AP Chemistry. Unit #7. Chemical Bonding & Molecular Shape. Zumdahl Chapters 8 & 9 TYPES OF BONDING BONDING. Discrete molecules formed
|
|
- Earl Toby O’Connor’
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AP Chemistry Unit #7 Chemical Bonding & Molecular Shape Zumdahl Chapters 8 & 9 TYPES OF BONDING BONDING INTRA (Within (inside) compounds) STRONG INTER (Interactions between the molecules of a compound) WEAK Ionic (Metal + non-metal) Giant ionic lattice formed Covalent (Non-metals) Discrete molecules formed Hydrogen Bonding (H attached to N, O or F) Stronger permanaent dipoles van der Waals Forces (Attractions between dipoles) Permanent or induced Dative or Co-ordinate (Electron deficient species) Discrete molecules formed Dipole-Dipole (Polar molecules) Permanent dipoles London Dispersion Forces (Non-polar molecules) Induced dipoles
2 I. Ionic Bonding A. Lewis Structures & The Octet Rule 1. Lewis Symbols models used to show the valence electron configuration for elements, molecules and compounds Ex: Cl O 2 2. Octet Rule all atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to have eight electrons in their valence shell B. Energy of Ionic Bond Formation (link) 1. Lattice Energy the energy released when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid 2. Magnitude of Lattice Energy the energy released when ions form a solid is directly proportional to the charge on the ions and inversely related to the size of the ions; smaller ions with greater charge have greater lattice energy than larger ions with lesser charge. Where k is the Coulomb s law constant with a value of 8.99 x 10 9 J m/c 2 Q 1 and Q 2 are the magnitudes of the charge on the ions in coulombs, and d is the distance between ion centers in meters Sample Ex 8.1 Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: LiF, KBr, MgO
3 C. Electron Configurations of Ions (link) 1. Cations remove one or more electrons from the last number in the electron configuration of the neutral element 2. Anions add one or more electrons to the last number in the electron configuration of the neutral element D. Polyatomic Ion a charged particle that contains two or more covalently bonded atoms
4 E. Size of Ions 1. Isoelectronic Series a group of ions (and often a noble gas) that contain the same number of electrons Example: O -2, F -, Na +, Mg +2, Al +3, Ne 10 electrons each As nuclear charge increases, size Sample Problem Arrange the ions below in order of increasing size: Sr +2, As -3, Se -2, Rb +, Br II. Covalent Bonding A. Lewis Structures of Covalent Bonds Sample Problem Draw the Lewis structures for water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. B. Multiple Bonds 1. Single Bond one pair, or 2 valence electrons shared between atoms 2. Double Bond two pair, or 4 valence electrons shared between atoms 3. Triple Bond three pair, or 6 valence electrons shared between atoms III. Bond Polarity and Electronegativity A. Bond Polarity 1. Nonpolar Covalent Bond a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally between atoms 2. Polar Covalent Bond a covalent bond in which the electrons are NOT shared equally between atoms because of a difference in electronegativity
5 3. Coordinate Covalent Bond a bond formed when one atom provides both electrons in a shared pair Ex: NH 4 + (draw the Lewis dot structure for this molecule) B. Electronegativity IV. Drawing Lewis Structures A. Procedure for drawing Lewis Structures 1. Count up the number of valence electrons 2. Write the atom symbols and connect the atoms with single bonds 3. Distribute electrons (in pairs) to complete octets of atoms 4. If there are not enough electrons, make multiple bonds to complete octets 5. If there are extra electrons, put them on the central atom
6 B. Sample Exercise 8.6 Draw the Lewis Structure for phosphorus trichloride. C. Sample Exercise 8.7 Draw the Lewis Structure for HCN V. Resonance Structures A. Resonance Structures/Resonance Forms resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule; the actual structure of the molecule is an average of its resonance structures B. Formal Charge the difference between the number of valence electrons on the free atom and the number of valence electrons assigned to the atom in the molecule. C. Sample Exersise 8.9 Draw 2 resonance structures for the nitrite ion. D. Sample Problem Which has the shorter sulfur oxygen bonds, SO 3 or SO 3 2- and why?
