Hybridization and Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
|
|
- Grace Watkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ybridization and Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory Chapter 10 istorical Models G.N.Lewis and I. Langmuir (~1920) laid out foundations Ionic species were formed by electron transfer Covalent molecules arise from electron sharing Valence bond theory (VB) - a molecule arises from interaction of complete atoms, bound together through localized overlap of valence-shell atomic orbitals which retain their original character. Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) predicts molecular shapes based on valence electrons, lewis dot structures and electron repulsions. Molecular orbital theory (MO) a molecule is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals, electrons are then distributed into MOs. A molecule is a collection of nuclei with the orbitals delocalized over the entire molecule. Two Theories of Bonding VALENCE BOND TEORY Linus Pauling valence electrons are localized between atoms (or are lone pairs). half-filled filled atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds. 1
2 Valence Bond (VB) Theory Covalent bonds are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Atomic orbitals on the central atom can mix and exchange their character with other atoms in a molecule. Process is called hybridization. ybrid Orbitals have the same shapes as predicted by VSEPR. Valence Bond (VB) Theory Regions of igh Electron Density Electronic Geometry Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral ybridization sp sp 2 sp 3 sp 3 d sp 3 d 2 Molecular Shapes and Bonding In the next sections we will use the following terminology: A = central atom B = bonding pairs around central atom U = lone pairs around central atom For example: AB 3 U designates that there are 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair around the central atom. 2
3 Sigma Bond Formation by Orbital Overlap Two s orbitals overlap Sigma Bond Formation Two s orbitals overlap Two p orbitals overlap Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: BeCl 2, BeBr 2, BeI 2, gcl 2, CdCl 2 All of these examples are linear, nonpolar molecules. Important exceptions occur when the two substituents are not the same! BeClBr or BeIBr will be linear and polar! 3
4 Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: BF 3, BCl 3 All of these examples are trigonal planar, nonpolar molecules. Important exceptions occur when the three substituents are not the same! BF 2 Cl or BCI 2 Br will be trigonal planar and polar! Using VB Theory Bonding in BF 3 F Boron configuration B F F 1s 2s 2p planar triangle angle = 120 o 4
5 Bonding in BF 3 ow to account for 3 bonds 120 o apart using a spherical s orbital and p orbitals that are 90 o apart? Pauling said to modify VB approach with ORBITAL YBRIDIZATION mix available orbitals to form a new set of orbitals YBRID ORBITALS that will give the maximum overlap in the correct geometry. Bonding in BF 3 2s hydridize orbs. 2p rearrange electrons three sp 2 hybrid orbitals unused p orbital Bonding in BF 3 The three hybrid orbitals are made from 1 s orbital and 2 p orbitals 3 sp 2 hybrids. Now we have 3, half-filled filled YBRID orbitals that can be used to form B-F B F sigma bonds. 5
6 Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) BF 3, Planar Trigonal Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: C 4, CF 4, CCl 4, Si 4, SiF 4 All of these examples are tetrahedral, nonpolar molecules. Important exceptions occur when the four substituents are not the same! CF 3 Cl or C 2 CI 2 will be tetrahedral and polar! 6
7 Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Bonding in C 4 ow do we account for 4 C sigma bonds 109 o apart? Need to use 4 atomic orbitals s, p x, p y, and p z to form 4 new hybrid orbitals pointing in the correct direction. 109 o Bonding in a Tetrahedron Formation of ybrid Atomic Orbitals 4 C atom orbitals hybridize to form four equivalent sp 3 hybrid atomic orbitals. 7
8 Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Bonding in C 4 Figure 10.6 Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) 8
