AB-Space Engine* Alexander Bolonkin C&R, 1310 Avenue R, #F-6, Brooklyn, NY 11229, USA T/F ,

Transcription

1 1 Atcl AB Spac populson aft Josph_v AB-Spac Engn* Alxand Bolonkn C&R, 1310 Avnu R, #F-6, Booklyn, NY 119, USA T/F , abolonkn@juno.com, Abstact On 4 Januay 007 th autho publshd th atcl Wlss Tansf of Elctcty n Out Spac n whn h offd and sachd a nw volutonay mthod of tansfng lctc ngy n spac. In that sam atcl, h offd a nw ngn whch poducs a lag thust wthout thowng away lag amounts of acton mass (unlk th convntonal ockt ngn). In th cunt atcl, th autho dvlops th thoy of ths knd of mpuls ngn and computs a sampl pojct whch shows th bg possblts opnd by ths nw AB-Spac Engn. Th AB-Spac Engn gts th ngy fom gound-mountd pow; a plant s lctc staton can tansf lctcty up to 1000 mllons (and mo) of klomts by plasma ws. Autho shows that AB-Spac Engn can poduc thust of 10 tons (and mo). That can acclat a spac shp to som thousands of klomts/scond. AB-Spac Engn has a staggng spcfc mpuls owng to th vy small mass xpndd. Th AB-Spac Engn acts not by xpulson of ts own mass (unlk ockt ngn) but aganst th mass of ts plant of ogn (locatd phaps a thousand of mllons of klomts away) though th magntc fld of ts plasma cabl. Fo catng ths plasma cabl th AB-Spac Engn spnds only som kg of hydogn. Ky wods: AB-Spac Engn, AB populson, tansfng of lctcty n spac *Psntd n (Mach, 008) Gnal nfomaton. Intoducton A ockt s a vhcl, mssl o acaft whch obtans thust by th acton to th jcton of fast movng flud fom wthn a ockt ngn. Chmcal ockts opat du to hot xhaust gas mad fom "popllant" actng aganst th nsd of an xpanson nozzl. Ths gnats focs that both acclat th gas to xtmly hgh spd, as wll as, snc vy acton has an qual and oppost acton, gnatng a lag thust on th ockt. Th hstoy of ockts gos back to at last th 13th cntuy, possbly al. By th 0th cntuy t ncludd human spacflght to th Moon, and n th 1st cntuy ockts hav nabld commcal spac tousm. Rockts a usd fo fwoks and wapony, as launch vhcls fo atfcal satllts, human spacflght and xploaton of oth plants. Whl thy a nffcnt fo low spd us, thy a, compad to oth populson systms, vy lghtwght, nomously powful and can achv xtmly hgh spds. Chmcal ockts contan a lag amount of ngy n an asly lbatd fom, and can b vy dangous, although caful dsgn, tstng, constucton and us can mnms th sks.

2 A ockt ngn s a jt ngn that taks all ts acton mass ("popllant") fom wthn tankag and foms t nto a hgh spd jt, thby obtanng thust n accodanc wth Nwton's thd law. Rockt ngns can b usd fo spaccaft populson as wll as tstal uss, such as mssls. Most ockt ngns a ntnal combuston ngns, although non combustng foms also xst. Tansf of lctcty nto spac. Th poducton, stoag, and tansfnc of lag amounts of lctc ngy a an nomous poblm fo humanty, spcally that of ngy tansf n out spac (vacuum). Ent sphs of ndusty should b sachng fo, and badly nd, volutonay das. If n th poducton of ngy, spac launch and flght w hav nw das (s [1]-[17]), but w hav not sn volutonay das n tansfng and stoag ngy xcpt fo fnc [5]. Howv, f w solv th poblm of tansfng ngy n out spac, thn w solv many poblms of mannd and unmannd spac flght. Fo xampl, spacshps can mov long dstancs by usng ffcnt lctc ngns, obtng satllts can opat fo unlmtd tm pods wthout fallng py to obtal dcay and pmatu -nty to Eath's atmosph, communcaton satllts can tansf a stong sgnal dctly to customs, th Intnatonal Spac Staton s uss can conduct many pactcal xpmnts and th global spac ndusty can poduc nw matals. In th futu, Moon and Mas outposts can btt xplo th clstal bods on whch thy a placd at consdabl xpns [1]. Anoth mpotant Eath mga-poblm s ffcnt tansf of lctc ngy fo long dstancs (nta-natonal, ntnatonal, ntcontnntal). Nowadays, a lot of loss occus fom such ngy tansfomaton. Th consumpton of lctc ngy stongly dpnds on tm (day o nght), wath (hot o cold), and sason (summ o wnt). But an lctc staton can opat most ffcntly n a pmannt bas-load gnaton gm. W nd to tansf th ngy long dstanc to any gon that qus a supply n any gvn momnt o to spcal pumpd stoag statons. On soluton fo ths maco-poblm s to tansf ngy fom Euop to th USA dung nghttm n Euop and fom th USA to Euop whn t s nght n th USA. Anoth soluton s ffcnt ngy stoag, whch allows popl th opton to sav lctc ngy [1]. Th stoag of a bg lctc ngy can hlp to solv th poblm of chap spac launch. Th poblm of an acclaton of a spacshp can b solvd by us of a nw lna lctostatc ngn suggstd n [6]. Howv, th chap cabl spac launch offd by autho [5] qus th us of ggantc amounts of ngy n shot tm pod. (It s nvtabl fo any launch mthod bcaus w must acclat bg masss to th vy hgh spds of 8-11 km/s). But t s mpossbl to tun off a whol stat and connct an nt lctc staton to on custom. Th offd lctc ngy stoag can hlp solvng ths mga-poblm fo humanty [1]-[17]. Ralgun. Th scntsts usd a algun fo hgh acclaton of small conductng body. A algun s a fom of gun that convts lctcal ngy (ath than th mo convntonal chmcal ngy fom an xplosv popllant) nto pojctl kntc ngy. It s not to b confusd wth a colgun (Gauss gun). Ral guns us magntc foc to dv a pojctl. Unlk gas pssu guns, al guns a not lmtd by th spd of sound n a compssd gas, so thy a capabl of acclatng pojctls to xtmly hgh spds (many klomts p scond). A w cayng an lctcal cunt, whn n a magntc fld, xpncs a foc ppndcula to th dcton of th cunt and th dcton of th magntc fld. In an lctc moto, fxd magnts cat a magntc fld, and a col of w s cad upon a shaft that s f to otat. An lctcal cunt flows though th col causng t to xpnc a foc du to th magntc fld. Th ws of th col a aangd such that all th focs on th ws mak th shaft otat, and so th moto uns.

