Summary of Results Work Order No

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1 Summary of Results Work Order No Sample Name: C Indoor The TVOCs concentration of this sample was found to be 440 ug/m 3. The top 3 Volatile Organic Compounds identified in this sample are: 1. Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- with a concentration of 53 ug/m 3 2. Pentane with a concentration of 27 ug/m 3 3. Acetic acid with a concentration of 23 ug/m 3 The other major compounds found in this sample can be categorized into the following classes: Alcohols [Ethanol], [Benzyl Alcohol], [1-Butanol], [Isopropyl Alcohol] Aldehydes [Benzaldehyde], [Hexanal], [Acetaldehyde], [Nonanal], [Butanal] Aliphatic Hydrocarbons [Pentane], [Butane, 2-methyl-], [Heptane, 5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-], [Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-], [Heptane, 2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-], [Pentane, 2-methyl-], [Decane, 3-methyl-], [Octane, 2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-], [n-hexane], [Decane, 2,2-dimethyl- ], [Hexane, 2,2,5-trimethyl-] Aromatic Hydrocarbons [m/p-xylene], [Toluene] Chlorofluorocarbons [Trichloromonofluoromethane] Esters [2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate], [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate] Glycols/Glycol Ethers [Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-], [2-Propanol, 1-isopropoxy-] Ketones [Acetone], [Acetophenone] Light Hydrocarbons [Butane] Naphthenes [Cyclohexane] Nitrogen Containing Compounds [2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-] Organic Acids [Acetic acid] Siloxanes/Silanes [Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl-], [Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-] Sample Name: C Indoor The TVOCs concentration of this sample was found to be 480 ug/m 3. The top 3 Volatile Organic Compounds identified in this sample are: 1. Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- with a concentration of 39 ug/m 3 2. Hexanal with a concentration of 30 ug/m Ethoxyethyl acetate with a concentration of 27 ug/m 3 The other major compounds found in this sample can be categorized into the following classes: 1

2 Alcohols [Ethanol], [Benzyl Alcohol], [1-Butanol] Aldehydes [Hexanal], [Nonanal], [Benzaldehyde], [Acetaldehyde], [Octanal], [Butanal] Aliphatic Hydrocarbons [Pentane], [Butane, 2-methyl-], [Heptane, 5-ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-], [Octane, 2,2,6-trimethyl-], [Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6- pentamethyl-], [Pentane, 2-methyl-], [n-hexane], [Pentane, 3-methyl-], [Octane, 2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-] Aromatic Hydrocarbons [m/p-xylene], [Toluene], [o-xylene] Esters [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate], [2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate] Glycols/Glycol Ethers [Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-], [1-Propanol, 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)-], [2-Propanol, 1-butoxy-], [2-Propanol, 1-isopropoxy-] Ketones [Acetone] Light Hydrocarbons [Butane] Nitrogen Containing Compounds [2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-] Organic Acids [Acetic acid], [Hexanoic acid], [Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-] Siloxanes/Silanes [Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-], [Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl-] Sample Name: C Outdoor The TVOCs concentration of this sample was found to be 150 ug/m 3. The top 3 Volatile Organic Compounds identified in this sample are: 1. Toluene with a concentration of 31 ug/m 3 2. Acetic acid, butyl ester with a concentration of 21 ug/m 3 3. m-xylene + p-xylene with a concentration of 13 ug/m 3 The other major compounds found in this sample can be categorized into the following classes: Alcohols [Ethanol], [1-Butanol] Aldehydes [Acetaldehyde], [Benzaldehyde], [Butanal], [2-Propenal] Aliphatic Hydrocarbons [Butane, 2-methyl-], [Pentane], [Pentane, 2-methyl-], [Pentane, 3-methyl-], [n-hexane], [Hexane, 2-methyl-], [Hexane, 3- methyl-] Aromatic Hydrocarbons [Toluene], [m/p-xylene], [Ethylbenzene], [o-xylene], [Styrene], [Toluene, m-ethyl-], [Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-] Chlorofluorocarbons [Trichloromonofluoromethane], [Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoro-] Esters [Acetic acid, butyl ester], [Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester], [Acetic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester], [Ethyl Acetate] 2

