flood tests with oil-free cores, emulsiflcation properties of crude oils, 415,418 emulsiflcation study, 409,412 emulsiflcation with caustic, 411,412*,413/,414f emulsiflcation with surfactant mixture, 415,417* emulsion formation, emulsion properties, 408 interfacial tension between oil and caustic, 412,413/ particle size determination, 415,417/ permeability reduction at various temperatures, 418, ^,424/" Crude oil emulsions for profile improvement emulsion injection into cores, 423, / extension to field situation, 425,427 in situ emulsiflcation, 425,426/* D /i-decane-water fluid system, physical parameters, 260,261* Differential interferometry, analysis of droplet geometry, 144,146 Digital image processor, determination of ganglia dynamics, 278 Dispersion(s) diffusion between droplets, 18 effect of capillary number, 18 effect of capillary pressure, 19,2Qf three-fluid phase behavior, two-fluid phase behavior, 30 Dispersion-based flow control laboratory floods, mechanisms of dispersion formation, surfactant selection, 14 use of foams, 12 Dispersion-based sweep control core floods, simulators, 19,21-23,25/

4 442 SURFACTANT-BASED MOBILITY CONTROL Dispersion behavior, surfactants, 30 Dispersion coalescence, mechanism, 17 Dispersion division, mechanism, 17,2Qf Dispersion flux, definition, 338 Dispersion formation capillary snap-off mechanism, 15,16f,17 leave-behind mechanism, 15,16/" thread-breakup mechanism, 15 Dispersivity description, 58 laboratory and field measurements, 67,68/" megascopic dispersivity, mixing effects, 58 mixing scales, nature of dispersion in laboratory experiments, 67,7Qf Peclet number, 58 Taylor's theory, 63,65,66/* theory of dispersivity estimates, 58 Division, dispersions, 17,2Qf Domain average of bubble number density, definition, 335 Dominant breakup mechanism of steady-state, cocurrent, two-phase flow capillary pressure determination, 273,276 dependence of ganglion size on reciprocal of velocity, 276,277/ dynamic splitting, 273, / effect of viscosity ratio between phases on residual oil saturation, mobilization of trapped ganglion, 276,278 viscous pressure drop, 276 Drainage mechanism, description, 283,285/ Dykstra-Parsons coefficient bias, 76,77/ definition, 76 description, 76 precision, 76,77/ Dynamic foam tests for surfactant selection apparatus, 390,391/ gas mobility reduction for surfactants, 392,393/ mobility-control surfactants, 392/ mobility ratios for tap water, 392,395/ pressure drop vs. time, 390,392,393/ procedure, 390 Ε Emulsion films definition, 137 stratification phenomenon, 147 Enhanced oil recovery, definition, 2 Eolian sands autocorrelation structure of permeability, 72,74/,75 coefficient of variation, 72,74/ heirarchy of heterogeneity scales, 69,71/72 schematic of grids, 72,73/ Equilibrium monomer concentration, determination, 212 Equivalent hydraulic radius of the porous medium, determination, 227,230 Etching patterns, of micromodel systems, 236,239,24Qf,241i Ethoxylate chain length, effect on foam volume, 185, / Ethylene oxide groups, effect on foam volume, 167,169,170r,171/ Evolution equation of foams, discussion, F Field project design technology for gas-flood enhanced oil recovery advantages over full-scale projects, 6 basic design parameters, 5 computer simulations, 5-6 effect of sweep on recovery, 5 Field tests future tests, 437 Long Beach C0 2 diversion test, 429 Rock Creek, SACROC C0 2 flood, Siggins Field injectivity tests, 430,431/432 Film thickness, in terms of capillary number, Film thinning effect of solubilization, ,151/ in presence of micelles, 147,148/* Flow cell of two-phase flow cross section, 262,263/ photomicrograph, 262,263/264 Flowing foam definition, 334 volume-averaged population balances, 339 Flow system design, for micromodel systems, 236,238/" Fluctuation bubble density, definition, 338 Fluctuation velocity, definition, 338 Fluid flow, description, 7 Fluid-fluid tensions, degree of control, 23-24