9 Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: N 3, NF 3, P 3, PCl 3, As 3 These molecules are our first examples of central atoms with lone pairs of electrons. Thus, the electronic and molecular geometries are different. All three substituents are the same but molecule is polar. N 3 and NF 3 are trigonal pyramidal, polar molecules. Steps in predicting the hybrid orbitals used by an atom in bonding: 1. Draw the Lewis structure 2. Determine the electron pair geometry using the VSEPR model 3. Specify the hybrid orbitals needed to accommodate the electron pairs in the geometric arrangement N 3 1. Lewis structure 2. VSEPR indicates tetrahedral geometry with one non-bonding pair of electrons (structure itself will be trigonal pyramidal) 3. Tetrahedral arrangement indicates four equivalent electron orbitals Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 2 U 2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: 2 O, OF 2, 2 S These molecules are our first examples of central atoms with two lone pairs of electrons. Thus, the electronic and molecular geometries are different. Both substituents are the same but molecule is polar. Molecules are angular, bent, or V-shaped and polar. 9
10 Orbital ybridization BONDS Figure 10.5 SAPE YBRID REMAIN 2 linear 3 trigonal planar sp sp 2 2 p s 1 p 4 tetrahedral sp 3 none Compounds Containing Double Bonds Valence Bond Theory (ybridization) C atom has four electrons. Three electrons from each C atom are in sp 2 hybrids. One electron in each C atom remains in an unhybridized p orbital 2s 2p three sp 2 hybrids 2p C 10
11 Compounds Containing Double Bonds The single 2p orbital is perpendicular to the trigonal planar sp 2 lobes. The fourth electron is in the p orbital. Side view of sp 2 hybrid with p orbital included. Compounds Containing Double Bonds An sp 2 hybridized C atom has this shape. Remember there will be one electron in each of the three lobes. Top view of an sp 2 hybrid Compounds Containing Double Bonds The portion of the double bond formed from the headon overlap of the sp 2 hybrids is designated as a σ bond. 11
12 Sometimes it is not necessary for all the valence electron orbitals to hybridize. For example, ethylene has the following structure: The bonds between C and are all sigma bonds between sp2 hybridized C atoms and the s-orbitals of ydrogen. The double bond between the two C atoms consists of a sigma bond (where the electron pair is located between the atoms) and a pi bond (where the electron pair occupies the space above and below the sigma bond. σ and π Bonding in C 2 O Compounds Containing Triple Bonds Ethyne or acetylene, C 2 2, is the simplest triple bond containing organic compound. Compound must have a triple bond to obey octet rule. 12
13 Compounds Containing Triple Bonds Lewis Dot Formula C C or C C VSEPR Theory suggests regions of high electron density are 180 o apart. Compounds Containing Triple Bonds Valence Bond Theory (ybridization) Carbon has 4 electrons. Two of the electrons are in sp hybrids. Two electrons remain in unhybridized p orbitals. 2s 2p two sp hybrids 2p C [e] σ and π Bonding in C 2 2 Figure
14 Compounds Containing Triple Bonds A σ bond results from the head-on overlap of two sp hybrid orbitals. Compounds Containing Triple Bonds The unhybridized p orbitals form two π bonds. Note that a triple bond consists of one σ and two π bonds. Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 Some examples of molecules with this geometry are: PF 5, AsF 5, PCl 5, etc. These molecules are examples of central atoms with five bonding pairs of electrons. The electronic and molecular geometries are the same. Molecules are trigonal bipyramidal and nonpolar when all five substituents are the same. If the five substituents are not the same polar molecules can result, AsF 4 Cl is an example. 14