3 3 Fg.1. Schmatc dagams of a algun. A algun conssts of two paalll mtal als (hnc th nam) connctd to an lctcal pow supply. Whn a conductv pojctl s nstd btwn th als (fom th nd connctd to th pow supply), t complts th ccut. Elctcal cunt uns fom th postv tmnal of th pow supply up th postv al, acoss th pojctl, and down th ngatv al, back to th pow supply (Fg.1). Ths flow of cunt maks th algun act lk an lctomagnt, catng a powful magntc fld n th gon of th als up to th poston of th pojctl. In accodanc wth th ght-hand ul, th catd magntc fld cculats aound ach conducto. Snc th cunt flows n oppost dcton along ach al, th nt magntc fld btwn th als (B) s dctd vtcally. In combnaton wth th cunt (I) flowng acoss th pojctl, ths poducs a Lontz foc whch acclats th pojctl along th als. Th pojctl slds up th als away fom th nd wth th pow supply. If a vy lag pow supply povdng a mllon amps o so of cunt s usd, thn th foc on th pojctl wll b tmndous, and by th tm t lavs th nds of th als t can b tavllng at many klomts p scond. 0 klomts p scond has bn achvd wth small pojctls xplosvly njctd nto th algun. Although ths spds a thotcally possbl, th hat gnatd fom th populson of th objct s nough to apdly od th als. Such a algun would qu fqunt placmnt of th als, o us a hat sstant matal that would b conductv nough to poduc th sam ffct. Th nd fo stong conductv matals wth whch to buld th als and pojctls; th als nd to suvv th volnc of an acclatng pojctl, and hatng du to th lag cunts and fcton nvolvd. Th foc xtd on th als conssts of a col foc - qual and oppost to th foc popllng th pojctl, but along th lngth of th als (whch s th stongst axs) - and a sdways foc causd by th als bng pushd by th magntc fld, just as th pojctl s. Th als nd to suvv ths wthout bndng, and thus must b vy sculy mountd. Th pow supply must b abl to dlv lag cunts, wth both capactos and compulsatos bng common. Th als nd to wthstand nomous pulsv focs dung fng, and ths focs wll tnd to push thm apat and away fom th pojctl. As al/pojctl claancs ncas, acng dvlops, whch causs apd vapozaton and xtnsv damag to th al sufacs and th nsulato sufacs. Ths lmts most sach alguns to on shot p svc ntval.

4 4 Som hav spculatd that th a fundamntal lmts to th xt vlocty du to th nductanc of th systm, and patculaly of th als; but Untd Stats govnmnt has mad sgnfcant pogss n algun dsgn and has cntly floatd dsgns of a algun that would b usd on a naval vssl. Th dsgns fo th naval vssls, howv, a lmtd by th qud pow usags fo th magnts n th al guns. Ths lvl of pow s cuntly unattanabl on a shp and ducs th usfulnss of th concpt fo mltay puposs. Massv amounts of hat a catd by th lctcty flowng though th als, as wll as th fcton of th pojctl lavng th dvc. Ths lads to th man poblms: mltng of qupmnt, safty of psonnl, and dtcton by nmy focs. As bfly dscussd abov, th stsss nvolvd n fng ths sot of dvc qu an xtmly hat-sstant matal. Othws th als, bal, and all qupmnt attachd would mlt o b paably damagd. Cunt alguns a not suffcntly powful to cat nough hat to damag anythng; howv th mltay s pushng fo mo and mo powful pototyps. Th mmns hat lasd n fng a algun could potntally nju o vn kll bystands. Th hat lasd would not only b dangous, but asly dtctabl. Whl not vsbl to th nakd y, th hat sgnatu would b unmstakabl to nfad dtctos. All of ths poblms can b solvd by th nvnton of an ffctv coolng mthod. Ralguns a bng pusud as wapons wth pojctls that do not contan xplosvs, but a gvn xtmly hgh vlocts: 3500 m/s (11,500 ft/s) o mo (fo compason, th M16 fl has a muzzl spd of 930 m/s, o 3,000 ft/s), whch would mak th kntc ngy qual o supo to th ngy yld of an xplosv-flld shll of gat mass. Ths would allow mo ammunton to b cad and lmnat th hazads of cayng xplosvs n a tank o naval wapons platfom. Also, by fng at hgh vlocts alguns hav gat ang, lss bullt dop and lss wnd dft, bypassng th nhnt cost and physcal lmtatons of convntonal fams - "th lmts of gas xpanson pohbt launchng an unassstd pojctl to vlocts gat than about 1.5 km/s and angs of mo than 50 mls [80 km] fom a pactcal convntonal gun systm." If t s vn possbl to apply th tchnology as a apd-f automatc wapon, a algun would hav futh advantags n ncasd at of f. Th fd mchansms of a convntonal fam must mov to accommodat th popllant chag as wll as th ammunton ound, whl a algun would only nd to accommodat th pojctl. Futhmo, a algun would not hav to xtact a spnt catdg cas fom th bch, manng that a fsh ound could b cycld almost mmdatly aft th pvous ound has bn shot. Tsts. Full-scal modls hav bn bult and fd, ncludng a vy succssful 90 mm bo, 9 MJ (6.6 mllon foot-pounds) kntc ngy gun dvlopd by DARPA, but thy all suff fom xtm al damag and nd to b svcd aft vy shot. Ral and nsulato ablaton ssus stll nd to b addssd bfo alguns can stat to plac convntonal wapons. Pobably th most succssful systm was bult by th UK's Dfnc Rsach Agncy at Dundnnan Rang n Kkcudbght, Scotland. Ths systm has now bn opatonal fo ov 10 yas at an assocatd flght ang fo ntnal, ntmdat, xtnal and tmnal ballstcs, and s th hold of sval mass and vlocty cods. Th Untd Stats mltay s fundng algun xpmnts. At th Unvsty of Txas at Austn Insttut fo Advancd Tchnology, mltay alguns capabl of dlvng tungstn amo pcng bullts wth kntc ngs of nn mllon jouls hav bn dvlopd. Nn mga-jouls s nough ngy to dlv kg of pojctl at 3 km/s - at that vlocty a tungstn o oth dns mtal od could pntat a tank. Th Untd Stats Naval Sufac Wafa Cnt Dahlgn Dvson dmonstatd an 8