7 VI. Exceptions to the Octet Rule A. Odd Number of Electrons B. Less than an Octet C. More than an Octet D. Sample exercise 8.10 Draw the Lewis Structure for ICl 4 -
8 VII. BOND ENERGIES Table 8.4 and 8.5 on p st ) ΔH = sum of the ENERGIES REQUIRED to break old bonds plus the sum of the ENERGIES RELEASED in the forming of new bonds ΔH = ΣD (bonds broken) ΣD (bonds formed) energy required energy released Where D = bond energy per mole of bonds (always has a + sign) Ex: H 2 (g) + F 2 (g) 2HF(g) ΔH = D H-H + D F-F 2D H-F = 1 mol (432 kj/mol) + 1 mol (154 kj/mol) 2 mol (565 kj/mol) = -544 kj Sample Exercise 8.5: ΔH From Bond Energies Calculate ΔH for the rxn. of methane w/ chlorine and fluorine to give Freon- 12 (CF 2 Cl 2 ). Solution: Reactant bonds broken: Product bonds formed: CH 4 = 4 mol C-H = 4 mol (413 kj/mol) = 1652 kj 2Cl 2 = 2 mol Cl-Cl = 2 mol (239 kj/mol) = 478 kj 2F 2 = 2 mol F-F = 2 mol (154 kj/mol) = 308 kj Total energy required = 2438 kj CF 2 Cl 2 = 2 mol C-F = 2 mol (485 kj/mol) = 970 kj 2 mol C-Cl 2 mol (339 kj/mol) = 678 kj HF = 2 mol H-F = 2 mol (565 kj/mol) = 1130 kj HCl = 2 mol H-Cl = 2 mol (427 kj/mol) = 854 kj Total energy released = 3632 kj
9 ΔH = ΣD (bonds broken) ΣD (bonds formed) = 2438 kj 3632 kj = kj Therefore, 1194 kj of energy is released per mole of CF 2 Cl 2 formed. PROBLEMS: p.404 #47,49 A. Energy of Ionic Bond Formation 1. Lattice Energy 2. Magnitude of Lattice Energy E=k(Q 1 Q 2 /d) Sample Ex: Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: LiF, KBr, MgO.
10 IIX. POLAR vs. NONPOLAR MOLECULES: Molecule = A bonded substance; always 2 or more bonded together * compound = compound A.) POLAR Molecules: molecules sharing of Doesn t pass the mirror test Can t be folded to reflect itself 2 atoms different elements/electronegativities More than 2 atoms unbonded e - or pairs around the atom Ex: HCl Ex: H 2 O
11 B.) NONPOLAR Molecules: molecules sharing of or DOES pass the mirror test CAN be folded to reflect itself 2 Atoms same element/electronegativities More than 2 atoms unbonded e - or pairs around the atom Ex: Cl 2 Ex: CO 2 Ex: CCl 4 BEWARE! There are often POLAR BONDS inside NONPOLAR MOLECULES (look back at the previous 2 examples)
12 C. Intermolecular forces, A.K.A. IMF s ONLY IN COVALENT MOLECULES, NEVER IONIC COMPOUNDS! forces that act BETWEEN that hold molecules to EACH OTHER Only exist in & states Called WEAK forces because they are much weaker than CHEMICAL BONDS *REMEMBER: IMF s occur BETWEEN molecules, whereas BONDING occurs WITHIN molecules Just Remember IMF s ARE NOT BONDS!!!
13 Type of IMF London dispersion forces (LDF s) Description/Example(s) Weakest of all the IMF s Only important for NONPOLAR molecules Electron-electron repulsion creates BRIEF DIPOLES in atoms/molecules Dipole (dipole-dipole) Molecules such as HCl have both POSITIVE and a NEGATIVE ends, or POLES Two poles = Results from an UNEQUAL/ASYMMETRICAL sharing of electrons DIPOLE-DIPOLE = two molecules with permanent dipoles are attracted to one another DIPOLE MOMENT = measure of the of the dipole within a molecule (POLARITY) The GREATER the difference in ELECTRONEGATIVITY between atoms, the GREATER the POLARITY/DIPOLE MOMENT The HIGHER the dipole moment, the STRONGER the intermolecular forces (IMF s) The stronger the IMF s, the higher the m.p. and b.p. Hydrogen Bonds Specific type of interaction In a POLAR BOND, hydrogen is basically reduced to a BARE PROTON w/ almost no ATOMIC RADIUS of all IMF s by far Only occur in molecules containing Hydrogen AND,, or
14 IX. Lewis Structures & the Octet Rule Lewis Structures: Comments About the Octet Rule The second-row elements C, N, O, and F should always be assumed to obey the octet rule The second-row elements B and Be often have fewer than eight electrons around them in their compounds. These electron-deficient compounds are very reactive. The second-row elements never exceed the octet rule, since their valence orbitals (2s and 2p) can accommodate only eight electrons. Third-row and heavier elements often satisfy the octet rule but can exceed the octet rule by using their empty valence d orbitals. When writing the Lewis structure for a molecule, satisfy the octet rule for the atoms first. If electrons remain after the octet rule has been satisfied, then place them on the elements having available d orbitals (elements in Period 3 or beyond). Rules Governing Formal Charge To calculate the formal charge on an atom: 1. Take the sum of the lone pair electrons and ½ the shared electrons. This is the number of valence electrons assigned to the atom in the molecule. 2. Subtract the number of assigned electrons from the number of valence electrons on the free neutral atom to obtain the formal charge. The sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a given molecule or ion must equal the overall charge on that species. If nonequivalent Lewis structures exist for a species, those with formal charges closest to zero and with any negative formal charges on the most electronegative atoms are considered to best describe the bonding in the molecule or ion. *Delocalized bonding: bond pairs that appear to move between two or more different pairs of atoms; occurs in molecules with resonance structures.