3 Halogenated Compounds [Carbon Tetrachloride] Ketones [Acetone], [2-Butanone], [Methyl Isobutyl Ketone], [2-Heptanone], [Methyl vinyl ketone] Light Hydrocarbons [Butane] Organic Acids [Acetic acid] Siloxanes/Silanes [Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-] Comments and Conclusions Based on the results of analysis, some observations and comments are presented below: 1. The TVOC concentrations obtained from these samples were determined to range from 150 ug/m 3 to 480 ug/m The outdoor sample C was found to contain a number of aromatic compounds including toluene, xylenes, styrene, ethylbenzene as well as butyl acetate (acetic acid, butyl ester) and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate (propionic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester). The TVOC level of 150 ug/m 3 for outdoor air is considered slightly elevated. The sources of aromatic compounds include paints and paint thinners, lacquers and varnishes, automobile body and furniture polishes and cleaners. In addition, they could also originate from emissions of petroleum and combustion products. Butyl acetate is used in aerosol paints, paint thinners, varnish removers and a solvent for oil based lacquers and enamels. Ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, also known as EEP solvent, is a solvent used in polymers and resins in the coatings industry. 3. The levels of volatile organic compounds detected in the indoor air were present at much lower levels than those detected in the previous set of samples (WO# ), while the compounds identified are similar in both sets of samples. The glycol ethers detected may come from the new floor paints and coatings, whereas hexanal and hexanoic acid likely originated from the alkyd paint, which was used in the facility. 4. For those VOCs detected outdoors, although some were found inside the building such as aromatic compounds (which are commonly found in indoor environments), the more characteristic compounds such as ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, acetic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester and acetic acid, butyl ester were not detected among the top 35 compounds. 5. The sources of other individual compounds are presented in the next section. For your information, although currently there are no regulated indoor air quality guidelines for total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) levels for non-industrial settings, some exposure limits have been recommended. These are listed below: 1. The European Collaborative Action Report 11: 'Guidelines for Ventilation Requirements in Buildings (CEC 1992)': a. Comfort range: <200 ug/m 3 b. Multifactorial exposure range: 200 to 3,000 ug/m 3 c. Discomfort range: 3,000 to 25,000 ug/m 3 d. Toxic range: >25,000 ug/m 3 2. Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings: A Technical Guide Health Canada (1995) a. Target level: 1,000 ug/m 3 In addition, ASHRAE Standard recommends using one tenth of ACGIH limits for compounds for which comfort guidelines do not exist for a non-industrial indoor environment. Possible Relevant Sources The following section presents some possible sources for the classes of compounds detected, as well as the individual Threshold Limit Values (where available). Common hydrocarbons without available TLVs are not listed. In general, the guideline limits of individual compounds for non-industrial indoor environments are set at 1/10 of the TLV limits. The conversion factor from mg/m3 to ug/m 3 is 1000, i.e. 1 mg/m 3 = 1000 ug/m 3. 3

4 Alcohols 1-Butanol Sources: Applications of 1-butanol include: cleaners, floor polishes, stain removers, plasticizers and as a solvent for paints, coatings, varnishes, resins and dyes (e.g. printing inks) etc. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 20 ppm (61 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, characteristic banana-like odour Benzyl Alcohol Sources: Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent in paint stripper and waterborne coatings applications. It is also used as a curing agent for epoxy coating, ink, lacquer, degreasing agent, dyeing polyamide and as a bonding aid. It is found in soap, perfume, flavor & fragrance, and food additive. Odour: Pleasant, fruity Ethanol Sources: Ethanol is used extensively as a solvent in the manufacture of varnishes, ink, cleaners, detergents and paint. It is used in perfumes, aftershave and many personal care and pharmaceutical products. It is also used in disinfectants such as hand sanitizers, and as a fuel and gasoline additive. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 1000 ppm (1880 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, alcoholic Isopropyl Alcohol Sources: Used in antifreeze products, as solvent for gums, shellac, essential oils, in quick drying oils and resins. It is also used in paints, in rubbing alcohol, in personal care products, as an antiseptic agent and disinfectant. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 200 ppm (492 mg/m3) Odour: Pleasant, sharp, rubbing alcohol Aldehydes 2-Propenal (Acrolein) Sources: sources (fireplace, wood stove, furnace); cigarette smoke; carpet; fabrics; glues and alkyd paints; linoleum flooring, pressed wood products. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): C 0.1 ppm (C 0.23 mg/m3) STEL Odour: Burnt, sweet Acetaldehyde Sources: Sources of acetaldehyde include emissions from combustion processes such as vehicle emissions, oil and gas extraction, refineries, boilers and process heaters, fireplaces, coffee roasting and tobacco smoking. In manufacturing, it is primarily used as an intermediate for a range of chemicals, perfumes, aniline dyes, plastics and synthetic rubber, explosives, lacquers and varnishes, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators and antioxidants, and room air deodorants. In food, it is a natural component of many different fruits, vegetables, and coffee and is used as a synthetic flavouring substance and food preservative. Acetaldehyde is a metabolic intermediate in humans and higher plants and a product of alcohol fermentation. Degradation of hydrocarbons, sewage, and solid biological wastes also produces acetaldehyde. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): STEL C 25 ppm (C 45mg/m3) Odour: Pungent, fruity Benzaldehyde Sources: used as a commercial food flavourant (almond flavour), a fragrance additive, or an industrial solvent. Odour: Pleasant almond-like odour Butanal Sources: Mainly used in the production of rubber accelerators, synthetic resins, solvents, plasticizers. Odour: Sweet, rancid, pungent, nutty Hexanal Sources: Found from emissions of pressed wood products (hardwood plywood wall paneling, particle board, fibreboard); furniture (made from these pressed wood products); carpet; fabrics; glues and alkyd paint. Polyurethane wood finish. Odour: Pungent 4

5 Nonanal Sources: Pressed wood products, adhesives Odour: Rose-orange Octanal Sources: It is used as a food additive in baked goods, candy, and gelatins. It is found in perfumes, detergents. It is the natural and major component of rose and citrus oils. It is found in the emission of flooring and wood materials Odour: Sharp, fatty, fruity odour Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Mixed solvent for varnishes, paint and paint removers, sheet vinyl flooring, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, degreasers and as a solvent in liquid photocopier toners, and emissions from combustion and petrochemical products. Butane, 2-methyl- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 600 ppm (1770 mg/m3)(pentane, All isomers) Odour: Mild gasoline n-hexane Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm (176 mg/m3) Odour: Gasoline Pentane Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 600 ppm (1770 mg/m3) (Pentane, All isomers) Odour: Gasoline-like Pentane, 2-methyl- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 500 ppm (1760 mg/m3), (Hexane, Other isomers) Odour: Faint petroleum odour Pentane, 3-methyl- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 500 ppm (1760 mg/m3) (Hexane, Other isomers) Aromatic Hydrocarbons Used as a solvent, especially for paints, lacquers, coatings, gums, oils, adhesives, and resins, as raw material in the production of other materials, ingredients of petrochemical fuels, and emissions from burning, heating or combustions processes. Benzene, (1-methylethyl)- (Cumene) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm(246 mg/m3) Odour: Sharp, aromatic Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 25 ppm, (123 mg/m3 - Trimethylbenzene Mixed Isomers) Odour: Aromatic Ethylbenzene Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 100 ppm (434 mg/m3) Odour: Aromatic, oily, solventy Xylene Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 100 ppm (434 mg/m3) (Xylene, o, m & p isomers) Odour: Aromatic Styrene Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 20 ppm (85 mg/m3) Odour: Floral, sharp, penetrating Toluene Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 20 ppm (75 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, pungent 5