15 Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 Valence Bond Theory (ybridization) 4s 4p 4d As [Ar] 3d 10 five sp 3 d hybrids 4d Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 If lone pairs are incorporated into the trigonal bipyramidal structure, there are three possible new shapes. 1. One lone pair - Seesaw shape 2. Two lone pairs - T-shape 3. Three lone pairs linear The lone pairs occupy equatorial positions because they are 120 o from two bonding pairs and 90 o from the other two bonding pairs. Results in decreased repulsions compared to lone pair in axial position. Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 AB 4 U molecules have: 1. trigonal bipyramid electronic geometry 2. seesaw shaped molecular geometry 3. and are polar One example of an AB 4 U molecule is SF 4 ybridization of S atom is sp 3 d. 15
16 C C Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 Molecular Geometry Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U 2, and AB 2 U 3 AB 3 U 2 molecules have: 1. trigonal bipyramid electronic geometry 2. T-shaped molecular geometry 3. and are polar One example of an AB 3 U 2 molecule is IF 3 ybridization of I atom is sp 3 d. Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 Molecular Geometry 16
17 C Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 AB 2 U 3 molecules have: 1.trigonal bipyramid electronic geometry 2.linear molecular geometry 3.and are nonpolar One example of an AB 3 U 2 molecule is XeF 2 ybridization of Xe atom is sp 3 d. Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5, AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 Molecular Geometry Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6, AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 AB 5 U molecules have: 1.octahedral electronic geometry 2.Square pyramidal molecular geometry 3.and are polar. One example of an AB 4 U molecule is IF 5 ybridization of I atom is sp 3 d 2. 17
18 C C Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6, AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 Molecular Geometry Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6, AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 AB 4 U 2 molecules have: 1.octahedral electronic geometry 2.square planar molecular geometry 3.and are nonpolar. One example of an AB 4 U 2 molecule is XeF 4 ybridization of Xe atom is sp 3 d 2. Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6, AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 Molecular Geometry Polarity 18
19 Summary of Electronic & Molecular Geometries Two Theories of Bonding MOLECULAR ORBITAL TEORY Robert Mullikan ( ) valence electrons are delocalized valence electrons are in orbitals (called molecular orbitals) ) spread over entire molecule. Review of Atomic Orbitals - s, p and d 19
20 The Need for MO VSEPR and VB theory are good to explain the molecular shape. BUT they did not explain the magnetic or spectral properties of molecules. Molecular orbital theory is needed. omonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory MOs are derived from a linear combination (addition and subtraction) of atomic orbitals represented as wavefunctions of nearby atoms to form molecular orbitals. There are two possible combinations Adding two atomic orbitals forms a bonding MO. Subtracting two atomic orbitals forms an antibonding MO. Basic Tenant The number of atomic orbitals contributed equals the number of molecular orbitals generated. Electron Wave Functions Wave-Particle Duality Linear Combination of Wavefunctions Ψ Ψ(1) + Ψ (2) Ψ(1) + Ψ (2) 20
21 If we look at 2, we see that each hydrogen atom has a 1s atomic orbital that is half-filled. Remembering that orbitals are mathematical functions, they can combine by adding or subtracting to give two new combinations which we call molecular orbitals. omonuclear Diatomic Molecules Molecular Orbital Theory In Phase / Out of Phase Overlap σ* Ψ(1) Ψ (2) a b Ψ(1) + Ψ (2) σ The energy of the 2 molecule with the two electrons in the bonding orbital is lower by 435 kj/mole than the combined energy of the two separate -atoms. On the other hand, the energy of the 2 molecule with two electrons in the antibonding orbital is higher than two separate -atoms. To show the relative energies we use diagrams like this: 21