15 X. The Localized Electron Model VSEPR Model (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Used to predict shapes of molecules Steps to Apply the VSEPR Model 1. Draw the Lewis structure for the model. 2. Count the electron pairs and arrange them in the way that minimizes repulsion (that is, put the pairs as far apart as possible). 3. Determine the positions of the atoms from the way the electron pairs are shared. 4. Determine the name of the molecular structure from the positions of the atoms. Summary of the VSEPR Model The rules for using the VSEPR model to predict molecular structure: 1. Determine the Lewis structure(s) for the molecule. 2. For molecules with resonance structures, use any of the structures to predict the molecular structure. 3. Sum the electron pairs around the central atom. 4. In counting pairs, count each multiple bond as a single effective pair. 5. The arrangement of the pairs is determined by minimizing electronpair repulsions. These arrangements are shown in Table 8.6 (page 394) in your textbook. 6. Lone pairs require more space than bonding pairs do. Choose an arrangement that gives the lone pairs as much room as possible. Recognize that the lone pairs may produce a slight distortion of the structure at angles less than 120 degrees.
16
17 Chapter 9.1: Hybridization & the Localized Electron Model I. sp 3 Hybridization: Consider the molecule methane (CH 4 ) (Assume valence e- only in bonding) H = 1s C = 2s & 2p orbitals Problems: 1. CH 4 is supposed to have 4 identical C-H bonds 2. Three 2p orbitals want to be perpendicular, but CH 4 is tetrahedral Solution: The bonds in the 2s and 2p orbitals mix to form 4 equivalent orbitals HYBRIDIZATION Combine one s and three p orbitals four sp 3 hybrid orbitals *All 4 orbitals are identical in shape (1 lg. lobe, 1 sm. lobe) Principle: Whenever an atom is surrounded by 4 effective pairs, a tetrahedral set of sp 3 hybrid orbitals is required (the atom becomes sp 3 hybridized).
18 *The atom achieves minimum energy by hybridizing: Sample Exercise 9.1: The Localized Electron Model I Describe the bonding in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule using the localized electron model. Solution: 1. Draw the Lewis structure 2. Determine VSEPR shape 3. Determine hybridization 4 e - pairs = tetrahedral arrangement = sp 3 hybridization Three sp 3 orbitals are bonding One sp 3 orbital is lone pair PROBLEMS: p.441 #11
19 II. sp 2 Hybridization: Consider the molecule ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) 1. Draw the Lewis structure 2. Determine VSEPR shape 3. Determine hybridization *Double bond acts like 1 effective pair C 2 H 4 has 3 effective pairs around each C atom trigonal planar arrangements (120º) Principle: Whenever an atom is surrounded by 3 effective pairs, a trigonal planar set of sp 2 hybrid orbitals is required. 1. combine one s and two p orbitals sp 2 hybridization 2. remaining p orbital on each carbon exists in plane perpendicular to sp 2 orbitals 3. sp 2 orbitals form a sigma (σ) bond 4. one remaining 2p orbital (not hybridized) forms a pi (π) bond by sharing e- in space above and below the σ bond Solution: 3 e - pairs = trigonal planar arrangement = sp 2 hybridization Three sp 2 orbitals form sigma (σ) bonds One remaining p orbital forms pi a (π) bond
20 Click to view animation: Click to view animation:
21 III. sp Hybridization: Consider the molecule carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Principle: Whenever an atom is surrounded by 2 effective pairs, a linear set of sp hybrid orbitals is required. 1. Combine one s and one p orbital two sp hybrid orbitals 2. One s orbital & one p orbital hybridize, forming a set of two sp orbitals 3. Remaining two p orbitals will form π bonds Sample Exercise 9.2: The Localized Electron Model II Describe the bonding in the N 2 molecule. Solution: Each N is surrounded by 2 effective e- pairs (linear) 2 effective e- pairs = sp hybridization Each N has two sp orbitals, one bonding (σ), one lone (σ bond is buried in the diagram below) 2 remaining p orbitals form each form π bonds PROBLEMS: p.441 #13
22 IV. dsp 3 Hybridization: Consider PCl 5, which exceeds the octet rule Principle: Whenever an atom is surrounded by 5 effective pairs, a set of dsp 3 hybrid orbitals is required in a trigonal bipyramind arrangement. 4. One d orbital, one s orbital & three p orbitals hybridize, forming a set of five dsp 3 orbitals In this case, each Cl atom is surrounded by 4 electron pairs each Cl requires a tetrahedral arrangement tetrahedral arrangement requires four sp 3 orbitals each sp 3 orbital on Cl shares electrons with a dsp 3 orbital on P to form σ bonds the remaining sp 3 orbitals on Cl hold lone pairs Sample Exercise 9.3: The Localized Electron Model III Describe the bonding in the triiodide ion (I 3 - ).
