Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents

Transcription

1 Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents

2 Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents Steven L. Hoenig Senior Chemist/Chemical Terrorism Coordinator Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories-Miami

3 Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Printed on acid-free paper 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights springer.com

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5 Preface It should be noted that this book, although it contains some materials from a previously published work, it is by no means the same. Each chemical agent listing has been expanded to include significant additional information. In particular, the listings now include sections containing Informational, Physical and Chemical Properties, Reactivity, Toxicity, Safety, and Military Significant Information. Although listed as Military Significant Information, this section can be used by any first responder, or any person in the field. It is not strictly for military use. The purpose of this particular book is to equip those professionals in the federal, state, and local level organizations that are currently involved in Homeland Security with the necessary information to be able to address a chemical terrorist situation. Those professionals would be from Emergency Operations Centers, HazMat Teams, Fire Departments, Health Departments, Civil Support Teams (CST), Military Personnels, various Intelligence Organizations, Clinical Laboratories, and Environmental Laboratories. This would also include first responders such as emergency medical technicians, emergency room nurses, doctors, technicians, firefighters, police officers, clinicians, laboratorians, health department personnels, epidemiologists, as well as researchers and related professionals. In addition, both private and public hospitals would need this information when those exposed to the suspected chemical terrorist agents are brought in for treatment. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction about the particular class of agent, and then a brief paragraph about each individual agent. Chapters 1 through 7 cover blister, blood, choking, incapacitating, nerve, tear, and vomit agents. There are four additional blister agents in Chapter 1, three additional choking agents in Chapter 3, and seven additional nerve agents in Chapter 5. It should be noted that the subject of Novichok compounds have been addressed in detail in Chapter 5. Do bear in mind that these compounds have been subjected to some debate, but very little is known about them in detail. vii

6 viii Preface In addition, Chapter 6 has three additional tear agents, mixtures that are not included in the other book on chemical warfare. Chapter 8 covers components that are used to make binary chemical weapons. The chapter covers three main components that are used to make GB2 and VX2 (the binary equivalents of GB and VX). Only those materials not easily found elsewhere are listed. For example, one of the components for binary VX2 is elemental sulfur (designated NE), the information about sulfur is readily available and is not dealt with herein. Appendix A is a glossary of the terminology and abbreviations used throughout the book. Appendix B covers some relevant chemical and physical concepts used in the book. Appendix C is a quick reference chart for signs and symptoms of exposure to chemical terrorism agents. The chart is only meant as a guide and is not to be all-inclusive. Appendix D contains the FTIR spectra of the five listed nerve agents. Appendix E is a quick cross-reference among the chemical agent, symbol, type of agent, and CAS number. Appendix F is a list of precursor chemicals used in the synthesis of typical chemical warfare agents. Appendix G is the periodic table of elements. I hope that all those who use this book find the information useful and practical. Suggestions are always welcomed. Steven L. Hoenig

7 Acknowledgments I wish to express my thanks to Richard Kolodkin, who has been a true friend and more over all of these years, and through all of the hardships. Once again I express my thanks to Richard Leff, whose friendship I deeply appreciate and without whose assistance I would not be here now. ix

8 Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Blister Agents Distilled Sulfur Mustard HD Ethyldichloroarsine ED Lewisite L Lewisite L Lewisite L Methyldichloroarsine MD Mustard T Mustard Lewisite Mixture HL Nitrogen Mustard HN Nitrogen Mustard HN Nitrogen Mustard HN Phenyldichloroarsine PD Phosgene Oxime CX Sesquimustard Q Sulfur Mustard Mixture HT Blood Agents Arsine SA Cyanogen Chloride CK Hydrogen Cyanide AC Choking Agents Chlorine Cl Diphosgene DP Nitric Oxide NO Perfluoroisobutylene PFIB Phosgene CG Incapacitating Agents Agent BZ 73 vii ix xi

9 xii Contents 5. Nerve Agents Nerve Agent A Nerve Agent A Nerve Agent A Amiton VG Cyclosarin GF Edemo VM Ethyl Sarin GE Nerve Agent GV Nerve Agent VE Nerve Agent VS Nerve Agent VX Nerve Agent Vx Russian VX VR Sarin GB Soman GD Tabun GA Tear Agents Bromobenzylcyanide CA Chloroacetophenone CN Chloropicrin PS o-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile CS Tear Agent CNB Tear Agent CNC Tear Agent CNS Tear Agent CR Vomit Agents Adamsite DM Diphenylchloroarsine DA Diphenylcyanoarsine DC Binary Components Alcohol Amine Mixture OPA Binary Component QL Difluoro DF 168 Appendix A Glossary 171 Appendix B Chemical and Physical Concepts 182 Appendix C Chemical Warfare Agents, Signs, and Syndromes 189 Appendix D FTIR/MS Spectra 193 Appendix E Chemical Warfare Agent Cross-Reference Table 209 Appendix F Chemical Warfare Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents 211 Appendix G Periodic Table of the Elements 218 Index 220