22 omonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Molecular Orbital Theory σ label implies rotation of MO about internuclear axis (z axis) generates no phase change *label implies a nodal plane between the nuclei which is orthogonal to the z axis π label implies rotation of orbital about internuclear axis generates a phase change In the 2 molecule, the bonding and anti-bonding orbitals are called sigma orbitals ( σ ) Sigma Orbital: A bonding molecular orbital with cylindrical symmetry about an internuclear axis. When atomic orbitals are combined to give molecular orbitals, the number of molecular orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals used. A molecular orbital (like an atomic orbital) can contain no more than two electrons (Pauli Exclusion Principle), and are filled starting with the lowest energy orbital first. In general, the energy difference between a bonding and anti-bonding orbital pair becomes larger as the overlap of the atomic orbitals increase. Example: 2 molecule Each hydrogen atom contributes one electron. These go in the bonding molecular orbital because we fill the lowest energy orbital first. Electrons fill MOs by standard rules - aufbau, pauli, etc. 22
23 Bond Order / Electron Configuration for 2 Molecule φ Η1 Ψ aσ 1s σ* 1s φ Η1 -Bond Order (B.O.) B.O. = 1/2 (N b - N a ) N b = bonding electrons N a = antibonding electrons -Molecular electron configurations - analogous to atomic configurations - 2 = σ 2 1s σ 1s Ψ bσ1s Example: e 2 molecule Not observed because there is no energy benefit to bonding these two atoms together. Bond Order / Electron Configuration for e 2 Molecule φ Η1 Ψ aσ 1s σ* 1s φ Η1 -Bond Order (B.O.) B.O. = 1/2 (N b - N a ) N b = bonding electrons N a = antibonding electrons -Molecular electron configurations - analogous to atomic configurations - 2 = σ 2 1s σ 2 1s σ 1s Ψ bσ1s 23
24 MO Diagram for e 2+ and 2 - σ* 1s σ* 1s Energy AO of e σ 1s MO of e 2 + AO of e + e 2+ bond order =?? AO of - σ 1s MO of 2-2- bond order =?? AO of Summary Data for First Row omo - Diatomics Molecule Bonding e - Antibond. e - Bond Order Bond length (Å) Bond Energy (kj/mol) ½ e ½ e Orbital Interaction for Li 2 Molecule Li atom - 1s 2 2s 1 2s 1s σ* 2s σ 2s σ* 1s σ 1s Bond order for Li 2? Molecular electron configuration? Be 2? Li 2+? 24
25 Orbital Interaction for Li 2 Molecule Li atom - 1s 2 2s 1 2s 1s σ* 2s σ 2s σ* 1s Bond order for Li 2 = ½(4-2) = 1 σ 2 1s σ 2 1s σ2 2s Be 2 = ½(4-4) = 0 σ 2 1s σ 2 1s σ2 2s σ 2 2s Li 2+ = ½(3-2) = ½ σ 2 1s σ 2 1s σ1 2s σ 1s MO Diagram for e 2+ and 2 - σ* 1s σ* 1s 1s 1s Energy 1s 1s AO of e σ 1s MO of e 2 + AO of e + e 2+ bond order = 1/2 AO of - σ 1s MO of 2-2- bond order = 1/2 AO of We can also form bonding orbitals using other atomic orbitals. For example, we can combine two p orbitals to form a sigma bond: 25
26 Using p orbitals a second type of orbital called a π orbital can also be formed. These exist above and below the internuclear axis. We see π bonds used for the second bond of a double bond or the second and third of a triple bond. π bonds limit rotation of the atoms in space. No 2s-2p repulsion Relative MO Energy Levels for Period 2 omonuclear Diatomic Molecules Effect of 2s-2p repulsion MO energy levels for O 2, F 2, and Ne 2 MO energy levels for B 2, C 2, and N 2 omonuclear Diatomic Molecules Molecular Orbital Theory - p Orbital Set 26
27 O 2 molecule is an example with sigma and pi bonds forming between atoms. MO theory predicts that oxygen will be paramagnetic. Molecular Oxygen (O 2 ) Using the following MO Diagram σ 2 1s σ 2 1s σ2 2s σ 2 2s π 4 2p π 2 2p BO = ½(8-4) = 2 Orbital Energies for Second Row omodiatomics 27
28 Experimental Data for omodinuclear Diatomics Li to F Diatomic Li 2 C 2 N 2 O 2 F 2 Bond Length (Å) Bond Diss. Enthalpy (kj/mol) 110 Be B P Bond Order Paramagnetic= > 1 unpaired electron Diamagnetic = 0 unpaired electrons VBT describes O 2 as a double bond (O=O), however experiment indicates the molecule is paramagnetic. MOT describes the bonding and accounts for the paramagnetism Magnetic Info D D D P D The MO Diagram for F σ Energy 1s Note the 1S is less stable than the F 2P Two non-bonding orbitals are the lone pairs on F seen in The Lewis structure for F Note: 2s non-bonding orbital (F) not shown 2p x 2p y 2p AO of σ MO of F AO of F The MO Diagram for NO PARAMAGNETIC 1 unpaired e - σ* 2pz Energy 2p π* 2pxy σ 2pz 2p π 2pxy AO s of N 2s σ* 2s σ 2s 2s AO s of O Note AO s of the more electronegative O are More stable than those of N 28
