BROAD-BASED INTERNAL- EMITTER RESEARCH BUILT ON FIRM STANNARD FOUNDATIONS. Bruce B. Boecker Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute

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2 BROAD-BASED INTERNAL- EMITTER RESEARCH BUILT ON FIRM STANNARD FOUNDATIONS Bruce B. Boecker Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute

3 OUTLINE Newell Stannard and Rochester New AEC Programs / Laboratories Factors Influencing Radionuclide Disposition Progress Reflected in ICRP Models Continued Stannard Stewardship

4 NEWELL STANNARD AND ROCHESTER A great combination for graduate studies! Education Research - Directions - Experience - Laboratory - Field

5 EDUCATION

6 STANNARD EDUCATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES Associate Director for Education U of R Atomic Energy Project Associate Dean for Graduate Studies U of R School of Medicine and Dentistry

7 U of R EDUCATION PROGRAM Mixed Backgrounds and Needs: AEC HP Fellowship Program - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. Military Participants - MDs, DVMs, Others Academic and Applied Radiobiology and Health Physics

8 INHALATION STUDIES

9 HERITAGE OF RADIONUCLIDE INHALATION STUDIES WW II Manhattan Project U.of Rochester Post-war Studies New AEC Programs and Laboratories

10 RADIOACTIVE INHALATION SECTION JN Stannard Head, Design and Use of Alpha Laboratory - Safety using airborne alpha emitters - Replaceable glove boxes - Clean / dirty concept Inhalation studies primarily with: Po, 238 Pu, 239 Pu, Radon

11 HALLMARKS OF U of R - AEC INHALATION RESEARCH Use of Lab Animals to Fill Gaps in Human Data Responsive to National Needs Broad Program Applicable to Many Materials, Issues Interdisciplinary Teams Working Safely with Airborne Radionuclides

12 NEW AEC PROGRAMS AND LABORATORIES

13 OUR NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT Increase in U.S.nuclear power expected Fuel reprocessing a viable option Fallout from atmospheric weapons testing Effects of fallout in nuclear war New technologies under study -Aircraft nuclear propulsion - Space nuclear propulsion

14 MAJOR AEC PROGRAM EXPANSION University of Utah University of CA Davis Hanford / PNL Lovelace FPIP / ITRI

15 AEC/ERDA/DOE LIFE-SPAN STUDIES IN BEAGLES Laboratory Experiment Start Dates Elements Studied Utah Pu, Ra, Th, Am, Cf, Es, Sr Radionuclide Studies Exposure Routes UC Davis Sr, Ra ING, IV IV PNL Pu INH ITRI Sr, Ce, Y, Cs, Pu INH

16 ROCHESTER PhDs AT PNL, ITRI, AND UCD BEFORE 1968 PNL ITRI UCD Bair 1954 a Thomas 1955 Goldman 1957 Sikov 1955 Mercer 1957 Della Rosa 1959 Stuart 1963 Boecker 1962 Craig 1964 Raabe b 1967 Sanders 1966 Cuddihy 1967 Cross 1967 a Year PhD awarded b Later directed UCD program

17 INTERNAL DOSIMETRY RESEARCH

18 PRODUCTS FROM STUDIES IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

19 PRODUCTS FROM STUDIES IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

20 DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF INHALED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

21 INHALED RADIONUCLIDES - ITRI 67 Ga 90 Y 91 Y 90 Sr 99 Mo 99m Tc 95 Zr 95 Nb 106 Ru 124 Sb 131 I 134 Cs 137 Cs 140 Ba 140 La 144 Ce 147 Pm 198 Au Rn & Progeny 224 Ra 238 Pu 239 Pu 241 Am 243,244 Cm 252 Cf

22 POSSIBLE MODIFYING FACTORS FOR INTERNAL DOSE Element Radionuclide Phys./ Chem. forms Route of exposure Freq. of exposure Dose non-uniformity Dose protraction Species Age Gender Health status Other biol. Factors Personal habit Therapeutic removal

23 ELEMENT

24 INHALED 144 CeCl 3 - DOGS Boecker and Cuddihy (1974)

25 RATIO OF SKELETON / LIVER BURDENS vs. IONIC RADIUS Durbin (1962)

26 HIGH NASAL CONCETRATIONS OF INHALED BETA EMITTERS After Injection After Inhalation 137 CsCl 90 SrCl CeCl 3 91 YCl 3 Whole Body Lung Liver Skeleton Turbinates Boecker et al. (1986)

27 RADIONUCLIDE

28 238 Pu0 2 INHALED BY DOGS Muggenburg et al. (1996)

29 PHYSICAL FORM

30 LYMPH NODE / LUNG RATIOS THOMAS (1968)

31 DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SOURCES

32 SPECIES

33 SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN LUNG RETENTION INSOLUBLE 144Ce

34 COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF RADIONUCLIDES IN MAMMALS 11 Articles in Health Physics by Furchner and Richmond Used Mice, Rats, Monkeys and Dogs Routes: Oral, IV, IP I. 65 Zn VII. 106 Ru II. 131 I III. 54 Mn IV. 110m Ag VIII. 7 Be IX. 75 Se X. 60 Co V. 192 Ir XI. 113 Sn VI. 95 Nb

35 COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF 65 Zn Richmond et al. (1962)

36 EXPOSURE PATTERN

37 LUNG CANCER IN RATS - Pu vs. Ce

38 ICRP USE OF INTERNAL EMITTER DATA

39 DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF INHALED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

40 ICRP 2 URANIUM MODEL (1960) Plasma Bone Kidneys 300 d 15 d Excretion

41 ICRP 30 URANIUM MODEL (1979)

42 RECENT ICRP MODELING TRENDS (1 OF 2) Greater biological realism - Physiologically motivated framework - Feedback treated explicitly - Age-related parameter values incorporated - Short- and long-term behavior analyzed - Excretion pathways specified Both occupational and environmental exposures considered

43 RECENT MODELING TRENDS (2 of 2) Use of broad range of pertinent material Human tissue and excretion data Laboratory animal studies Elemental analogies Physiological data Framework accommodates more detailed analyses when needed data are available Missing data highlight potential research needs

44 ICRP 69 URANIUM MODEL (1995)

45 INCREASED DETAIL OF ICRP MODELS FOR URANIUM Number of Parameters ICRP ICRP ICRP

46 ICRP LUNG MODELS ICRP 2 (1960) ICRP 30 (1977) - Used TGLM Model (1966) ICRP 66 (1994)

47 ICRP LUNG MODEL REPORTS

48 ANATOMICAL COMPARTMENTS ICRP 66 LUNG MODEL

49 FUTURE ICRP EFFORTS Lung Model O.K. GI Tract Model (HAT) 2005 Re-Do ICRP 30 Models Re-Do Bioassay Models 2005+

50 GOOD INFORMATION SOURCES FOR STUDIES ON INTERNAL EMITTERS Hodge, Stannard and Hursh (eds.) (1973). Uranium, Plutonium, Transplutonic Elements. Stannard (1988). Radioactivity and Health A History Thompson and Mahaffey (eds.) (1986). Life-span Radiation Effects Studies in Animals: What Can They Tell Us? Thompson (1989). Life-Span Effects of Ionizing Radiation in the Beagle Dog. National Radiobiology Archives, Richland, WA A New Book? Or Books?

51 OTHER USEFUL ICRP REFERENCES Stather, John W. The Development of Protection Standards for Intakes of Radionuclides ( ) Radiat. Prot. Dosim.109: (2004) ICRP C2 Draft Foundation Document: Basis for Dosimetric Quantities Used in Radiological Protection

52 CONTINUED STANNARD STEWARDSHIP Inhalation Toxicology Working Group Various review/advisory activities Chairman, NCRP-57, Internal Emitters Author Radioactivity and Health, A History HPS Leadership Roles HPS History Committee

53 SUMMARY (1 of 2) Newell Stannard and colleagues at the Rochester AEC Project played key roles in internal emitter research, especially by the inhalation route. Direct conduct of studies Educating and training others in internal emitter research. Providing oversight, follow-up and encouragement in subsequent decades.

54 SUMMARY (2 OF 2) Facilitating the incorporation of these research results into radiation protection guides and standards. For Newell, it has been a life-long commitment to excellence, support and friendship. Thanks for it all, Newell!

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