23 Solution: The central iodine atom has five pairs of electrons A set of five electron pairs requires a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement, which requires a set of dsp 3 orbitals The outer atoms have four pairs of electrons, which class for a tetrahedral arrangement and sp 3 hybridization The central iodine is dsp 3 hybridized. Three of these hybrid orbitals hold lone pairs, and two of them overlap with sp 3 orbitals of the other two iodine atoms to form σ bonds PROBLEMS: p.442 #21 V. d 2 sp 3 Hybridization: Consider sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), which has six pairs of electrons around its central atom Principle: Whenever an atom is surrounded by 6 effective pairs, they require a set of d 2 sp 3 hybrid orbitals arranged octahedrally. Each of the d 2 sp 3 orbitals on the sulfur atom is used to bond to a fluorine atom Each of the fluorine atoms has four electron pairs and they are assumed to be sp 3 hybridized Sample Exercise 9.4: The Localized Electron Model IV How is the xenon atom in XeF 4 hybridized?
24 Solution: The Xe atom has six pairs of electrons around it, arranged octahedrally to minimize repulsions An octahedral set of six electron pairs requires that Xe become d 2 sp 3 hybridized Four of the d 2 sp 3 orbitals form σ bonds with fluorine atoms The remaining two d 2 sp 3 orbitals hold lone pairs PROBLEMS: p.442 #20 XI. Molecular Orbitals A. Molecular Orbital Theory B. Bonding Molecular Orbital The Hydrogen Molecule C. Bond Order Sample EX:What is the bond order of the He 2 + ion? Would you expect this atom to be stable relative to the separated He atom and the He + ion? D. Second Period Diatomic Molecules 1. Paramagnetic 2. Diamagnetic
25
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds A. Ionic Bonding 1. Electrons are transferred 2. Metals react with nonmetals 3. Ions paired have lower energy
More informationChapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Table of Contents (8.1) (8.2) (8.3) (8.4) (8.5) (8.6) (8.7) (8.8) Types of chemical bonds Electronegativity Bond polarity and dipole moments Ions: Electron
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts Types of Chemical Bonds Information about the strength of a bonding interaction is obtained by measuring the bond energy, which is the energy
More information8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds List and define three types of bonding. chapter 8 Bonding General Concepts.notebook. September 10, 2015
chapter 8 Bonding General Concepts.notebook Chapter 8: Bonding: General Concepts Mar 13 11:15 AM 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds List and define three types of bonding. Bonds are forces that hold groups of
More informationChapter 4. Molecular Structure and Orbitals
Chapter 4 Molecular Structure and Orbitals Chapter 4 Table of Contents (4.1) (4.2) (4.3) (4.4) (4.5) (4.6) (4.7) Molecular structure: The VSEPR model Bond polarity and dipole moments Hybridization and
More informationChemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky
Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky What Determines the Type of Bonding in Any Substance? Why do Atoms Bond? The key to answering the first question are found in the electronic structure of the atoms
More informationChapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Table of Contents 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 8.2 Electronegativity 8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 8.5 Energy
More informationChapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Questions to Consider What is meant by the term chemical bond? Why do atoms bond with each other to form compounds? How do atoms bond with each other to form
More informationChapter 7. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely
More informationAtoms have the ability to do two things in order to become isoelectronic with a Noble Gas.
CHEMICAL BONDING Atoms have the ability to do two things in order to become isoelectronic with a Noble Gas. 1.Electrons can be from one atom to another forming. Positive ions (cations) are formed when
More informationChapter 7. Ionic & Covalent Bonds
Chapter 7 Ionic & Covalent Bonds Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds 7.1 EN difference and bond character >1.7 = ionic 0.4 1.7 = polar covalent 1.7 Electrons not shared at
More informationGENERAL BONDING REVIEW
GENERAL BONDING REVIEW Chapter 8 November 2, 2016 Questions to Consider 1. What is meant by the term chemical bond? 2. Why do atoms bond with each other to form compounds? 3. How do atoms bond with each
More informationbond energy- energy required to break a chemical bond -We can measure bond energy to determine strength of interaction
bond energy- energy required to break a chemical bond -We can measure bond energy to determine strength of interaction ionic compound- a metal reacts with a nonmetal Ionic bonds form when an atom that
More informationWe study bonding since it plays a central role in the understanding of chemical reactions and understanding the chemical & physical properties.