29 eteronuclear Diatomic Molecules - CO omonuclear Diatomic Molecules Review of Bonding Types sigma - σ pi - π delta - δ 29
CHAPTER 8. Molecular Structure & Covalent Bonding Theories
CAPTER 8 Molecular Structure & Covalent Bonding Theories 1 Chapter Goals 1. A Preview of the Chapter 2. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 3. Polar Molecules:The Influence of Molecular
More informationPage III-8-1 / Chapter Eight Lecture Notes MAR. Two s orbitals overlap. One s & one p. overlap. Two p orbitals. overlap MAR
Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital ybridization and Molecular Orbitals Chapter 8 Page III-8-1 / Chapter Eight Lecture Notes Advanced Theories of Chemical Bonding Chemistry 222 Professor Michael Russell
More informationChapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. The shape of a molecule
More informationShapes of Molecules. Lewis structures are useful but don t allow prediction of the shape of a molecule.
Shapes of Molecules Lewis structures are useful but don t allow prediction of the shape of a molecule. H O H H O H Can use a simple theory based on electron repulsion to predict structure (for non-transition
More informationChapter 9: Molecular Geometries and Bonding Theories Learning Outcomes: Predict the three-dimensional shapes of molecules using the VSEPR model.
Chapter 9: Molecular Geometries and Bonding Theories Learning Outcomes: Predict the three-dimensional shapes of molecules using the VSEPR model. Determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar based
More informationChemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: and ybridization of Atomic rbitals Chapter 10 Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model: Predict the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic repulsions between the
More informationChapter 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Lecture Presentation Chapter 9 Geometry James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Shapes Lewis Structures show bonding and lone pairs, but do not denote shape. However, we use Lewis Structures to
More informationChapter 9. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Topics Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry and Polarity Valence Bond Theory Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Hybridization in Molecules
More informationChapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories PART I Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. The shape of a molecule
More informationChapter 10: Chemical Bonding II. Bonding Theories
Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Dr. Chris Kozak Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Bonding Theories Previously, we saw how the shapes of molecules can be predicted from the orientation of electron
More informationCHEMISTRY 112 LECTURE EXAM II Material
CHEMISTRY 112 LECTURE EXAM II Material Part I Chemical Bonding I Lewis Theory Chapter 9 pages 376-386 A. Drawing electron dot structures HOW TO: 1. Write e- dot structure for the individual atoms. 2. a)
More informationMolecular shape is determined by the number of bonds that form around individual atoms.
Chapter 9 CH 180 Major Concepts: Molecular shape is determined by the number of bonds that form around individual atoms. Sublevels (s, p, d, & f) of separate atoms may overlap and result in hybrid orbitals
More informationChemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Linear Trigonal 180 o planar 120 o Tetrahedral 109.5 o Trigonal Bipyramidal 120 and 90 o Octahedral 90 o linear Linear
More informationCHEMISTRY - ZUMDAHL 2E CH.4 - MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND ORBITALS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ELECTRONIC GEOMETRY When drawing a compound you have to take into account two different systems of geometrical shape. The simpler system known as electronic geometry or shape
More informationEXAM II Material. Part I Chemical Bonding I Lewis Theory Chapter 9 pages A. Drawing electron dot structures HOW TO:
CHEMISTRY 112 LECTURE EXAM II Material Part I Chemical Bonding I Lewis Theory Chapter 9 pages 376-386 A. Drawing electron dot structures HOW TO: 1. