Covalent Bonding - Orbitals
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1 Covalent Bonding - Orbitals
2 ybridization - The Blending of Orbitals + = Poodle + Cocker Spaniel = Cockapoo + = s orbital + p orbital = sp orbital
3 What Proof Exists for ybridization? We have studied electron configuration notation and the sharing of electrons in the formation of covalent bonds. Lets look at a molecule of methane, C 4. Methane is a simple natural gas. Its molecule has a carbon atom at the center with four hydrogen atoms covalently bonded around it.
4 Carbon ground state configuration What is the expected orbital notation of carbon in its ground state? Can you see a problem with this? (int: ow many unpaired electrons does this carbon atom have available for bonding?)
5 Carbon s s Bonding Problem You should conclude that carbon only has TWO electrons available for bonding. That is not enough! ow does carbon overcome this problem so that it may form four bonds?
6 Carbon s s Empty Orbital The first thought that chemists had was that carbon promotes one of its 2s electrons to the empty 2p orbital.
7 A Problem Arises owever, they quickly recognized a problem with such an arrangement Three of the carbon-hydrogen bonds would involve an electron pair in which the carbon electron was a 2p, matched with the lone 1s electron from a hydrogen atom.
8 Unequal bond energy This would mean that three of the bonds in a methane molecule would be identical, because they would involve electron pairs of equal energy. But what about the fourth bond?
9 Unequal bond energy The fourth bond is between a 2s electron from the carbon and the lone 1s hydrogen electron. Such a bond would have slightly less energy than the other bonds in a methane molecule.
10 Unequal bond energy This bond would be slightly different in character than the other three bonds in methane. This difference would be measurable to a chemist by determining the bond length and bond energy. But is this what they observe?
11 Enter ybridization: The simple answer is, No. Measurements show that all four bonds in methane are equal. Thus, we need a new explanation for the bonding in methane. Chemists have proposed an explanation they call it ybridization. ybridization is the combining of two or more orbitals of nearly equal energy within the same atom into orbitals of equal energy.
12 In the case of methane, they call the hybridization sp 3, meaning that an s orbital is combined with three p orbitals to create four equal hybrid orbitals. These new orbitals have slightly MORE energy than the 2s orbital and slightly LESS energy than the 2p orbitals. sp 3 ybrid Orbitals
13 ere is another way to look at the sp 3 hybridization and energy profile sp 3 ybrid Orbitals
14 While sp 3 is the hybridization observed in methane, there are other types of hybridization that atoms undergo. These include sp hybridization, in which one s orbital combines with a single p orbital. sp ybrid Orbitals This produces two hybrid orbitals, while leaving two normal p orbitals
15 sp 2 ybrid Orbitals Another hybrid is the sp 2, which combines two orbitals from a p sublevel with one orbital from an s sublevel. One p orbital remains unchanged.
16 ybridization Involving d Orbitals Beginning with elements in the third row, d orbitals may also hybridize dsp 3 = five hybrid orbitals of equal energy d 2 sp 3 = six hybrid orbitals of equal energy
17 ybridization and Molecular Geometry Forms AX 2 Overall Structure Linear ybridization of A AX 3, AX 2 E Trigonal Planar sp 2 AX 4, AX 3 E, AX 2 E 2 Tetrahedral sp3 AX 5, AX 4 E, AX 3 E 2, AX 2 E 3 Trigonal bipyramidal dsp 3 AX 6, AX 5 E, AX 4 E 2 Octahedral d 2 sp 3 A = central atom X = atoms bonded to A E = nonbonding electron pairs on A sp
18 Sigma and Pi Bonds Sigma (σ) bonds exist in the region directly between two bonded atoms. Pi (π) bonds exist in the region above and below a line drawn between two bonded atoms. Single bond Double Bond Triple Bond 1 sigma bond 1 sigma, 1 pi bond 1 sigma, 2 pi bonds
19 Sigma and Pi Bonds Single Bonds 1 σ bond C C Ethane
20 Sigma and Pi Bonds: Double bonds 1 π bond C C C C Ethene 1 σ bond
21 Sigma and Pi Bonds Triple Bonds C C 1 π bond C C Ethyne 1 π bond 1 σ bond
22 The De-Localized Electron Model Pi bonds (π) contribute to the delocalized model of electrons in bonding, and help explain resonance Electron density from π bonds can be distributed symmetrically all around the ring, above and below the plane.
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