AP Chapter 8 Notes Bonding We study bonding since it plays a central role in the understanding of chemical reactions and understanding the chemical & physical properties. Chemical Bond: holding atoms together
More informationChemical Bonding Chapter 8
Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Get your Clicker, 2 magnets, goggles and your handouts Nov 15 6:15 PM Recall that: Ionic-Involves the transfer of electrons - forms between a metal and a nonmetal Covalent-Involves
More informationChapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Three Types of Chemical Bonding (1) Ionic: formed by electron transfer (2) Covalent: formed by electron sharing (3) Metallic: attraction between metal
More informationChapter Eight. p328. Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter Eight p328 Bonding: General Concepts 1 Contents 8-1 Types of Chemical Bonds p330 Coulomb s law The energy of interaction between a pair of ions can be calculated using Coulomb s law: E 19 Q1Q 2
More informationEx. 1) F F bond in F = 0 < % covalent, no transfer of electrons
#60 Notes Unit 8: Bonding Ch. Bonding I. Bond Character Bonds are usually combinations of ionic and covalent character. The electronegativity difference is used to determine a bond s character. Electronegativity
More informationChapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Table of Contents 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 8.6 Partial Ionic Character
More informationCh 10 Chemical Bonding, Lewis Structures for Ionic & Covalent Compounds, and Predicting Shapes of Molecules
Fructose Water Ch 10 Chemical Bonding, Lewis Structures for Ionic & Covalent Compounds, and Predicting Shapes of Molecules Carbon Dioxide Ammonia Title and Highlight TN Ch 10.1 Topic: EQ: Right Side NOTES
More informationCartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemical Bonds Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. 3 Major Types: Ionic bonds transfer
More informationCHEMICAL BONDING. Chemical Bonds. Ionic Bonding. Lewis Symbols
CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical Bonds Lewis Symbols Octet Rule whenever possible, valence electrons in covalent compounds distribute so that each main-group element is surrounded by 8 electrons (except hydrogen
More informationChapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule 8.2 Ionic Bonding Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine: Na(s) + ½ Cl 2 (g) NaCl(s) H o f
More informationMolecular Geometry and intermolecular forces. Unit 4 Chapter 9 and 11.2
1 Molecular Geometry and intermolecular forces Unit 4 Chapter 9 and 11.2 2 Unit 4.1 Chapter 9.1-9.3 3 Review of bonding Ionic compound (metal/nonmetal) creates a lattice Formula doesn t tell the exact
More informationChapter 16 Covalent Bonding
Chemistry/ PEP Name: Date: Chapter 16 Covalent Bonding Chapter 16: 1 26; 28, 30, 31, 35-37, 40, 43-46, Extra Credit: 50-53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62-67 Section 16.1 The Nature of Covalent Bonding Practice Problems
More informationNa Cl Wants to lose ONE electron! Na Cl Ionic Bond TRANSFER of electrons between atoms. Ionic Bonding. Ionic Bonding.
BONDING Chemical Bond Attraction that holds atoms together Types include IONIC, METALLIC, or COVALENT Differences in electronegativity determine the bond type Ionic Bond TRANSFER of electrons between atoms
More informationUnit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Unit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding Ionic Bonds Bonding in Metals Valence Electrons Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element s atoms Examples
More informationBonding. Honors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6
Bonding Honors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them together. Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Force of attraction
More informationMolecular Compounds Compounds that are bonded covalently (like in water, or carbon dioxide) are called molecular compounds
Chapter 8: Covalent Bonding Section 1: Molecular Compounds Bonds are Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. Two types: Ionic bonds transfer of electrons (gained or
More informationChapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule 8.2 Ionic Bonding positive and negative ions form an ionic lattice, in which each cation is surrounded
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Chapter 9 Table of Contents 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model 9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model 9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 9.4 Bonding
More informationSTD-XI-Science-Chemistry Chemical Bonding & Molecular structure
STD-XI-Science-Chemistry Chemical Bonding & Molecular structure Chemical Bonding Question 1 What is meant by the term chemical bond? How does Kessel-Lewis approach of bonding differ from the modern views?
More informationChapter 8 Covalent Boding
Chapter 8 Covalent Boding Molecules & Molecular Compounds In nature, matter takes many forms. The noble gases exist as atoms. They are monatomic; monatomic they consist of single atoms. Hydrogen chloride
More informationUnit 1 Module 1 Forces of Attraction page 1 of 10 Various forces of attraction between molecules
Unit 1 Module 1 Forces of Attraction page 1 of 10 Various forces of attraction between molecules 1. Ionic bonds 2. Covalent bonds (also co-ordinate covalent bonds) 3. Metallic bonds 4. Van der Waals forces
More informationChapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds An attractive force that holds two atoms together in a more complex unit Three basic types of bonds Ionic Electrons are transferred from one
More informationChapter 8: Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8: Concepts of Chemical Bonding Learning Outcomes: Write Lewis symbols for atoms and ions. Define lattice energy and be able to arrange compounds in order of increasing lattice energy based on
More informationPeriodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory:
Periodic Trends There are various trends on the periodic table that need to be understood to explain chemical bonding. These include: Atomic/Ionic Radius Ionization Energy Electronegativity Electron Affinity
More informationFocus Learning Targets for Periodic Trends and Bonding (1) Discuss the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. (2) Locate and state important
Focus Learning Targets for Periodic Trends and Bonding (1) Discuss the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. (2) Locate and state important properties of main chemical families including the
More informationCh 6 Chemical Bonding
Ch 6 Chemical Bonding What you should learn in this section (objectives): Define chemical bond Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds Describe ionic and covalent bonding Explain why most chemical bonding
More informationHelpful Hints Lewis Structures Octet Rule For Lewis structures of covalent compounds least electronegative
Helpful Hints Lewis Structures Octet Rule Lewis structures are a basic representation of how atoms are arranged in compounds based on bond formation by the valence electrons. A Lewis dot symbol of an atom
More informationChapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule 8.2 Ionic Bonding Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine: Na(s) + ½ Cl 2 (g) NaCl(s) H o f
More informationCOVALENT BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING I: LEWIS MODEL. Chapter 7
Chapter 7 P a g e 1 COVALENT BONDING Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds occur between two or more nonmetals. The two atoms share electrons between them, composing a molecule. Covalently bonded compounds are
More informationChemical bonding is the combining of elements to form new substances.
Name Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature: Unit Objective Study Guide Class Period Date Due 1. Define chemical bonding. What is chemical bonding? Chemical bonding is the combining of elements to form new
More informationIonic Bond TRANSFER of electrons between atoms. Ionic Bonding. Ionic Bonding. Ionic Bonding. Attraction that holds atoms together
BONDING Chemical Bond Attraction that holds atoms together Types include IONIC, METALLIC, or COVALENT Differences in electronegativity determine the bond type Ionic Bond TRANSFER of electrons between atoms
More informationName Date Class MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS. Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides
8.1 MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS Section Review Objectives Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides Vocabulary covalent bond molecule diatomic molecule
More informationC H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH
C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 0 1 INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE The Ionic Bond Formation of Ions The
More informationChapter 6. Preview. Objectives. Molecular Compounds
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds Preview Objectives Molecular Compounds Formation of a Covalent Bond Characteristics of the Covalent Bond The Octet Rule Electron-Dot Notation Lewis Structures
More informationChapter 6. Chemical Bonding
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding Section 6.1 Intro to Chemical Bonding 6.1 Objectives Define chemical bond. Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds. Describe ionic and covalent bonding. Explain why most chemical
More informationName Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017
Unit Three: Bonding & Molecular Geometry Name Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017 1. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in water? a) sp b) sp 2 c) sp 3 d) It is not hybridized 2. When a double
More informationChapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts
Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely
More informationValence Bond Theory - Description
Bonding and Molecular Structure - PART 2 - Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization 1. Understand and be able to describe the Valence Bond Theory description of covalent bond formation. 2. Understand and
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change Section 8.1 The Covalent Bond
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Section Chapter 8: Covalent Bonding CHAPTER 8 Table Of Contents Section 8.2 Section 8.3 Section 8.4 Section 8.5 Naming Molecules Molecular Structures Molecular Shapes Electronegativity
More informationREVIEW: VALENCE ELECTRONS CHEMICAL BONDS: LEWIS SYMBOLS: CHEMICAL BONDING. What are valence electrons?
