Forensic Science Mid-term Study Guide

Transcription

1 1. The scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes. _Criminalistics 2. Test done with a lie detector. Polygraph 3. A murder in China was solved when which insect was attracted to residue on the sword of a man. _Flies 4. Who were the first to use fingerprints to establish identity of documents and clay sculptures. _Chinese 5. Who constructed the first high-powered microscope? Van Leeuwenhoek 6. Who developed the first classification system for fingerprint ID? Henry 7. Who identified human blood groups? _Landsteiner 8. Who formulated the famous principle, Every contact leaves a trace? Locard 9. The French professor who was considered the father of criminalistics. Locard 10. The _Locard principle says whenever two objects come into contact with each other; there is always a transfer of material. 11. What are the 7 types of law? _Constitutional Law, _Statutory Law, _Common/Case law, Civil Law, Criminal Law, _Equity Law, Administrative Law 12. Where these inalienable rights are located _Bill of Rights 13. Minor offense or petty crime. Infraction 14. Minor crime punish by jail or fine. (Less than 12 months jail) Misdemeanor 15. Major crime punishable by fines and more than 1 year in prison up to death _Felony 16. In order for scientific evidence to be admitted in a court of law, it must be _Probative, which means it must actually proves something. 17. The Frye Standard does not offer guidance on reliability 18. What does MMO stand for? _Motive, Means, Opportunity 19. Court case where it was decided that the jury approves the evidence _Frye vs. United States 20. Court case where it was decided that the judge approves the evidence_daubert Vs. Dow 21. You have the right to remain _silent 22. You have the right to speak to an Attorney 23. You have the right to have a(n) _Attorney present during questioning. 24. If you cannot afford a _Attorney, one will be provided for you. 25. Evidence is mostly in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings, fractures or deposits. _Physical 26. Evidence is any object or material that is relevant in a crime. Physical 27. Evidence is a statement made under oath. _Testimonial 28. Evidence is produced by contact between persons and objects. _Transfer 29. Evidence is temporary, easy changed or lost. _Transient 30. Evidence is produced by a specific event or action. _Conditional 31. Blood, semen, saliva and sweat are all considered what type of evidence by nature? _Biological 32. Fingerprints are considered Class or Individual evidence? Individual 33. _Recognition is the ability to distinguish important evidence from unrelated material.

2 34. _Preservation of evidence is done through the collection and proper packaging of evidence. 35. Would a piece of glass from a broken bottle be class or individual evidence? _Individual 36. Corpus Delicti means _Body of the crime sources of evidence: _Body, Primary/secondary crime scene, Suspects 38. This search method is the best in large, outdoor scenes. Strip or line 39. This is basically a double line search. Grid 40. This search method is most effective in houses or buildings, teams are assigned small zones for searching. Zone 41. This search method is best used where there are no physical barriers. Spiral 42. Which evidence should be collected and packaged first? _Most fragile 43. Trace evidence may be placed on a piece of paper which is then folded in a particular way called _Bindle. 44. What are the 5 ways to classify a manner of death? Natural, _Accidental, Suicide, _Homicide, _Undetermined 45. What are the 3 types of ridge characteristics of fingerprints: _Arch, _Whorl, Loop 46. _Dacyloscopy is the study of fingerprints. 47. Who required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts? William Herschel 48. Who claimed that fingerprints didn t change over time? _Henry Faulds 49. Who developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls? _Francis Galton 50. What term refers to using body measurements as a means to id of a perpetrator? _Anthropometry 51. Whorls must have a t least 2 deltas and a _core 52. In the early days of using fingerprints as identification, they used the _The Henry FBI classification system where each finger was given a point value. 53. What are the legal requirements in the US on the number of points required for a match on a fingerprint? _None 54. _Latents fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. 55. Generally, criminal courts will accept _8-12 points of similarity in a fingerprint. 56. Loop Whorl Arch