5 mga-joul al gun fng 3. klogam (slghtly mo than 7 pounds) pojctls n Octob of 006 as a pototyp of a 64 mga-joul wapon to b dployd aboad Navy washps. Such wapons a xpctd to b powful nough to do a lttl mo damag than a BGM-109 Tomahawk mssl at a facton of th pojctl cost. Du to th vy hgh muzzl vlocty that can b attand wth alguns, th s ntst n usng thm to shoot down hgh-spd mssls. 5 Offd Innovatons and Bf Dscptons 1. Tansf of lctcty by plasma cabl. Th autho offs a ss of nnovatons that may solv th many maco-poblms of tanspotaton, ngy and thust n spac. Blow a som of thm. 1) Tansf of lctcal ngy n out spac usng a conductv cod fom plasma. Autho has solvd th man poblm - how to kp th plasma cod fom dsspaton, and n compssd fom. H has dvlopd th thoy of spac lctc tansfnc, mad computatons that show th possblty of alzaton fo ths das wth xstng tchnology. Th lctc ngy may b tansfd fo hundds mllons of klomts n spac (ncludng Moon and Mas) [1]. ) Mthod of constucton of spac lctc lns and lctc dvcs. 3) Mthod of utlzaton and tappng of th plasma cabl lctc ngy. 4) Two mthods of convtng th lctc ngy to mpuls (thust) moton of a spaccaft (ths two mans a utlzaton of th magntc fld and of th kntc ngy of ons and lctons of th lctc cunt). 5) Dsgn of a tpl lctostatc mo (plasma flcto), whch can flct th plasma flow [1]. Blow a som succnct dscptons of som constuctons mad possbl by ths volutonay das. 1. Tansfng lctc ngy n Spac. Th lctc souc (gnato, staton) s connctd to th dstant locaton n spac by two atfcally gnatd afd plasma cabls (Fg.1a). Ths cabls can b catd by a plasma bam [1, 8] snt fom th Moon, Eath mountd sup hgh tow, o fom a spac staton n low Eath obt, o a local bas at th tagt locaton. If th plasma bam s snt motly fom th Eath, a local flcto staton s qud at th tagt st o at a thd locaton to tun th ccut back towad ts statng pont and closu. Fg.. Long dstanc plasma tansf lctc ngy and thust n out spac. a - plasma tansf wth paalll plasma cabl, b - plasma tansf wth tangula (th-w) plasma cabl. Notatons: 1 - cunt souc (gnato), - plasma w (cabl), 3 - spacshp, obtal staton o oth ngy dstnatons, 4 - plasma flcto locatd at plant, astod o spac staton. Th plasma cabl may b also mad fom an ulta-cold (n adal dcton) plasma. Th plasma cabl s slf-suppotd n cabl fom by th magntc fld catd by th lctc cunt gong though th plasma cabl. Th axal lctc cunt poducs an contactng magntc pssu opposd to an xpansv gas dynamc plasma pssu (th wll-

6 6 known thta-pnch ffct)(fg. 3). Th plasma has a good conductvty (qual to that of slv and mo) and th plasma cabl can hav a vy bg coss-scton aa (up to thousands of squa mts coss-scton). Th plasma conductvty dos not dpnd on ts dnsty. That way th plasma cabl has no lag sstanc although th lngth of plasma cabl s hundds of mllons of klomts. Th ndd mnmum lctc cunt s dvd fom paamts of a plasma cabl sachd n th thotcal scton of ths atcl. Fg.3. a. A plasma cabl suppotd by ts own magntc fld, b. Magntc ntnsty nto and out of plasma cabl. Notatons: 1 -plasma cabl, - compssng magntc fld, 3 - lctc souc, 4 - lctc cv, 5 - lctc cunt, 6 - back plasma ln; 7 magntc ntnsty nto and out of plasma cabl. Th paalll cabls havng opposd cunts pl ach oth (Fg.a)(by magntc foc). Ths foc may b balancd by attactv lctc foc f w chag th cabls by lctc chags (s thotcal scton). Thy also can b spaatd by a spcal plasma flcto as t shown n fgs. b. Th lctc ln can b catd and xst ndpndntly. Th spacshp conncts to ths ln at a sutabl pont. By altng th damt and dcton of th plasma cabl w can supply ngy to a spaccaft. Though w must supply ngy to acclat th spaccaft w can also gnat ngy by bakng t. At any tm th spacshp can dsconnct fom th ln and can xst wthout ln suppot (populson, lctcty, tc). Th appaatus can hook up to o dsconnct fom th plasma cabl at wll. But bakng (loss of contnuty) of th plasma cabl tslf dstoys th plasma cabl ln to th mot locaton! W must hav addtonal (paalll) plasma lns and appaatus must dsconnct fom a damagd o occultd (fo xampl on th fa sd of a mot plant) plasma ln and connct to anoth ln to kp th conncton n xstnc. Th sam stuaton s tu n a convntonal lctc nt. Th appaatus can also sto th damagd pat of plasma ln by own njctd plasma, but th tm fo pang s lmtd (by tns of mnuts o som hous). Th ognal staton can also to snd th plasma bam whch conncts th nds of damagd pat of th ln. Th lctc tnson (voltag) n a plasma cabl s btwn two nds (fo xampl, as cathodanod) of th conducto n th ssung lctc staton (lctc gnato) [1,8,9]. Th plasma cabl cunt has two flows: Elcton (ngatv) flow and opposd ons (postv) flow n th sam cabl. Ths flows cat an lctc cunt. (In mtal w hav only lcton flow, n lqud lctolyts w hav ons flowng). Th autho offs mthods (fo xtacton and nstng) of ngy fom th plasma lctc cabl (Fg.4) by custom (spaccaft, oth ngy dstnaton o nd us). Th doubl nt can acclat th chagd patcls and nst ngy nto plasma cabl (fg, 4a) o baks chagd patcls and xtact ngy fom lctc cunt (fg. 4b). In th fst cas th two nts cat th staght lctostatc fld, n th scond cas th two nts cat th opposd lctostatc fld n plasma cabl (sstanc n th lctc cabl [1, 8, 9]) (fgs., 4c). Ths appaatus sstanc utlzs th lctc ngy fo th spacshp o spac staton. In th scond cas th chagd patcls may b collctd nto a st of thn flms and mt (aft utlzaton n appaatus) back nto contnud plasma cabl (s [1,8,9]).