REVIEW: VALENCE ELECTRONS 13 CHEMICAL BONDING What are valence electrons? Which groups on the periodic table readily give up electrons? What group readily accepts electrons? CHEMICAL BONDS: What are chemical
More informationCHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING
CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING Problems: 1-26, 27c, 28, 33-34, 35b, 36(a-c), 37(a,b,d), 38a, 39-40, 41-42(a,c), 43-58, 67-74 12.1 THE CHEMICAL BOND CONCEPT chemical bond: what holds atoms or ions together
More informationChapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts
Chapter 8. Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely
More informationChapters 8 and 9. Octet Rule Breakers Shapes
Chapters 8 and 9 Octet Rule Breakers Shapes Bond Energies Bond Energy (review): The energy needed to break one mole of covalent bonds in the gas phase Breaking bonds consumes energy; forming bonds releases
More informationChemical Bonding -- Lewis Theory (Chapter 9)
Chemical Bonding -- Lewis Theory (Chapter 9) Ionic Bonding 1. Ionic Bond Electrostatic attraction of positive (cation) and negative (anion) ions Neutral Atoms e - transfer (IE and EA) cation + anion Ionic
More informationIntroduction to Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical bond! is a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together Why are most
More informationChapter 9. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Topics Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry and Polarity Valence Bond Theory Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Hybridization in Molecules
More informationSubtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY
Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES (covalent bonding) 1. Draw the Lewis structure of covalent molecules (octet rule such as NH 3, CCl 4, H 2 O, CO 2, N 2 O 4, and exception to
More informationUnit 7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonds. Lewis Symbols. The Octet Rule. Transition Metal Ions. Ionic Bonding 11/17/15
Unit 7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Topics Covered Chemical bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Bond polarity and electronegativity Lewis structures Exceptions to the octet rule Strength of covalent
More informationName: Hr: 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
8.1-8.2 8.3-8.5 8.5-8.7 8.8 Name: Hr: 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule State the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or metallic) formed between any
More informationSL Score. HL Score ! /30 ! /48. Practice Exam: Paper 1 Topic 4: Bonding. Name
Name Practice Exam: Paper 1 Topic 4: Bonding SL SL Score! /30 HL Score! /48 1. What is the correct Lewis structure for hypochlorous acid, a compound containing chlorine, hydrogen and oxygen? A. B. C. D.
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Chapter 9 Table of Contents (9.1) (9.2) (9.3) (9.4) (9.5) (9.6) Hybridization and the localized electron model The molecular orbital model Bonding in homonuclear diatomic
More informationCHEM 110 Exam 2 - Practice Test 1 - Solutions
CHEM 110 Exam 2 - Practice Test 1 - Solutions 1D 1 has a triple bond. 2 has a double bond. 3 and 4 have single bonds. The stronger the bond, the shorter the length. 2A A 1:1 ratio means there must be the
More informationChapter 8 The Concept of the Chemical Bond
Chapter 8 The Concept of the Chemical Bond Three basic types of bonds: Ionic - Electrostatic attraction between ions (NaCl) Metallic - Metal atoms bonded to each other Covalent - Sharing of electrons Ionic
More informationName Date Class MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS. Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides
8.1 MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS Section Review Objectives Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides Vocabulary covalent bond molecule diatomic molecule
More informationCHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS IONIC BONDING When an atom of a nonmetal takes one or more electrons from an atom of a metal so both atoms end up with eight valence
More informationChapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule 8.2 Ionic Bonding positive and negative ions form an ionic lattice, in which each cation is surrounded
More informationBonding. Polar Vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. Ionic or Covalent? Identifying Bond Types. Solutions + -
Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them together. Bonding onors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Force of attraction
More informationLewis Structure. Lewis Structures & VSEPR. Octet & Duet Rules. Steps for drawing Lewis Structures
Lewis Structure Lewis Structures & VSEPR Lewis Structures shows how the are arranged among the atoms of a molecule There are rules for Lewis Structures that are based on the formation of a Atoms want to
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals EXERCISE! Draw the Lewis structure for methane, CH 4. What is the shape of a methane molecule? tetrahedral What are the bond angles? 109.5 o H H C H H Copyright Cengage
More informationChemical Bonding II. Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds Hybridization MO theory
Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds ybridization MO theory 1 Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of atoms 2 VSEPR Valence-shell
More informationCovalent Bonding and Molecular Structures
CHAPTERS 9 AND 10 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structures Objectives You will be able to: 1. Write a description of the formation of the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms to form a hydrogen molecule.
More informationUnit 9: CHEMICAL BONDING
Unit 9: CHEMICAL BONDING 1 Unit 9: Bonding: 1. Electronegativity 2. Intramolecular Bonding 3. Intermolecular Bonding 4. Drawing Lewis Structures 5. Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions 6. Exceptions to
More informationChemical Bonding. Section 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding. Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds
Chemical Bonding Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds Section 3 Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds Section 4 Metallic Bonding Section
More informationBonding in Chemistry. Chemical Bonds All chemical reactions involve breaking of some bonds and formation of new ones where new products are formed.
CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms or ions are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds. The type and number of electrons in the outer electronic shells of atoms or ions are instrumental in how atoms
More informationAP Chemistry- Practice Bonding Questions for Exam
AP Chemistry- Practice Bonding Questions for Exam Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for
More informationUnit 9: CHEMICAL BONDING
Unit 9: CHEMICAL BONDING 1 Unit 9: Bonding: 1. Electronegativity 2. Intramolecular Bonding 3. Intermolecular Bonding 4. Drawing Lewis Structures 5. Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions 6. Exceptions to
More informationDownloaded from
Points to Remember Class: XI Chapter Name: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1. The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in chemical
More informationClass XI: Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts
1 Class XI: Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1. The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in chemical species
More informationChemistry 1210, Section 1 Third Hour Exam November 21, 2011
Chemistry 1210, Section 1 Third Hour Exam November 21, 2011 Instructions: Do not begin until 8:30 AM. The exam must be turned in by 9:20 AM. Enjoy your thanksgiving break! This exam should have 25 questions.
More informationCovalent Bonds. Unit 4b.1: Covalent bonds. Unit 4b ( se ven c la s s peri od s) Name:
Name: Covalent Bonds Unit 4b ( se ven c la s s peri od s) Unit 4b.1: Covalent bonds 1) A different type of intramolecular force (bond) a) Ionic compounds form between ions i) Electrons are transferred
More informationChemistry: The Central Science
Chemistry: The Central Science Fourteenth Edition Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Three basic types of bonds Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent Sharing of
More informationOutline Introduction: Multiple bonds, Bond. strength. Naming molecules Drawing Lewis Structures Molecular shapes and VSEPR theory Bond Polarity
Covalent Bonding Outline Introduction: Multiple bonds, Bond strength Naming molecules Drawing Lewis Structures Molecular shapes and VSEPR theory Bond Polarity Why do atoms bond? Recall that noble gases
More informationReview questions CHAPTER 5. Practice exercises 5.1 F F 5.3
CHAPTER 5 Practice exercises 5.1 S 5.3 5.5 Ethane is symmetrical, so does not have a dipole moment. However, ethanol has a polar H group at one end and so has a dipole moment. 5.7 xygen has the valence
More informationChapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Chem 1045 Prof George W.J. Kenney, Jr General Chemistry by Ebbing and Gammon, 8th Edition Last Update: 06-April-2009 Chapter 9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding These Notes are to SUPPLIMENT the Text, They do
More informationChapter 8. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Topics Lewis Dot Symbols Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Electronegativity and Polarity Drawing Lewis Structures Lewis Structures and Formal Charge Resonance
More informationChapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories
Chapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories Ionic Radii Ions, just like atoms, follow a periodic trend in their radii. The metal ions in a given period are smaller than the non-metal ions in the same
More informationCHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL BONDING NUR FATHIN SUHANA BT AYOB SMK SULTAN ISMAIL, JB
CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL BONDING NUR FATHIN SUHANA BT AYOB SMK SULTAN ISMAIL, JB LEARNING OUTCOMES (ionic bonding) 1. Describe ionic (electrovalent) bonding such as NaCl and MgCl 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES (metallic
More informationInstant download Test bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten CLICK HERE
Chemistry, 10e (Brown) Chapter 9, Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Instant download Test bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten CLICK HERE http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-chemistry-the-central-science-10th-edition-by-brown-lemay-bursten/
More informationBonding. Computer Lab: Ionic Bonds. Important Notes 3/22/18
Bonding What are ionic bonds, and how are they formed? Computer Lab: Ionic Bonds Go to http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/ lsps07_int_ionicbonding/ Read each screen and follow the directions where appropriate.
More informationChapter 6. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Chemical Bond
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Chemical Bond Section 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Lesson Starter Imagine getting onto a crowded elevator. As people squeeze into the confined space, they come in
More informationCHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS CHAPTER 16: COVALENT BONDING
CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS CHAPTER 16: COVALENT BONDING 6.1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding A chemical bond is a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different
More informationChapter 6. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Chemical Bond
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Chemical Bond Section 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Lesson Starter Imagine getting onto a crowded elevator. As people squeeze into the confined space, they come in
More informationTest Review # 4. Chemistry: Form TR4.11A
Chemistry: Form TR4.11 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 4 Bonding. The electrons of one atom are attracted to the protons of another. When atoms combine, there is a tug of war over the valence electrons.
More informationIts Bonding Time. Chemical Bonds CH 12
Its Bonding Time Chemical Bonds CH 12 What is a chemical bond? Octet Rule: Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its
More informationBonding: Part Two. Three types of bonds: Ionic Bond. transfer valence e - Metallic bond. (NaCl) (Fe) mobile valence e - Covalent bond
Bonding: Part Two Three types of bonds: Ionic Bond transfer valence e - Metallic bond mobile valence e - Covalent bond (NaCl) (Fe) shared valence e - (H 2 O) 1 Single Covalent Bond H + H H H H-atoms H
More informationPART 3 Chemical Bonds, Valence Bond Method, and Molecular Shapes. Reference: Chapter 9 10 in textbook
PART 3 Chemical Bonds, Valence Bond Method, and Molecular Shapes Reference: Chapter 9 10 in textbook 1 Valence Electrons Valence ae Electron Define: the outer shell electrons Important for determination
More informationClass XI Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemistry
Class XI Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemistry Question 4.1: Explain the formation of a chemical bond. A chemical bond is defined as an attractive force that holds the constituents
More information