5 INDEX 443 Foam(s) definition, effectiveness for mobility control, 388 effect on aqueous permeabilities, 13 effect on gas permeabilities, evolution equation, 284,285/,286 flow in etched glass micromodels, 13 linear stability, mobility, mobility-controlled applications, phase saturations, 321 Foam displacement applications, 295 bubble generation mechanism, 297 bubble size and flow resistance, 249,25Qf effect of injection scheme, final fluid saturation, 246,248/" illustration, /" permeability model, procedure, 297 two-phase flow, 306 view of foam flow, 249,251,252/" Foam-enhanced oil recovery analysis of foam behavior in porous media, 155 constant flow rate, 155,160r constant pressure, 155,160r oil saturation profiles, ,158/" pressure data, 155,15^f,160 Foam films definition, 137 stratification phenomenon, 147 Foam flooding, description, ,376 Foam flood technology, description, Foam flow capillary resistance, characteristic features, mechanisms of foam generation, 376 nature of foam displacement, Qf viscous resistance, Foam flow in porous media applications, 327 influencing factors of behavior, 327 model, Foam formation in porous media effect of micromodel size and dimensionality, use of micromodel system, Foaming properties, alcohol ethoxylate derivatives, 190 Foaming properties of surfactants, effect of surfactant chemical structure, 181 Foam permeability definition, 311 ratio for dispersed phase and nondispersed phase, 313 Foam stability dependence upon surfactant concentration, 147 effect of electrolyte concentration, 147 effect of oil, 136 effect of surfactant concentration, 147 Marangoni effects, Foam sweep efficiency, effect of microscopic hetergeneity, Foam thinning, three-phase, film types, 137 Foam volume calculation of initial foam volume, 190 effect of ethoxylate chain length, 185 effect of number of ethylene oxide groups, 167,169,170f,171/ effect of oil, 172,174^,175 effect of oil composition, 175 effect of stock tank oil, 175,176/,177 effect of temperature, 172,173/ effect on surfactant structure, ,168^ Foam volume ratio, surfactants, 167/,172 G Gas-displacement processes, disadvantages, 326 Gas-drive enhanced oil recovery processes, improvement of mobility ratio, 282 Gas-drive surfactant solution foaming process bubble generation, 253 effect of back-pressure on displacement efficiency, 251/ effect of injection process on foam displacement, effect of surfactant on pressure drop, 249/ fluctuating pressure gradient, 254 gas finger, 251,252/" mechanisms, mechanism of foam reduction of gas mobility, Gas-flood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) description, 3 development of surfactant-based mobility control, field project design technology, 5-6

6 444 SURFACTANT-BASED MOBILITY CONTROL Gas-flood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) Continued problems of adverse mobility ratio, 6-9 status and prospects, 3 types of gas floods, 3 Gas flooding problems, 2 use of surfactants, 2 Gas-flood mobility control, methods, 9-11 Gas permeability definition, 311 ratio for dispersed phase and nondispersed phase, 313 Gas-soluble viscosifiers, use in gas flood mobility control, 10 Gelled and cross-linked polymers, use in gas flood mobility control, 10 Geological-engineering prediction, characterization, 54 Gravity of C0 2 foam, schematic of reservoir, /" Gravity segregation, effect on oil recovery, 361 H Hemimicelle concentration, definition, 208 Heterogeneity of reservoir, effect on oil recovery, 361 High-pressure micromodel system applications, 235 characteristics of etching patterns, 241/ description, 235 pétrographie image analysis, 236,239,24Qf,241 pressure vessel, ,237/ High-pressure sight cell studies experimental procedure, 166 foam stability vs. number of ethylene groups, 177,17**/ Hydrocarbon miscible flooding, use of foam, 369 Immiscible floods, description, 3 Immobile interface, pressure drop, 304 Initial foam volume, calculation, 190 Injected fluids, premature breakthrough, 405,40$* Instability mechanism, description, ,285/ Interfacial properties fluid-fluid tensions, surfactant absorption, 24,25/26,27/ wettability, 26,28,2S(f Interfacial tension, alcohol ethoxylates, 200,202/ Intrinsic domain average of bubble number density, definition, L Lamellae, definition, 14 Laplace equation, forfluidflow,7 Leave-behind mechanism, description, 15,16/" Light hydrocarbons, use as EORfluids,3 Linear oil displacement tests for surfactant selection apparatus, 39439^ C0 2 flood results, 397/ conventional immiscible C0 2 flood, 39739^ immiscible C0 2 flood with mobility control, 39739^ procedure, 394 Linear stability analyses description, 39 history, miscible displacements, Linear stability of foams deviation variables, 287 discussion, 287 effect of surfactant, 288 frequency of lamellar generation, maximum growth rate, 287 Liquid crystal(s) effect of formation on surfactant transport in microemulsions, 110, / effect of microemulsion composition on formation, 132,133/" effect of NaCl on formation, 110, / effect of NaCl placement on formation, 123 formation in microemulsions, 110,115/ influence of formation on hydrocarbon dilution of microemulsion, 123 mechanism of precipitation, Liquid-crystal-surfactant-oil fluid system, physical parameters, 261/,262 Local volume averaging calculation, intrinsic average, 39 limiting cases for miscible displacement, superficial average, 39

7 INDEX 445 Long Beach C0 2 diversion test goals, 435 problems with WAG process, 435 schematic of injection well and pay zones, 435,436/" test results, 435,437 M Macroscopic dispersivity, comparison to megascopic dispersivity, 69,70-71/ Marangoni effects in foam stability collapse vs. time, 152,154f dynamic interfacial tension vs. dropletfrequency,152,153/ Megascopic dispersivity comparison to macroscopic dispersivity, 69,70-71/ description, 59 permeability autocorrelograms, 59,62/* vs. time, 59,60-61/,63,64f Micellar-polymerflooding,description, 2 Micelles, definition, 91 Microemulsion(s), definition, 91 Microemulsion system(s) biréfringent layer formation, 110,117/ effect of concentration on liquid-crystal formation, 123,128,131/ effect of hydrocarbon on solubilization, 110,112/" effect of liquid-crystal formation on surfactant transport, 109 effect of liquid-crystal layer on surfactant concentration, 110,121/-122/;i23,124,125/ effect of NaCl on liquid-crystal formation, 110, / effect of NaCl placement on liquid-crystal formation, 123,12$" influence of lamellar phase on diffusion process, 132,134 liquid-crystal formation, 110,115/ pentanol concentration vs. time, 110,114/" sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration vs. time, 110,113f,l f solubility region, 123,127/ water concentration vs. time, 110,114/ Micromodel foam floods calculation of mobility thickness, 243 calculation of permeability thickness, 243 experimental conditions, flow rates, and fluids, 241,242/ experimental procedure, 241,243 Patio Stone, micromodel, Micromodel of two-phase flow photomicrograph of flow cell, 262^63/264 schematic cross section, 262,263/ Micromodel systems characteristics of etching patterns, 241/ description, 235 flow system design, 236,238/" pétrographie image analysis, 236,239,24Qf,241 pressure vessel, ,237/ Minimum miscibility pressure of oil, determination, 5 Miscible displacements) description, 38 effect of mobility ratio on stability, 38 effect on density ratio on stability, 38 linear stability analyses, local volume averaging, nonlinear stability analyses, 45,48-49 Miscible displacement tests for surfactant selection equipment, 399 miscible C0 2flood,399,40Qf,402 mobility-controlled C0 2 flood, ,401/402 mobility-controlled flood results, 403/ procedure, 399 purpose, 399 surfactants, 399/ Miscible floods, description, 3 Mixed surfactant adsorption on mineral surfaces applications, 205 effect of loss on mobility control, 206 Mixing parameter method for viscosity calculation, description, Mixing scales, dispersivity behavior, Mobile interface, pressure drop, 304 Mobility control, as function of rock heterogeneity, Mobility-control surfactants evaluation by core floods, evaluation by high-pressure sight cell studies, 182 limitations of analyses, 200,203 limitations of correlation analysis approach, 190 Mobility of fluid, definition, 6 Mobility of foam, influencing factors, Mobility thickness, definition, 243 Mobilization pressures of foam calculation of pressure, 29930QT constricted pore geometry, 299,301/ number of fraction distributions, 299,30Qf

8 446 SURFACTANT-BASED MOBILITY CONTROL Model of foam flow bubble generation, 327 discussion of population balance method, 330 future work, 331 net rate of bubble generation, number density of bubbles, variables affecting bubbles and environment, 328 Molecular diffusion, effect on dispersivity, 65,66f Multiphase equilibria for water carbon dioxide-2-propanol mixtures boundaries of multiphase regions, 8&,90 calculated and experimental phase compositions, 84,85/ computer algorithm for composition determination, 84,86 model-generated pressure-composition phase diagrams, 86,87/,88 model-generated pressure-temperature projection for ternary system, 88,8S>f prediction of phase behavior, thermodynamic model, 83-84,85/ Multiple correlations analysis, limitations, Ν Nitrogen flooding, use as EOR fluids, 3 Nonionic surfactants on quartz, adsorption, Nonlinear stability analyses, miscible displacements, 45,48-49 Ο Oil, effect on foam volume, 172,174/,175 Oil composition, effect on foam volume, 175 Oil droplet(s), configuration, 144,145/ Oil droplet-foam film interaction effect of electrolyte on foam thinning, 140 photocurrent vs. time interferograms, 140, /144 Oil production, predicted increase with mobility control, 388,391/ Oil recovery, methods, 2 Oil recovery processes, typical problems using gas injection, 234 Oil-water-alcohol fluid system, physical parameters, 260,2611,262 One-atmosphere foaming experimental procedure, 183,185 limitations, 203 One-atmosphere foaming test advantages, 182 advantages for surfactant screening, 164 experimental procedure, potential objections, 164,182 purpose, 182 surfactants, Partial fugacities, determination, 210,212 Patio Stone binary image, 239,24(^,241 magnitude of pressure drop fluctuations vs. average pressure drop, 245,247/ Patio Stone micromodel mechanisms of bubble formation, ,245/ volume of liquid during drainage displacement, 244,247/ Peclet numbers, calculation, 58 Peng Robinson equation of state, multiphase equilibria for H20-C02-2-propanol mixtures, Permeability autocorrelation structure, 72,74/75 description, 58 Permeability adjustment, shales, 55,56-57/ Permeability model for foam displacement axial pressure profiles, 314,317/ capillary pressure, 308 channels, 306,307/308 characteristics, 306,308 displacement of continuous train, 318,31^, effect of liquid rate on foam permeability, 318,31^ experimental apparatus for steady-state displacement tests, ,315/ flow of foam phase, 308 geometric relations, 309 texture of foam phase, 308 transient gas permeability test, /318 viscous pressure drop, 309 Permeability thickness, definition, 243 Pétrographie image analysis, of micromodel systems, 239 Petroleum sulfonate microemulsion-oil fluid phase, physical parameters, 261;,262 Phase behavior, effect of surfactant design, 313^33

9 INDEX 447 Phase compositions for three-phase equilibria, calculation, 86,87/,88 Phase saturations in foam gas saturations, 321 liquid saturations, 321 Population balance method, model of film flow, Population balance simulator, description, 22 Pressure vessel, for micromodel systems, ,237/ Pseudoemulsion film(s) definition, 137 effect of electrolyte on stability, 149 schematic diagram, 137,138/" separation of oil droplets, 149,152 types, 149 Pure-component surfactant adsorption, isotherm, 206,207/ Reservoir description, effect on chemical EOR, Reservoir sandstone, binary image, 239,24Qf,241 Reservoir sandstone micromodel effect of surfactant on gas-drive pressure drop, 249r final fluid saturations for foam displacement of brine, 246,248/" final fluid saturations for gas drive of brine, 246,24^249 Reverse micelles applications, 91 conductivity in supercritical fluids, 103,104^,105 definition, 91 presence in supercritical fluid solvents, presence in surfactant water supercritical fluid systems, 96 Rock Creek flood methods, 432 injection sequence, 432 test behavior, 433,435 well pattern, ,434/" SACROC C0 2 flood, with field tests, Saturation of a fluid phase, definition, 7 Screening tests for surfactants foam tests, linear oil displacement tests, 389, miscible displacement tests, Shales effect on flow, 55 forms, 55 permeability reduction, 55,57/ synthetic reservoir cross section, 55,56/" Siggins Field injectivity tests objectives, 430 results, 430,432 well pattern, 430,431/ Sight cell experiments, unsuitability for surfactant screening, Simulators models, 19 square-lattice network, 21,25/ three-dimensional models, 22 two-dimensional models, Simultaneous gas surfactant solution injection bubble generation, 253 effect of injection process on foam displacement, fluctuating pressure gradient, 254 mechanism of foam reduction of gas mobility, Snap-off mechanism(s) drainage mechanism, 283,285/ frequency, 289,291,292f,293 instability mechanism, ,285/ Snap-off mechanism at strong constrictions, effect of pore geometry, Snap-off mechanism of steady-state, cocurrent, two-phase flow, discussion, 271,273 Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate effect of temperature on solubility, partial molal volume in supercritical fluids, 105,106/" purification, 95 solubility influids,97,9&,99 solubility in supercritical ethane, 101,102^,103 solubility in supercritical propane, 101,103,104/ Solvation process from view cell studies, description, 99 Square constrictions flow coefficient, 289,29Qf,291 geometry, 289,290/" snap-off frequency, 289,291,292f,293 volume of bubbles, 291,292/* American Chemical Society Library th SU M. «WuAitoii, 0Λ. 200*

10 448 SURFACTANT-BASED MOBILITY CONTROL Stability of foam, See Foam stability, 147 Stationary foam definition, 334 volume-averaging population balances, 339 Steam enhanced oil recovery, applications, 387 Steam flooding function, 3 gravity override, 405,407/ Stochastic shales, definition, 55 Stock tank oil compositions, 166 effect on foam volume, 175,176i,177 Supercritical fluid, physical properties, 92 Supercritical fluid solvents, critical parameters, 94/ Supercritical fluid-surfactant solutions, importance of behavior for oil recovery methods, 92 Supercritical fluid systems critical micelle concentration, 101 effect of reverse micelles on phase behavior, Surfactant(s) chemical structure, 183,184/ effect on C02-foamflooding,363 effect on C02-foam mobility, foam volume ratio, 167/,172 preparation for one-atmosphere foam test, 183 screening tests, selection for foams, 14 use in gasflooding,2 use in gas-flood mobility control, Surfactant adsorption importance in mobility control, 24 isotherm as a function of surfactant concentration, 24,25/26 regions of isotherm, 26,27/ Surfactant-based mobility control, developmental steps, Surfactant concentration, influencing factors, 220,221 Surfactant design determination of important parameters, 23 effect of phase behavior, 31,32/23 importance of conjugate phase study, 3133Γ Surfactant flooding, definition, 2 Surfactant(s) for C0 2 foam, decision tree for choosing anionic vs. nonionic surfactants, 347 Surfactant(s) for mobility control effect of adsorption chemical reaction with reservoir, 388 effect of crude oil, 389 effect of inorganic ions, 388 effect of mixtures, 388 temperature limitations, 389 Surfactant-induced mobility control CT reconstructions, / differential pressure, / fractionalflows,352354/" oil, brine, and C0 2 saturations, / Surfactant-oil-electrolyte systems, preparation, 137 Surfactant screening for C0 2 enhanced oil recovery normalized surfactant concentration from coreflowadsorption test, /" procedure, sample structure, 348 Surfactant selection cell tests in C0 2 flooding experiments, 30 dispersion behavior, 2830 dynamic foam tests, linear oil displacement tests, miscible displacement tests, Surfactant structure, effect on foam volume, ,16^ Surfactant systems, importance of mass transfer, 108 Surfactant-water-supercritical fluid systems conductivities of reverse micelle phases, 103,104/" density vs. surfactant concentration, 105,106/" evidence for reverse micelles, 95 location of phase boundary, 96 measurement of solution conductivity, pressure dependence of phase behavior, 99 procedure for phase behavior study, solubility determination, 96 ternary phase diagram for ethane, 99,10Qf ternary phase diagram for isooctane, 99,102/" ternary phase diagram for propane, 99,10Qf,101 Sweep efficiency, effect on oil recovery,

11 INDEX 449 Taylor's theory of continuous movements, dependence of dispersivity on time, 63,65 Temperature, effect on foaming, 172,173* Thread-breakup mechanism, description, 15 Three-phase foam, stabilization mechanisms, 155 Three-phase foam structure breakup of foam frames, 140,141/ macroscopic observations, microscopic observations, process of coalescence, 137,138/* two-dimensional foam drainage, 137,135^,140 Three-phase foam thinning, film types, 137 Triton X-100 adsorption behavior, 225,226/* effect on calculated capillary pressure, 227,228/* effect on contact angle at quartz-solution interface, 225,228/* solution behavior, ,224f,225 Two-phase steady cocurrent flow capillary number, 260 cocurrent flow capillary number correlation, 271,272/" continuous tortuous paths, 266,268/" deformation of subsinglets, 269,27Qf dominant breakup mechanism, experimental apparatus schematic, 264,265/ flow cell, 262^63/264 ganglion length, 266,269 history, large mobile ganglion, 266,268/" liquid-crystal singlet and subsinglets, 269^7Qf observation, 259 occurrence, 259 physical parameters for experimental fluid systems, 260,261* procedure for flow experiments, 264 Reynolds number, 266 snap-off mechanism, 271,273 steady-state cocurrent flow observation, 266,267/ Viscous fingering description, 6-7,9 effect on oil recovery, 361 schematic diagram, 7,8/" Viscous fingers, definition, 344 Viscous instabilities of C0 2 foam, schematic of reservoir, 344,346/" Viscous pressure drop calculation, foam permeability, total gas flow rate, 310 Viscous resistance bubble displacement, 303,307/ contact radius vs. capillary pressure, Viscous resistance of foams disjoining pressure effects, 303 film thickness in terms of capillary number, pressure drop at immobile interface, pressure drop at mobile interface, total pressure difference in gas phase, Volume averaging bubble population balance, example, 335,33#* Volume integration, definition, 337 Water-alternating gas flooding advantages, 9 problems, 9-10 Water-alternating gas procedure (WAG), 361 Water-in-oil microemulsion analysis of diffusion process, 108 systems for determination of regions, 110,116,117/ Wettability Amott index, 28,2S(f Young-Dupre equation, 26,28 effect on foamflow,28 Young-Dupre equation, 26