3 57. Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. 58. _Iodine fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow-brown color. 59. _Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. 60. _Silver Nitrate reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light. 61. _Cyanoacrylate are superglue fumes that react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. 62. What other prints can be used to identify perpetrators besides fingerprints? Lips, Voice, Foot, Shoes, _Palm 63. AFIS stands for Automatic Fingerprint Identifiction System. 64. The Bertillion System system may have actually been the first biometry system. 65. An _Arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising up in the middle. 66. A Loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. 67. Is hair class or individual evidence? Class 68. From hair, one can determine the following: _Race, Orgin of hair, _human or animal, _Treated with chemicals, _Drugs ingested,, 69. Spinous Imbricate Coronal 70. Hair is composed of _cuticle, cortex and medulla 71. Which one is human? Imbricate 72. The _Cuticle which is the outside covering, made of overlapping scales. 73. The _Cortex which is the inner layer made of keratin and embedded with pigment. 74. The _Medulla which is the inside layer running down the center of the cortex. 75. What gives hair its shape? The cortex 76. The _Cuticle is the outermost layer of hair which is covered with scales. The scales point toward the tip of the hair. Scales differ among species of animals and are named based on their types of medulla patterns: Human medulla may be _Round-Straight, _Oval-Curly, or Crescent Moon-Kinky

4 78. How can the medullary index be determined? Measure the diameter of the medulla and dividing it by the diameter of the hair. Round-Straight Oval-Curly Crescent Moon-Curly 79. Anagen is the stage where the hair is actively growing: lasts up to 5 years. 80. Catagen is the stage where the hair is not growing; it is a resting phase. 81. Telagen is the stage where the follicle is getting ready to push the hair out. 82. How far does hair grow per day?.4mm 83. How far does hair grow per month? 1/2 inch (in inches and centimeters) 84. Human roots look different based on what? Forcibly removed or if falls out. 85. Dyed hair has color in the _cuticle and cortex 86. Bleaching _removes pigment and gives hair a yellow tint. 87. What is the difference in where nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA are found in hair? _Nuclear DNA in root of hair, mitochondrial-in hair shaft. 88. Hairs in questioned must be accompanied by Control samples 89. Discuss what was discovered by the hair of Napoleon Bonaparte? _Arsenic poisoning 90. How can it be determined when hair was last dyed (approximately)? _Measure uncolored roots._ 91. How can it be determined if hair has been dyed? _If color is in the cuticle 92. What are the tiny pockets from which hair grows called? Hair follicle 93. How can hair be compared? color_, _length, _diameter_, _Scale types, presence of absence of medulla, Medullary type, pattern index, distribution, shape color intensity of pigment granules., 94. How should a microscope be carried? One hand on base, other on arm. 95. The root contains Nuclear _DNA. 96. The hair shaft contains abundant _Mitochondrial_DNA, inherited only from the mother. 97. Why is DNA testing of hair not used more often? _expensive, slow due to not local. 98. Questioned hairs must be accompanied by an adequate number of control samples from victim, possible suspects and others who may have deposited hair at the scene. 99. What power of magnification is used with the low, medium, and high power objective lens? _4x, 10x, 40x 100 Why are fibers considered class evidence? _Cannot be traced to an individual 101 Fabric is made of _fibers Fibers are made of twisted _filaments 102 What are the 2 types of fibers and fabric? Natural and artificial 103 Name 6 types of synthetic fibers: _Rayon, _Nylon, _Acetate, Acrylic, Spandex, Polyester_

5 104 Name 5 types of natural fibers: silk, Cotton, Wool, Mohair, Cashmire 105 Natural fibers are classified according to their origin. 106 Three kinds of natural fibers _vegetable, animal, _mineral 107 _Cotton vegetable fiber; strong, tough, flexible, moisture-absorbent, not shaperetentive 108 _Rayon chemically altered cellulose; soft, lustrous, versatile 109 _Cellulose acetate cellulose that is chemically altered to create an entirely new compound not found in nature 110 Wool animal fiber coming most often from sheep, but may be goat (mohair), rabbit (angora), camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuña 111 Silk insect fiber that is spun by a silkworm to make its cocoon; the fiber reflects light and has insulating properties 112 Absestos a natural fiber that has been used in fire-resistant substances 113 Rock wool a manufactured mineral fiber 114 Fiberglass a manufactured inorganic fiber 115 Synthetic fibers made from derivatives of petroleum, coal, and natural gas. 116 Nylon most durable of man-made fibers; extremely lightweight 117 Polyester most widely used man-made fiber 118 Acrylic provides warmth from a lightweight, soft, and resilient fiber 119 Spandex extreme elastic properties 120 Yarn a continuous strand of fibers or filaments that may be twisted together 121 _Warp lengthwise yarn 122 _Weft crosswise yarn 123 _Blend a fabric made up of two or more different types of fibers a. Plain

