Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System

Transcription

1 PHITS Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System K. Niita 1, T. Sato 2, Y. Iwamoto 2, S. Hashimoto 2, T. Ogawa 2, T. Furuta 2, S. Abe 2, T. Kai 2, N. Matsuda 2, H. Iwase 3, H. Nakashima 2, T. Fukahori 2, K. Okumura 2, T. Kai 2, S. Chiba 4, N. Shigyo 5, L. Sihver 6 1. Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, RIST, Japan 2. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA, Japan 3. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, Japan 4. Tokyo Institute of Technology, TITech, Japan 5. Kyusyu University, Japan 6. Technische Universität Wien, Austria Last update 2017/8/20 1

2 2 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

3 What is PHITS? Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System Capability Transport and collision of nearly all particles over wide energy range in 3D phase space with magnetic field & gravity neutron, proton, meson, baryon electron, photon, heavy ions All-in-one-Package All contents of PHITS (source files, binary, data libraries, graphic utility etc.) are fully integrated in one package OECD/NEA Databank, RSICC (USA, Canada) and RIST (Japan) Applications 10-4 ev to 1 TeV/u Accelerator Design Radiation Therapy & Protection Space & Geoscience 3

4 Example of PHITS Calculation Motion of 100,000 photons produced from 137 Cs simulated by PHITS Stochastically simulate the motion of each particle using cross sections Average behavior such as particle flux and mean deposition energy 4

5 5 PHITS Developing Team JAXA Application to space science KEK Incorporating EGS5 TU Wein (Austria) Application to space science and biology Tutorial in Europe JAEA Managing the entire project Tutorial Distribution RIST Programing Improvement of the nuclear reaction model Kyushu Univ. Improvement and verification of nuclear reaction model RIKEN Shared memory parallelization Reaction model improvement CEA (France) Implementation and improvement of the INCL model

6 User Interfaces of PHITS Source code: Input file: Free-format text You do not have to write Fortran program nor compile PHITS Geometry GG format Graphic utility: ANGEL GUI software* (SimpleGEO, SuperMC) Tally functions Particle flux, Heat, Particle yield, Ionization density, etc. Output Data Fortran (Intel Fortran 11.1, Gfortran 4.71 or later) Text data, histograms, contour maps Geometry drawn by ANGEL SimpleGEO Platforms Windows, Mac and Linux (MPI & OpenMP parallelization available) *Developed in CERN and Chinese Academy of Science applicable to various MC codes 6

7 7 Comparison with other MC codes Name Develo per MCNP(X) LANL Nuc. Energy Radiology GEANT4 FLUKA EGS CERN etc. CERN, INFN KEK, SLAC Application Language Features High E Phys, C++ Radiology, Astronomy Accelerator, Radiology, Astronomy SuperMC FDS Fusion, Radiology PHITS JAEA, RIST, KEK FORTRAN FORTRAN World standard of nuclear energy High reliability, Criticality Object-oriented, Platform to integrate models and tools developed all over the world Applied to accelerator shielding design Particularly popular in EU Radiology FORTRAN EM cascade code Applied to mainly radiology Accelerator, Radiology, Astronomy C++ FORTRAN Developed for ITER High CAD-affinity, Visualization Easy start-up Applied to accelerator design, radiology, space science

8 8 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

9 Physical Processes included in PHITS Transport Collision Collision Transport between collisions External Field and Optical devices Ionization process for charge particle Magnetic Field Gravity Super mirror (reflection) Mechanical devices, T0 chopper de/dx : SPAR, ATIMA code Continuous-slowing-down Approximation (CSDA) δ-ray generation Microdosimetric function Track-structure simulation Collision with nucleus Low-energy Neutrons Photons, Electrons High-energy nucleons Heavy Ions Nuclear Data (JENDL-4.0 etc.) + Event Generator Mode Intra-Nuclear Cascade Evaporation Quantum Molecular Dynamics 9

10 Map of Models Recommended to Use in PHITS Low Energy High Neutron Proton, Pion (other hadrons) 1 TeV 1 TeV/u Intra-nuclear cascade (JAM) + Evaporation (GEM) 3.0 GeV Intra-nuclear cascade (INCL4.6) + Evaporation (GEM) 20 MeV Nuclear Data Library (JENDL-4.0) 0.1 mev 1 MeV 1 kev d t 3 He α Nucleus Muon e - / e + JAMQMD + GEM Quantum Molecular Dynamics (JQMD) + GEM 10 MeV/u Ionization ATIMA Virtual Photo- Nuclear JAM/ JQMD + GEM 200 MeV Event generator mode all secondary particles are specified EGS5 EPDL97 or EGS5 Photon 1 TeV Photo- Nuclear JAM/ JQMD + GEM + JENDL + NRF 1 kev 1 kev *Track structure *Only in water 1 mev Physics models of PHITS and their switching energies Switching energies can be changed in input file of PHITS 10

11 Y. Nara et al, Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) JAM (Jet AA Microscopic Transport) Model JAM is a Hadronic Cascade Model, which explicitly treats all established hadronic states including resonances with explicit spin and isospin as well as their anti-particles. We have parameterized all Hadron-Hadron Cross Sections, based on Resonance Model and String Model by fitting the available experimental data. Au+Au 200GeV/n in CM

12 INCL4.6 & INC-ELF New INC models can consider the production of high-energy light fragments Double Differential Cross Section (mb/sr/mev) JAM INCL4.6 INC ELF (A) 8 deg (E inc = 256 MeV) Meier et al. Double Differential Cross Section (mb/sr/mev) (B) 20 deg (E inc = 558 MeV) Beck et al. JAM INCL4.6 INC ELF Neutron Energy (MeV) Deuteron Energy (MeV) Double differential cross sections of Pb(p,n) and Fe(p,d) reactions calculated using PHITS employing JAM, INCL4.6, or INC-ELF INCL4.6 is selected as the default model for simulating not only nucleon-induced but also d, t, 3 He and α-induced nuclear reactions 12

13 K. Niita et al, Phys. Rev. C52 (1995) 2620, T. Ogawa et al., Phys. Rev. C92 (2015) JQMD (JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics) Model JQMD can simulate the time evolution of nuclear reactions, considering the correlations between every combination of nucleons in the frame. Dedicated to simulation of nucleus-nucleus (ion-induced) reactions 12 C( Nat Production of residues and secondaries are simulated More accurate JQMD-2.0 is available from PHITS Ver Fe 800 MeV/u on 208 Pb

14 Statistical Multi-fragmentation Model (SMM) SMM or Intra-Nuclear Cascade Excited Evaporation Fission JAM / INCL4.6 / JQMD Nucleus GEM Simulation Procedure of Nuclear Reaction in PHITS Cross section (mb) (A) 24 Na Ogawa et al. with SMM without SMM Energy (MeV/n) Cross section (mb) (B) 75 Se Ogawa et al. with SMM without SMM Energy (MeV/n) Production cross sections of 24 Na and 75 Se from Pb bombarded by C ions Exp: Ogawa et al. NIM SMM B 300, is not 35 (2013), activated Cal: by Ogawa default et al. NIM A 723, 36 (2013) 14

15 Nuclear Data Library Cross sections for low energy neutrons strongly depends on nuclear structure Physics models are inadequate Isotopic cross section data library is necessary 112 Cd 113 Cd Neutron reaction cross sections of 112 Cd and 113 Cd taken from JENDL

16 Event Generator Mode What is event generator mode (EGM)? Sample all secondary particles from DDX contained in nuclear data library, considering energy & momentum conservation in an event Indispensable for detector response and soft-error rate calculation How does it work? EGM ver.1: Sample 1 particle from nuclear data, determine rests by GEM EGM ver.2: Sample all particles at once from energy & momentum space JENDL-4.0 EGM ver.1 EGM ver.2 Energy sampling space Secondary particle yields from 150 Nd(n,2n) T.Ogawa et al., NIM A, 763, (2014) 16

17 17 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

18 J-PARC Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility Nuclear and Particle Physics Experimental Facility Nuclear Transmutation Neutrino to Kamiokande 50 GeV Synchrotron (0.75 MW) Linac(350m) 3 GeV Synchrotron (25 Hz, 1MW) Constructed under joint project of JAEA and KEK in Tokai-mura 18

19 Shielding Design around Spallation Target t = nsec Energy Deposition Fe reflector Be reflector Moderators Proton Hg target Moderators Hg target Estimation of Heat around target Geometry around Hg target M. Harada et al. J. Nucl. Material 343, 197 (2005) 19

20 20 Shielding Design around Neutron Beam Line Heat distribution calculated by PHITS 23 neutron beam lines in material and life science facility Duct source option Source generation program specialized for shielding design of long beam lines Weight of each source particle is automatically adjusted obtain good statistics within reasonable computational time in whole area

21 21 Functions for Beam Transport Charged particles - Angular and energy straggling - Dipole and Quadrupole Magnetic field Low energy neutrons - Dipole, Quadrupole and Sextupole Magnetic field coupled with neutron spin. - Pulse (Time dependent) Magnetic field - Optical devices; Super mirror - Mechanical devices; T0 chopper,. - Gravity PHITS can simulate not only trajectories, but also collisions and ionization at the same time.

22 Design of Other Accelerator Facilities RIBF at RIKEN by T. Ohnishi FRIB at MSU by I. Baek Particle Therapy Facilities in Japan (e.g. HIMAC new building) 22

23 23 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

24 JCDS for Treatment Planning of BNCT JAEA Computational Dosimetry System Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) was performed using the research reactor JRR-4 in JAEA before the earthquake JCDS can automatically converts the CT and MRI data (DICOM data) of patient to the voxel data written in PHITS input format 3D view of patient Dose distribution in patient H. Kumada et al. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 74, (2007) 24

25 CT Dosimetry System: WAZA-ARI What is WAZA-ARI? Web-based system for calculating patient doses from CT examination Organ dose data calculated by PHITS coupled with Japanese voxel phantoms for male & female Calculation of CT Dose Experimental study subroutine, usrsors Source models CT examination Human models F. Takahashi et al. Health Phys., 109, (2015), 25

26 Support Programs for Radiology DICOM2PHITS Convert DICOM image data to PHITS input format DICOM Image Data Voxel phantom in PHITS format Convert Input Image for a slice data 3D image for multiple slices Resolution, range, location of voxels, conversion factor from CT value to material PSFC4PHITS Phase-Space File (PSF) Converter for PHITS Simulate downstream side of various accelerators using dump source files generated from PSF PSF are available from IAEA Nuclear Data Services* *URL 26

27 Applications to Radiation Biology Dose (Gy) RBE weighted dose Absorbed dose 1μm EGS mode Depth in water phantom (g/cm 2 ) RBE-weighted dose calculated by microdosimetric function Track-structure mode Electron track-structure simulation β from 137 Cs α from 239 Pu Cellular scale doses calculated by PHITS Estimation of therapeutic effects of charged particle & branchy therapy, risk of internal exposure, and DNA damages T. Sato et al. Radiat. Res. 171, 107 (2009); T.Sato et al., PLOS ONE 9, e99831 (2014) 27

28 Calculation of Dose Conversion Coefficients supervision of ICRP C2 Task groups PHITS Simulation Conditions Incident particle: neutron, proton, pion, muon, heavy ions (~Ni) Incident energy: 1 MeV/n* up to 100 GeV/n Irradiation geometry: ISO, AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT, ROT Calculated quantity: dose, Q(L),Q(y)&Q NASA -based dose equivalent *from 1 mev for neutron ICRP/ICRU adult reference computational phantoms ICRP Pub.116 ICRP Pub.123 Used for evaluating their reference values T. Sato et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 54, 1997, (2009), T. Sato et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 55, 2235, (2010) 28

29 29 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

30 L. Sihver et al. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 49, 351 (2010), M. Puchalska et al., Adv. Space Res. (2012) 30 MATROSHKA Experiment Exp. Cal. (Total) Cal. (T.P) Cal. (GCR) Virtual Kibo Module Dose (mgy/day) JAXA MATROSHKA Experiment Measure astronaut doses inside and outside ISS Lead by G. Reitz of DLR Position (mm) Calculated dose inside the phantom using PHITS

31 Astronaut Dose Estimation Effective dose or dose equivalent (msv/day) Effective dose and Effective dose equivalents of astronauts inside spacecraft from each particle, calculated using DCCs T. Sato et al. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 50, (2011) T. Sato et al. Adv. Space Res. 52, (2013) 31

32 Aircrew Dose Estimation Neutron Flux (cm 2 s 1 lethargy 1 ) d = 101 g/cm 2 (~16.0 km) r c = 0.7 GV s min d = 201 g/cm 2 (~11.8km) r c = 4.3 GV s min Exp.* (Goldhagen *P. Goldhagen et al.) PHITS SimulationSimulation** Analytical PARMA Model d = 1030 g/cm 2 (ground level) r c = 2.7 GV s min Neutron Energy (MeV) Atmospheric Neutron Spectra PHITS simulation Transport of cosmic ray in atmosphere considering solar activity and geomagnetism Modeling Flux and dose in arbitrary location/time can be predicted Available as online software EXPACS Currently used in the Japanese aircrew dose estimation for regulatory purpose T. Sato, PLOS ONE. 10, e (2015), T.Sato, PLOS ONE 11, e (2016) Effective Dose Rate due to Cosmic-ray Exposure (nsv/h) Dose distribution at the ground level

33 33 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

34 Calculation of Radiation Damage: DPA What is DPA? Average number of displaced atoms per atom of a material PHITS-DPA considers not only Coulomb scattering of charged particles but also nuclear interactions. T91 0.2cm thick beam window Pb-Bi 400MeV-250kW, 4500 hours 400MeV proton Specimen SUS cm 4 cm 15 cm proton total neutron J-PARC TEF-T for ADS target Depth-DPA distribution in specimen Y. Iwamoto et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B, 274 (2012) 57. Y. Iwamoto et al., J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 51 (2014)

35 Application to Tokamak fusion device Accurate prediction of heat, defect, and activation in complex Tokamak fusion device geometry is necessary Poloidal cross section Poloidal cross section High Neutron flux Torus-shaped source to represent Tokamak plasma Low Tokamak fusion device Neutron flux distribution in the vicinity of device A. Sukegawa et al. Prog. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1, (2011) 35

36 Application to laser-driven ion acceleration Laser-driven ion acceleration technology is under development (acceleration of ions by the electric field of high-intensity laser) PHITS is applied for beam diagnostics, dose calculation, etc Ion species and energy distribution Experiment and PHITS simulation Dose per laser shot Experiment and PHITS simulation Y. Sakaki et al. Laser research, 42(2) (2014) 36

37 Semiconductor soft error rate evaluation Semiconductor soft error? The information stored in semiconductor memory is flipped by incident radiations through the energy deposition process At ground level, errors are induced by reactions of cosmic ray neutrons Simulation of secondary particle production by neutrons is necessary PHITS Neutron Device simulator MSV model STI (SiO 2 ) Reg. A (Si) Reg. B (Si) Soft error rate [FIT/Mbit] PHITS+Dev. Sim. PHITS+MSV Critical charge [fc] SER analyses with device simulator or multiple sensitive volume model S. Abe et al. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., DOI: / (2015) 37

38 ( Provided as freeware) 38 Decontamination effect estimation system Software to evaluate decontamination effect based on ambient dose PHITS was used to calculate ambient dose in contaminated environment Dose calculation Visualization Before Provided as spreadsheet After Input activity distribution Decontaminated zone

39 39 Table of Contents 1. General Features of PHITS 2. Physical Models 3. Applications of PHITS 2.1 Accelerator Design 2.2 Radiation Therapy & Protection 2.3 Space Applications 2.4 Other applications 4. Summary & Future Plans

40 40 Typical Features of PHITS Capability of transporting nearly all particles Over a wide energy range in any materials Simple user interface and graphical output tools Sophisticated nuclear reaction models and libraries INCL4.6, INC-ELF, JQMD, JAM, JENDL-4, EGS5 etc. Special functions for various purposes Event generator mode Microdosimetric function Beam transport functions PHITS has been used by more than 3,000 users in many countries

41 41 Recent Upgrades: PHITS3.00 Not Registered in OECD/NEA yet Upgrade Points from v2.88 Development of JAMQMD2.0 Development of track-structure mode Consideration of electro-magnetic field in EGS5 mode Extension of RI source function applicable to α and β decays Development of xyz-mesh source generation function Implementation of automatic termination function by CPU time and standard deviation Development of volume calculation tally [t-volume] Implementation of sum-up function in [t-deposit] Extension of reaction channel in [counter], [t-star], & [t-product] Implementation of epsout = 2 option to draw error bar in ANGEL Revision of input format

42 Future Plans Improve nuclear reaction model and data library JENDL High-Energy file We are planning to Implement new functions Improvement of track-structure mode Estimation of systematic uncertainties Extension of weight window and D-CHAIN to xyz-mesh Implementation of various dose conversion coefficients Improve user support functions GUI Subscribe to PHITS mailing list for update information see and to 42