6 Esters 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate Sources: It is used as additives to plastic (plasticizer) and as the coalescent agent for latex paints. It is also used as a retarder solvent in coil coatings and high-bake enamels, as wood preservative carriers, floor polishes, and solvent for nail polish, cosmetics and personal care products. Odour: Mild 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Sources: Floor lacquers, epoxy paints, paint thinners Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 5 ppm(27mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, musty, ester, fruity Acetic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester Sources: Isobutyl Acetate is a solvent of lacquers, paint thinners and cleaners, surfactants, finishing agents, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 150 ppm(713 mg/m3) Odour: Pleasant, fruity, sweet Acetic acid, butyl ester Sources: It is used mainly as a solvent for oil based lacquers and enamels, as well as a solvent in inks. Other applications include aerosol paint concentrates, paint and varnish removers, nail enamels and polishes, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 150 ppm( 713 mg/m3) Odour: Fruity Ethyl Acetate Sources: Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent for varnishes, lacquers, inks, stain, fats and nitrocellulose. It is released during the manufacture of linoleum, and plastic wood, dyes. It is used in artificial fruit flavourings, and perfumes and fragrances, as a solvent in nail polish, nail polish remover and other manicuring products. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 400 ppm (1440 mg/m3) Odour: Fruity, pleasant, finger nail polish Propanoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester Sources: It is a slow evaporating solvent and is ideal for a wide range of coating polymers. It is used in a number of applications such as coatings for automotive plastics, ink cleaners, paint removers, process solvent for high-solids acrylic resins and general industrial solvent. Odour: solvent Glycols/Glycol Ethers 2-Propanol, 1-butoxy- Sources: Used in flat water thinned interior paints and tinting bases, household hard surface cleaners, metal degreasing, and other solvent applications including paints, lacquers, resins, inks, dyes, oils, greases and cleaners. Ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- Sources: Solvent for lacquer, inks, wood stains, varnishes and enamel; as a diluent for hydraulic brake fluids, textile dyeing & printing; solvent in cosmetics, toiletries etc. Odour: Sweet, musty Halogenated Compounds Carbon Tetrachloride Sources: Used in the production of refrigeration fluid and propellants for aerosol cans, as a pesticide, as a cleaning fluid and degreasing agent, in fire extinguishers, in spot removers and as a solvent for varnishes and wood stains. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 5 ppm (31 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, chloroform, dry cleaner 6

7 Ketones 2-Butanone Sources: Also known as methyl ethyl ketone, it is used as a solvent for lacquers, adhesives and protective coatings; it is a common ingredient in consumer products such as varnishes, glues, printing inks, paints, woodstains, and paint removers etc. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, acetone-like 2-Heptanone Sources: Also known as methyl amyl ketone, it is used as a solvent in paint manufacture. It is also used as a solvent in various coating applications and in manufacturing of adhesives. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 50 ppm(233 mg/m3) Odour: Fruity Acetone Sources: The indoor sources include cigarette smoking, emissions from furnishings, office wood furniture and construction materials, and excretion by the lung are perhaps the greatest contributors to indoor acetone levels. Acetone is used as a formulating solvent for a variety of paints, inks, resins, varnishes, lacquers, carpet adhesive solvent, surface coatings, paint removers, and automotive care products. Acetone is also found in many consumer products including surface cleaners, cosmetics and toiletries, manicuring preparations, furniture and shoe polishes and cleaners. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 500 ppm (1188 mg/m3) Odour: Minty chemical, sweet Acetophenone Sources: It is used in paint and varnish removers, as a fragrance ingredient in soaps, detergents, cosmetics, and perfumes as well as a flavouring agent in foods, beverages, and tobacco. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 10 ppm (49 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, almond Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Sources: Methyl isobutyl ketone is used as a solvent in lacquers and varnishes, and as a minor component of paint solvents, including car and industrial spray paints. It is used in the semiconductor industry, and as a synthetic flavoring adjuvant and as a fragrance additive. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): (50 ppm) (205 mg/m3) Odour: Sweet, Sharp Methyl vinyl ketone Sources: Alkylating agent. Intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis. Component of ionomer resins, monomer in production of plastics and resins. Odour: Strong pungent odour Light Hydrocarbons Natural gas, vehicle exhaust, combustion products, aerosol propellants Butane Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 1000 ppm (2400 mg/m3 ) Aliphatic HC gases C1-C4 Odour: Gasoline, natural gas Naphthenes Cyclohexane Sources: Used in the production of nylon fibre and nylon molding resins, as a solvent for paint, resins, varnish and oils, plasticizers, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other industrial chemicals. It is also used in many applications including paint, polish and cleaners, sealants, lubricating oil, varnish removers, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives and liquid toilet soap. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 100 ppm (344 mg/m3) Odour: Pungent, solvent, oil Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 7

8 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl- Sources: NMP is used as a solvent for paint stripping and resins, as a cleaner for polymeric residues, and in other applications such as: metal finishing, printed circuit board manufacturing, SBR latex production, pigment dispersant, dehydration of natural gas, and lube oil processing. Odour: Amine Organic Acids Acetic acid Sources: It is found in caulks and sealants, particle board, paints, coatings, adhesives, rubber, food additive etc. Acetic acid has also been found in adhesive used in archival boxes. It is also used in glass window cleaning preparations, household detergents and surface cleaners, laundry aids, disinfectants, polishes, and varnish removers, as well as wood office furniture. Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 10 ppm(25 mg/m3) Odour: Sour, vinegar-like Hexanoic acid Sources: Also known as caproic acid, it is a straight chain fatty acid and a colourless oily liquid with uncomfortable odour. It is emitted from alkyd paint and some decayed organic matters. It is used in organic synthesis, manufacture of perfume, medicine, lubricating grease, rubber and dye. Odour: Goat, cheese Siloxanes/Silanes Siloxanes can be grouped into silicone fluids, elastomers and resins. Silicone fluids are used for a wide range of applications such as cosmetics and toiletries, wax, polishes and cleaning agents, lubricants, mechanical fluids and heat transfer fluids, paper coating and textile applications (e.g. Scotch Guard). Silicone elastomers are mainly used for sealants and rubbers, and resins are mainly used for paints, inks and coatings. Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- Sources: Cosmetics and toiletries, personal care products, sealant materials, carpet, ceiling tiles, floor and furniture polish, lubricants, rubber products, medical equipment and supplies, cleaning compounds, polishes, paints, silicone adhesive and elastomers in ceiling light gaskets etc. Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl- Sources: It is used in personal care products such as lotion, cosmetics, hair spray; in sealant materials, carpet, ceiling tiles, floor and furniture polish, in lubricants, silicone adhesive and elastomers in ceiling light gaskets and as a dry cleaning solvent replacing perchloroethylene. It is often found with limonene if used with cleaning or polishing products, or with ethanol when used in personal care products. Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl- Sources: Used as caulk sealants, silicone lubricants, paper products, plastic packaging, urethane and other foam products, cleaning agents, toiletries, paper products, paints and coatings Notes: The results interpretation presented in this report is based on the pattern of VOCs and information provided and should be used with discretion. The sources of VOCs provided are not exhaustive or intended to be complete. Site inspection and investigation will provide more complete information on the likely sources of VOCs. Please note that this report is strictly focused on volatile organic compounds, or compounds that can be detectable using this method with mass scanning range from 34 amu to 400 amu. Unstable/reactive compounds as well as those outside this range would not be detected. 8