6 b. Satin Twill c. 124 Knitting are made by interlocking loops into a specific arrangement. It may be continuous thread or a combination. 125 _Synthetic fibers are made of polymers, which are long chains of repeating chemical units. 126 The word _polymer means many units. 127 Density the mass of an object divided by the volume of the object 128 Refractive Index measurement of the bending of light as it passes from air into a solid or liquid 129 Fluorsecence absorption and reemission of light; used for comparing fibers as well as spotting fibers i. for collection 130 Chromatography is used to separate dyes for comparative analysis. 131 Collection of fiber evidence: 132 Bag clothing items _individually in paper bags. Make sure that different items _are not placed on the same surface before being bagged. 133 Make _tape lifts of exposed skin areas and any inanimate objects. 134 Removed fibers should be folded into a _small sheet of paper and stored in a paper bag. 135 Wayne Williams was convicted in 1982 based on _carpet fibers that were found in his home, in his car, and on several murder victims.

7 136 A Drug is a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically. 137 _Controlled substance are drugs that are restricted by law. 138 The Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970 ; 139 It lists illegal drugs, categories, and penalties 140 _Schedule 1 high potential for abuse; no currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Examples: heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, _marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA) 141 Schedule 2 high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Examples: cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, _Ritalin 142 _Schedule 3- lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Examples: intermediate-acting barbiturates, _anabolic steroids, ketamine 143 _Schedule 4 low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III Examples: stimulants and depressants including Valium, _Xanax, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon 144 _Schedule 5 low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the U.S.; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV Examples: codeine found in low doses in cough medicines 145 A(n) illegal drug is a drug that is against the law to have, use, or distribute. 146 A(n) Illicit drug is a legal drug used in an inappropriate or illegal way 147 PDR_Physicians Desk Reference_ is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets, and capsules. It is updated each year. This can sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. The reference book gives a picture of the drug and states whether it is prescription, over-the-counter, or a controlled substance; it gives more detailed information about the drug as well. 148 Screening or presumptive tests _spot or color, _chromatography, _Microchrystalline

8 149 Confirmatory tests spectrophotmetry which consists of Ultraviolet (UV), Visible, and Infrared (IR) light 150 _Mass spectrophotometry. a. Screening or presumptive tests only tell that the drug is _possibly present. b. Confirmatory tests tell that the drug is _Positively present. c. (_Screening )_ tests are easier, cheaper, and quicker to use.) 151 A technique for separating mixtures into their Components. 152 Includes two phases mobile one, _stationary 153 The mobile one flows past the stationary one. 154 This is a number that represents how far a _compound travels in a particular solvent. 155 It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled. 156 If the R f value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are likely _similar or identical. Gas Chromatography 157 Used as a _separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) 158 Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence.) 159 Spectoscopy the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter 160 Spectrophotometer an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance 161 Arthur Jeffrey Dempster was born in _Canada, but studied at and received his PhD from the University of Chicago. He began teaching _physics there in In 1918, Dempster developed the first modern mass spectrometer. 162 Infrared Spectroscopy The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR ) instruments are equipped with microscopes and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessories, and are primarily used to analyze fibers, paints, polymers, and explosives. 163 An Inductively Coupled Plasma / Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS) _ analyzes for the presence of metal components associated with gunshot residue (GSR).

9 164 Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection Mass Spectroscopy-The Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and the Gas Chromatograph / Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS)_ are used to analyze fire debris samples, volatile and semi-volatile compounds, and light products such as alcohols, acetone, and other solvents that may be submitted as evidence in connection to a crime. 165 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectoscopy- A manual injection Pyrolysis unit is used with a Gas Chromatograph with Mass Selective Detector (Py-GC/MS) to analyze evidence such as paints, fibers, and polymers. 166 Glass Refractive Index Measurement System- _(GRIM)measures the refractive index of glass fragments using the oil-immersion method, a process that exploits the variation of refractive index with temperature. 167 Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM/EDX) is used for elemental analysis and high resolution and magnification imaging with enhanced depth of field. The process results in a non-destructive analysis of gunshot residue particles, paints, metals, powders, and other trace materials. 168 The X-Ray Fluorescence XRF) analyzer is used for the non-destructive elemental analysis of trace evidence such as glass, larger metal fragments, powders and certain liquids. 169 The Microspectrophotometry is employed to measure spectral (color) differences in polymeric samples such as paints and fibers. 170 Microscopy is used to examine evidence in nearly every analysis and in each sub-discipline in the Trace Unit. Stereomicroscopes are utilized extensively when searching through debris and tapings for hairs, fibers, paint, and glass; Polarizing light microscopes (PLMs) are necessary when analyzing certain properties of fibers; and Comparison microscopes are essential when comparing the microscopic properties of questioned and known samples of hairs and fibers.