7 7 Fg.4. Gttng and nstng n (off) plasma cabl th ngy and tunng of plasma cabl. a nstng lctc ngy nto plasma cabl by mans of two thn conductng nts o flms; b - gttng th ngy fom plasma cabl by mans of two thn conductng nts o flms; c offd tpl nt plasma flcto; d doubl tpl nt plasma flctos - th smplst AB thust. Notatons: 1 - spacshp o spac staton, cv of ngy, 3 - plasma cabl, 4 - lctostatc nts, 5 two opposd flows of chagd plasma patcls (ngatv and postv: lcton and ons), 7 thust of AB-Spac Engn. Fg. 4c psnts th plasma bam flcto [1,8,9]. That has th chagd nts. Th fst and scond nts flct (fo xampl) postv patcls, th scond and thd nts flctd th patcls havng an opposd chag. Fg.5 shows th dffnt dsgn th plasma cabl n spac. Fg.5. Tansf lctcty and thust by AB-Spac Engn: a. Two plasma paalll cabls; b. Cuvd cabl; c. Plasma mult-cabls; d. Tansf of back thust though plant o astod; d 1. Usng of ady plasma ln; h. Foms of staght and back plasma cabls (coss-sctons of cabls). Notatons: 1 Spac shp; plasma cabl; 3 souc lctcty; 4 - plasma njcto; 5 us of ngy; 6 doubl plasma ln; 7 - thust; 8 Eath; 9 plant o astod. Fg.5a shows two plasma paalll cabls. Fg.5b two shows plasma paalll cabls of a cuvd fom of ln. Fg.5c psnts th plasma paalll cabls, on to spac shp and two fo back (tun) cunt. Fg.5d shows th tansf of th vs mpuls (o bakng) thust to spac shp though plant o astod. Fgs.5-h shows th dffnt foms of th staght and back plasma cabls (coss-scton of cabls).

8 8. AB-Spac Engn. Th offd smplst AB-Spac Engn s shown n Fg. 4d and mo dtals n Fg. 6a. That ncluds two nw tpl lctostatc flctos whch tun th plasma cabls (flow), (lctc cunt 3) n back dcton. Th ngn may also contan (optonal) th plasma njctos 5 and lctc gnato (us) 4. As fd matal fo th plasma may b usd hydogn gas, as plasma flcto may b usd th conductvty nts connctd to voltag soucs, as gnato - th doubl conductvty nts locatd nto plasma flow and connctd to voltag soucs o uss. Th oth dsgn of AB-Spac Engn s shown n fg.6b. H th cntal plasma flow dvds n two sd flows whch go back to th lctc staton. Th AB-Spac Engn woks as follows. Th lctc cunt (voltag) poducd by lctc staton (that may b locatd fa fom AB-Spac Engn, fo xampl, n obt aound th Eath o mountd on th Moon, Phobos o anoth spac body) tansfs by plasma cabl to th AB-Spac Engn. Th pow of th lctc cunt n th plasma poducs th pow plasma flow of lctons and ons. Th ngn tuns back th plasma flow (lctc cunt) and tuns t to th souc lctc staton by th oth plasma cabl. Th magntc and cntfugal focs appa at th pont of tunng fom outgong to ngong plasma paths plac and cat th thust whch can b usd fo movmnt (acclaton, bakng) th spac appaatus (o convntonal vhcl o pojctl). Long-tm ads of poposd spac dv paps may suspct somthng fshy h. Don t woy: Th AB-Spac Engn dosn t volat Nwton's thd law of acton and acton. Th AB- Spac Engn acts aganst th (plant o staton mountd) lctc staton whch may b locatd hundds of mllons of klomts away! No oth ngn has th sam capablty. Fg.6. Som vsons of AB-Spac Engn (thust). a. two cabl AB-Spac Engn; b. Th cabl AB- Spac Engn. Notatons; 1 spac shp; offd spcal (th nts) lctostatc flcto; 3 plasma cabl; 4 cv o souc of ngy; 5 njcto of plasma, 7 thust. You attnton s also dctd to th followng dffncs btwn a algun and an AB- Spac Engn: 1) Th algun uss SOLID physcal als fo dlvy th lctc cunt to conductvty pojctl. Ths a asly damagd by hug lctc cunt. Th AB-Spac Engn uss flxbl plasma cabls whch can slf-pa. ) Th algun uss th als whch a of fxd constucton (unaltabl) and a spaccaft so launchd can mov solly n th al dcton. Th AB-Spac Engn cats th plasma cabl n th cous of appaatus movmnt and can slct and chang th appaatus futu dcton. 3) Evn a thotcal algun gdlng th glob of th Moon n vacuum (fo sta pob launch)

9 would hav a possbl lngth of only som klomts (as any sold constucton). Th plasma lctc ln (usd byab-spac Engn) can hav a lngth (an acclaton path) of mllons of klomts (and thus may somday pow mannd caft on mssons to na ntplantay spac). 9 Thoy of AB-Engn, Estmatons and Computatons 1. Gnal Thoy of AB-Engn and Tansf Elctcty n Spac. Th magntc ntnsty and magntc pssu of an lctc cunt achs a maxmum upon th sufac of a plasma cabl. Lt us attmpt to quat plasma gas pssu to a magntc pssu and fnd th qustd qulbum lctc cunt fo a gvn (sam) tmpatu of lctons and ons P nkt, P g m P, g k P m 0H knt I 4 0 I, H, 0.5, T k mu k, (1) wh P g s plasma gas pssu, N/m ; P m s magntc pssu, N/m ; n s plasma dnsty (numb of lcton quals numb of ons: n = n = n ), 1/m 3 ; k = s Boltzmann coffcnt, J/K; 0 = s magntc constant, H/m; H s magntc ntnsty, A/m; I s lctc cunt, A; s adus of plasma cabl, m; T s plasma tmpatu n adal dcton of plasma cabl, K; m = s lcton mass, kg; u s avag lcton spd n adal dcton of plasma cabl, m/s. Mnmal Elctc cunt. Fom (1) w cv laton btwn a mnmal lctc cunt I mn, gas dnsty n and th adal tmpatu of lctons I j m m k nt 4 0 I 0.5 k nt nt, 8 nt, () wh I m s mnmal lctc cunt, A; j m s dnsty of lctc cunt, A/m ; = S s th coss-scton aa of plasma cabl, m. Assum th tmpatu (ngy) of lctons quals tmpatu (ngy) of ons. Lt us to wt wll-known latons mu mu j n( u u),, (3) wh = C s chag of lcton, C; m = kg s mass of lcton, kg; m s mass of on, kg (fo H m = kg); u, u s spds of ons and lctons spctvly along cabl axs poducd by lctc ntnsty (lctc gnato), m/s. Th computaton j by Eq. () s psntd n Fgu 7.

10 10 Fg. 7. Mnmal dnsty of lctc cunt n plasma cabl fo adal plasma tmpatu 10 o K. Fom (3) w cv axal spds of ons and lctons poducd by lctc ntnsty (lctc gnato) j j u, u. (4) n 1 m / m ) n(1 m / m ) ( o u 6,1510 j / n fo H u 10 j / n, u u, u u u u., (4) o u j / n. Und lctc ntnsty th lctons and ons hav opposd spds along cabl axs. Th computaton of lcton spd poducd by mnmal lctc cunt s psntd n Fg.8. Fg. 8. Th lcton spd poducd by th lctc cunt of th mnmal cunt dnsty vsus plasma cabl adus. Th ons (H ) spd s lss 61.5 tms and opposd th lcton spd. Tmpatu along plasma cabl axs nducs by mnmal lctc voltag s mu 8 k 1 Tk u [ K], T Tk.7110 u [ V ], (5) k wh T k s nducd tmpatu n K; T s ths tmpatu along cabl axs n V. Computaton s shown n Fg.9.

11 11 Fg. 9. Th tmpatu of lcton and ons (H ) (n V) poducd by th lctc cunt n th mnmal cunt dnsty vsus th plasma cabl adus and dffnt plasma dnsty. It s assumd th ons (H ) tmpatu quals th lcton tmpatu. Spcfc Sptz plasma sstanc (th so-calld Sptz Conductvty) and typcal sstanc of a plasma cabl can b computd by quatons: 4 3/ Z ln T m, R ρl / S, (6) wh s spcfc plasma sstanc,. m; Z s on chag stat, ln s th Coulomb logathm; T = T k k/ = T k s plasma tmpatu along cabl axs n V; = s lcton chag, C; R s lctc sstanc of plasma cabl, ; L s plasma cabl lngth, m; S s th coss-scton aa of th plasma cabl, m. Th computaton of th spcfc sstanc of a plasma cabl fo mnmal lctc cunt s psntd n Fgu 10. Fg. 10. Spcfc (Sptz) plasma sstanc. m of qulbum plasma cabl fo th mnmal lctc cunt vsus cabl adus and dffnt plasma dnsty. Coulomb logathm quals 10. Th qustd mnmum voltag, pow, tansmtt pow and coffcnt of lctc ffcncy a: U m IR, Wm IU m, U U m U, W IU, 1Wm / W 1U m / U, (7) wh U m, W m a qustd mnmal voltag, [V], and pow, [W], spctvly; U s usd voltag, V; U s lctc voltag ov mnmum voltag, V; W s usd lctc pow, W; s coffcnt ffcncy of th lctc ln. If ΔU >> U m th coffcnt ffcncy closd to 1.

12 Computaton of loss voltag and pow nto plasma cabl havng lngth 100 mllon km s n Fgs Fg. 11. Loss voltag n plasma cabl of 100 mllons km lngth va cabl adus fo th mnmal lctc cunt and dffnt plasma dnsty. Fg. 1. Loss pow n plasma cabl of 100 mllons km lngth va cabl adus fo th mnmal lctc cunt and dffnt plasma dnsty. Th mass M [kg] of on plasma cabl s M nml, (8) wh m s on mass of plasma, kg; L s lngth of plasma cabl, m. Th mass of plasma cabl s vy small, about som gams fo 100 mllons km fo n < /m 3. Th mass of a plasma cabl s clos to zo fo any pactcal cas whn R < 5 m. Th foc actng n a patcl (poton) movd n lctc and magntc flds may b computd by th quatons: mv Q0 m1m F1. F vb, F3, F4, F4 gm (9) 40R R wh F 1, F, F 3, F 4 a cntfugal, Lonz, lctostatc, and gavtatonal focs spctvly (all vctos), N; m p = kg mass of poton (o on m ); v - spd of patcl, m/s; - lcton (poton) chag; B - total magntc nducton (magntc fld stngth), T; Q 0 - chag of cntal body, C; o = F/m - lctc constant; m 1, m a mass of bods (cntal and

13 13 patcl), kg; γ gavtatonal constant (fo Eath γ = m 3 /kg. s, g o = 9.81 m/s ; fo Sun g o = 74 m/s ); adus cuv, m; R dstanc btwn chags (gavtatonal bods), m. Fg. 13. Elctc pow tansfs by plasma cabl of 100 mllons km lngth va cabl adus fo th mnmal lctc cunt, ov voltag 10 9 V and th dffnt plasma dnsty. Coffcnt ffcncy s about Th qulbum condton s: F 0. Magntc Pssu (magntc thust) fom th Plasma Cabl. Th plasma xts a pssu wthn th plasma cabl. Ths pssu s small, but th cabl can has a lag damt (up 00 m o mo) and ths pssu actng ov a long tm can acclat o bak a spac appaatus wth no acton mass. Ths magntc pssu P [N/m ] fom only on cabl can b computd by quatons: 0H I 1 0 Pm, H, P Pm S I. (10) 4 Estmaton. Fo I = 10 4 A, th magntc pssu quals 10 N; fo I = 10 5 A, t quals 1000 N; fo I = 10 6 A, th thust of on cabl s P = 10 5 N = 10 tons. That s magntc thust fom on cabl. Th AB-Spac Engn has two cabls (ncomng and out comng), that mans th magntc thust fom two cabl wll b (at mnmum) two tms mo. If w comput th hozontal pat of plasma cabl whch s pssd by out plasma magntc fld th full thust s: P I 0 ln d, (11) wh d s dstanc btwn cnts of th ncomng and out comng plasma cabls. Elctc (kntc) Pssu fom th Plasma Cabl. Th hgh spd lctons and ons of lctc cunt wthn plasma cabl hav kntc ngy. Ths ngy poducs kntc (lctc) pssu whn spac shp o fnal staton uss th lctc ngy. Lt as to stmat th lctc pssu. Spcfc (kntc) ngy of lctc cunt nto plasma cabl s E 0.5n( mu mu ), [W/m 3 ] (1) Substtut Eqs.(4) n (1) w hav

14 j m m j m j E m m. (13) n (1 m m m m n n / ) (1 / ) But spcfc ngy quals th spcfc pssu P = E s [N/m ]. m j 7 j P (14) n n Estmaton: Fo j =100 A/m, n = /m 3 w gt P = 35.6 N/m (fo compason, 1 Pa = 1 N/m = 10-5 ba). Full kntc ngy of chagd patcls th plasma cabl s E PsL [J], wh s s cossscton aa of plasma cabl [m ], L s lngth of plasma cabl [m]. 14 Addtonal Pow fom a Spac Appaatus Moton. Ths pow s: W PV, (15) wh V s appaatus spd, m/s. Estmaton. Fo V = 11 km/s, P = 10-3 N, ths pow quals 11 W, fo P = 1 N th pow quals Watts. W spnd ths pow whn spac appaatus movs away fom th ngy souc ( launch pont ) and cv t whn appaatus appoachs to th ngy staton. ( landng st ) Tack Lngth of Plasma Elctons and Ions. Th tack lngth L and th tack tm of patcls s L T /, 1/, (16) wh T s patcl vlocty, cm/s; s patcl collson at, 1/s. Th lcton, on, and lcton-on thmal collson at a spctvly: 6 3 / n ln T s Z 4 1/ n ln T 6 3/ n lg T. wh Z s on chag stat, ln s Coulomb logathm, = m /m p s latv mass of on; m p = s mass of poton, kg; n s dnsty of lctons and ons spctvly, 1/cm 3 ; T s tmpatu of lcton and on spctvly, V. Elcton and on thmal vlocty a spctvly: 1/ 7 1/ T ( kt / m ) T cm/s, (18) 1/ 7 1/ 1/ T ( kt / m ) T cm/s Substtut quatons (1)-(13) n (11) w cv th lngth of lcton and on tacks: 13 L T / n ln cm, L.0410 T 13 / Z 4 n ln 3/ s 1, (17) 13 L T / n ln cm. Estmaton. Fo lcton havng n = /cm 3, T = 100 V, ln 10 w gt L = 10 6 km, 300 s. That mans th plasma lctons hav vy fw collsons, small dspson, (n ou cas) and t can hav dffnt avag ELECTRON (latv to on) tmpatu along th cabl axs and ppndcula cabl axs. It s not a sups bcaus th plasma can hav dffnt avag tmpatus of lcton and ons. That also mans that ou assumpton about th tmnal and cunt lcton vlocts bng th sam s vy lmtd and th paamts of a plasma lctc systm wll oftn b btt, than n ou computaton. Th plasma n ou systm may b vy cool n a adal dcton and smultanously vy hot n th axal dcton. That dcass th lctc cunt ndd fo plasma compsson and allows a tansf of th plasma bam, ngy, and thust to a gat dstanc. cm, (19)

15 15 Magntc foc btwn two paalll cabls. Ths foc s 1 F m 0 L, (0) d wh F m s magntc foc, N (th foc s pal whn cunts a opposd, and attactv whn cunts hav sam dctons); μ 0 = 4π10-7 s pmablty constant, H/m; s lctc cunt n th 1-st and -nd cabl spctvly, A; d s dstanc btwn cnt of cabls, m; L s lngth of cabls, m. Ths foc fo two cabl ln (fg.5) havng cunt I = 10 5 A, dstanc d = 1000 km quals F m = N/km. But foc dcass f w us mult-cabl systm: fo th cabls (Fg.5f)(3/8 F m ); fo 5 cabls (Fg.5g)(5/3 F m ); fo mult-cabls (Fg.5h)(F m = 0). Elctostatc foc btwn two paalll cabls. Ths foc s 1 F k L, (1) d wh F s lctostatc foc, N (th foc s attactv whn chags s dffnt and pal whn chags a sam); k = 1/4πε 0 = lctostatc constant, Nm /C ; τ s lna chag of th 1-st and -nd cabl, C/m; d s dstanc btwn cabls, m; L s lngth of cabls, m. Elctostatc foc s attactv foc fo opposd chags. Ths foc may b usd fo balanc th lctomagntc foc. Fom F m = F, (0) = (1) w gt fo two ln cabl systm d dr k d d 0 I, U k I I k ln 60 ln, R P U I, () wh s plasma cabl adus, m. Exampl: fo I = 10 4 A, d/ = 10 w hav ΔU = V, Th lna chag appas on cabl whn s voltag btwn cabls. Th oth way of balanc s cabl dsgn n Fg.5h. Elctc capacty two paalll cabls s C 0 lnd / L, (3) wh C s lctc capacty, F; ε 0 = s lctostatc constant, F/m; s cabl adus, m; Engy of two paalll cabls as lctc condns s q E CU qu, C wh E s ngy n condns, J; U s lctc voltag, V; q s lctc chag, C. Exampl: fo d = 100 km, = 10 m, th lctc capacty s C = 0.05 F/on mllon km, th ngy s E = J/on mllon km. Inductanc of two paalll cabls s 0 1 d L ln L, (4) wh L s nductanc, H. Inductanc ngy of two paalll cabls s I E L, (5) wh E s ngy n a closd-loop contou, J. Exampl: fo d = 100 km, = 10 m, th nductanc s L = H/on mllon km, th ngy s E = J/on mllon km. Ths ngy s hgh and th statng staton (wh th plasma cabls ognat) spnds a lot of ngy fo catng th magntc fld. Chang lctc cunt n closd-loop contou s t L I I0 xp, wh T, T R (6) wh R s lctc sstanc of closd-loop lctc contou, Ohm. T s tm dcasng cunt by facto =.71 tms. Exampl: fo two lns cabl th lngth L = 100 mllons of km and th

16 16 lctc sstanc R = 10-3 Ohm (s pojct blow), T /10-3 = sc = 45 days. That mans ou lctc ln s a lag stoag svo of ngy. Vtual Spcfc Impuls of AB-Spac Engn. Spcfc mpuls of ockt ngn s ato of an ngn thust to ful consumpton p scond. It s dffcult to spak about spcfc mpuls of AB-ngn bcaus AB-ngn dosn t spnd ful fo th thust, but t dos xpnd matt (fo xampl hydogn) fo catng th plasma cabls. That way w can tak ato of th thust to mass xpndtu p scond fo poduc of nw cabl. Ths vtual spcfc mpuls of th AB-Spac Engn s P 0 I 19 I I y, P 0 I, ms snmv, I y. Fo H I y 6 ms 3 m snv 10, (7) snv wh I y s spcfc mpuls of AB-Spac Engn, m/s; P s magntc thust, N; s = π s coss scton aa of plasma cabl, m ; m = s mass of on molcul of hydogn, kg; V s spd of appaatus, m/s. Estmaton. Lt us tak th I = 10 6 A, s = 10 m. n = /m 3, V = 10 4 m/s. W gt I y = m/s. That s on ggantc spcfc mpuls. No psnt ockt ngn n th Wold has such a spcfc mpuls and a val s unlkly n th futu. Fo compason th spcfc mpuls a: convntonal lqud-popllant ockt ngn had maxmum I y = 400 m/s; hydogn ockt ngn - I y = 5180 m/s; thmonucla ockt ngn (H +H 3 )(fo 100% ffcncy) has I y = m/s; dal las ngn has I y = m/s; and th most pow annhlaton ockt ngn (fo 100% ffcncy) has thotcal mpuls I y = m/s. Ou AB-Spac Engn has vy hgh spcfc mpuls and t may b a good canddat fo ntstlla flghts. Ths systm spnds lss mass fo poducng th plasma cabl than any ockt ngn spnds fo poducng thust. Anoth advantag s that t gts th ngy fom a (plantmountd) staton,.. th pow souc ndn t tavl wth t and wgh t down. Th AB-Engn s vy lght, smpl, safty, and labl wth compason to any lkly (o phaps naly any dam) nucla ngn. In most cass at last pat of th cabl mass can b njctd fom th plant-mountd ngy staton. Coffcnt ffcncy of AB-Spac Engns. Autho offs th followng th stmaton ffcncy of AB-Spac Engns: th ato of ngy (pow) gttng by appaatus to ngy (pow) spndng by staton: PV, (8) N wh η s coffcnt ffcncy; P s full thust gttng by appaatus, N; V s appaatus spd, m/s; N s lctc staton pow, W. Th fomulas abov allow to comput t, but on s vaabl valu. Th oth coffcnt ffcncy s th ato th appaatus thust to spndng pow of lctc staton [N/W]: P 0 L N, P I, N I R, R, N s ln T 3/, T.7110 Substtut all quatons (9) n th fst quaton (9) w cv 3 36 s j j n. (9) N, (30) L ln n Estmaton. Fo n = /m 3, j = 10 3 A/m, s = 10 m, L = 10 5 m, lnλ = 10 w gt η N = 0.1 N/W. Howv fo hgh L th coffcnt s vy small. That s bcaus th lctc staton spnds a lot of ngy fo poducng magntc fld of closd-loop cabls.

17 17 Pojct As a xampl, w stmat th paamts of th AB-Spac Engn havng th thust fom on plasma cabl about P = 10 5 N = 10 tons. Ou dsgn s not optmal. That s only smpl of calculaton. Most ou computaton s mad fo on cabl. Fo alty (two cabl) ngn you must doubl all valus. Lt us tak th followng ntal data: lctc cunt I = 10 6 A, thust of on cabl P = 10 5 N = 10 tons, adus of plasma cabl = 10 m, plasma dnsty n = /m 3. I > I mn = 13 A. W gt th followng sults: 1) Dnsty of lctc cunt and lcton spd a 6 I 10 j j 3180 A/ m, u 10 m / s, n ) Tmpatu lctons and ons along cabl axs and Sptz lctc sstanc (fo lnλ = 10) a T.7110 u V, ln T 3/ m. 3) Elctc sstanc, qustd voltag and lctc pow fo on plasma cabl and ts lngth L = 10 1 m = 1000 mllons of km (Rman: dstanc fom Sun to Eath s 150 mllons of km, fom Sun to Mas s 8 mllons of km, fom Sun to Jupt 778 mllons of km, and fom Sun to Satun s 147 mllons of km). 1 L R , s U IR V, N IU W. Th USA poducd about 10 GW lctc ngy n wnt 007. Th 950 GgaWatts s about 0% pow of all knds of ngy poducd n th USA n 005 o of lctc pow n th Wold. Ou thust s vy hgh. If w tak th thust 1,000 10,000 N th qustd lctc pow dcass n hundds-thousands tms. Th appaatus can ach a ndd spd by ncasng th acclaton dstanc. 4) Th mass of on cabl s M slnm , kg Fo two (fowad and back) cabls th cabl mass s 10 kg. That s small mass fo a cabl havng coss-scton s = 314 m (damt 10 m) and lngth L = 1000 mllons of km. That mass may b sgnfcantly lss f w tak th lss plasma dnsty. Pat of ths mass (about half) may b jctd fom stat lctc staton. 6) Th magntc thust of cabls (Fg.5g,h) locatd about appaatus at dstanc d = 110 m s 7 1 I d P 0 ln ln 9.10 N 9 tons 10 That thust s dffnt fom ntal thust of two sngl plasma cabls (0 tons) bcaus w tak th dstanc btwn plasma cabl d = 110 m and cv ln 100 = 4.6 (not on). 7) Th kntc thust of chagd patcls of on plasma cabl s 1 7 j 7 I P s 3, N 107 kg 14 n sn As you s th kntc (lctc) thust s small (n compason wth magntc thust). W can nglct t. Th total kntc ngy (chagd patcls) of on cabl th lngth L = 1000 mllons of km s E P L J.

18 18 8) Th addtonal voltag btwn th two cabl ln fo balanc magntc (pal) and lctc (attactd) foc and a pow whch must us fo ths th spac shp o lctc staton a d U 60 I ln ln V, P U I W. That s lag pow. It may b qustd th low cunt and thust o us th fg.5h dsgn. 9) Estmaton of flght possblts th spac shp havng mass M s = 9 tons, flght tm 10 days = t = sc, and computd AB-Engn. Th acclaton of th spac shp, spd and ang a: 5 P a 10 m / s. V a t m / s km / s, 4 M 9.10 s 5 at 10( ) 1 Ls m 3730 mllons of km. Ths s n 50 tms mo thn mnmal dstanc fom Eath to Mas. Ou stmaton s not optmal, that s xampl of computaton. Not that th V dsplayd s somthng on th od of.88% of lghtspd! Dscusson Advantags of AB-ngn: 1. Th offd AB-Spac Engn s vy lght, smpl, saf, and labl wth compason to any lkly nucla ngn.. Th AB-Spac Engn has a ggantc vtual spcfc mpuls, bng mo capabl of alstc opaton n a pojctabl na-futu nvonmnt, than vtually any poposd mans of thmonucla o lght-populson schm th autho s awa of. 3. Th AB-Spac Engn can acclat a na-tm spac appaatus to vy hgh spd (appoachng lght spd). At psnt tm ths s th sngl al mthod to b abl to appoach ths ultmat vlocty. 4. At last pat of th ndd njctd plasma cabl mass and naly all of th ngy ndd (and th coolng faclts ndd to mantan that ngy supply) can b fom th plantbound ngy-supplyng staton, futh mpovng th on-boad shp mass ato. 5. Th AB-Spac Engn can us fa chap ngy fom a plant-bound lctc staton. Th offd das and nnovatons may cat a jump n spac and ngy ndusts. Autho has mad ntal bas sachs that conclusvly show th bg possblts offd by th mthods and nstallatons poposd. Futh sach and tstng a ncssay. Thos tsts a not xpnsv. As that s n scnc, th obstacls can slow, vn stop, applcatons of ths volutonay nnovatons. Fo xampl, th plasma cabl may b unstabl. Th nstablty mgapoblm of a plasma cabl was found n tokomak R&D, but t s succssfully solvd at th psnt tm. Th sam mthod (otaton of plasma cabl) can b appld n ou cas. Th oth poblm s poducton of th plasma cabl n Eath s atmosph. Ths poblm may b sdstppd by opatons fom a sutably hgh sup-statosphc tow such as outlnd n oths of th autho s woks, o s no poblm at all f th lctc staton of th plasma cabls ogn s locatd on th Moon [8]. Th autho has das on how to solv ths poblm wth today s tchnologs and to us th adly avalabl lctc statons found on ths plant Eath. Inqus fom sous pats a nvtd. Summay Ths nw volutonay da Th AB-Spac Engn and wlss tansfng of lctc ngy n th had vacuum of out spac s offd and sachd. A afd plasma pow cod n th functon of lctc cabl (w) s usd fo t. It s shown that a ctan mnmal lctc cunt cats a compsson foc that suppots and mantans th plasma cabl n ts

19 19 compactd fom. Lag amounts of ngy can b tansfd hundds of mllons of klomts by ths mthod. Th qust mass of plasma cabl s mly hundds of gams (som kg). A sampl macopojct s computd: An AB-Spac Engn havng thust = 10 tons. It s also shown that lctc cunt n plasma cod can acclat o slow vaous knds of out spac appaatus. Acknowldgmnt Th autho wshs to acknowldg Josph Fdland fo coctng th autho s Englsh and usful tchncal advc and suggstons. Rfncs (Rad fnds som of autho's atcls n sach "Bolonkn" and n books: Non-Rockt Spac Launch and Flght, Elsv, 006, 488 ps; and Nw Concpts, Idas, and Innovatons n Aospac, Tchnology and Human Lf, NOVA, 008, 400 ps.) 1. Bolonkn A.A., Wlss Tansf of Elctcty n Out Spac, Psntd as pap AIAA to 45th AIAA Aospac Scnc Mtng, 8-11 Januay 007, Rno, Nvada, USA. Publshd n of Januay 4, 007, sach Bolonkn and n Intnatonal Jounal Acaft Engnng and Aospac Tchnology, Vol.78, No.3, 007, pp.73-8, and.. Bolonkn, A.A., Gttng of Elctc Engy fom Spac and Installaton fo It, Russan patnt applcaton # / , 19 August, 1983 (n Russan), Russan PTO. 3. Bolonkn, A. A., Mthod of Tansfomaton of Plasma Engy n Elctc Cunt and Installaton fo It. Russan patnt applcaton # of 7 July 1983 (n Russan), Russan PTO. 4. Bolonkn, A. A., Tansfomaton of Engy of Rafacton Plasma n Elctc Cunt and Installaton fo t. Russan patnt applcaton # / , 3 Novmb 1983 (n Russan), Russan PTO. 5. Bolonkn A.A., Non-Rockt Spac Launch and Flght, Elsv, London, 006, 488 ps. 6. Bolonkn A.A., Mco-Thmonucla AB-Ractos, AIAA , 14th Spac Plans and Hypsonc Systm Confnc, 6-9 Novmb, 006, Austala Bolonkn A.A., Utlzaton of Wnd Engy at Hgh Alttud, AIAA Confnc Gudanc, Navgaton, and Contol, Rhod Island, August, 004, AIAA Bolonkn A.A., Bam Spac Populson, AIAA , Confnc Spac-006, 18-1 Spt;, 006, San Jos, CA, USA Bolonkn A.A., Elctostatc AB-Ramjt Spac Populson, AIAA/AAS Astodynamcs Spcalst Confnc, 1-4 August 006, USA. AIAA Jounal AEAT, Vol. 79, No. 1, 007, pp Bolonkn A.A., Elctostatc Lna Engn, AIAA , 4nd Jont Populson Confnc, 9-1 Jun 006, Sacamnto, USA. Jounal AEAT, Vol. 78, No.6, 006, pp Bolonkn A.A., Hgh-Spd Sola Sal, AIAA , 4nd Jont Populson Confnc, 9-1 Jun 006, Sacamnto, USA Bolonkn A.A., A Nw Mthod of Atmosphc Rnty fo Spac Shuttl, AIAA , MAO Confnc, 6-9 Spt. 006, USA Bolonkn A.A., Suspndd A Suvllanc Systm, AIAA , AFM Confnc, 1-9 Aug. 006, Kyston, USA Bolonkn A.A., Optmal Inflatabl Spac Tow wth km Hght, Jounal of th Btsh Intplantay Socty, Vol.56, No. 3/4, 003, pp Bolonkn A.A., Optmal Sold Spac Tow, AIAA ATIO Confnc, 5-7 Spt. 006, Wchta, Kansas, USA Wkpda. Som backgound matal n ths atcl s gathd fom Wkpda und th Catv Commons lcns.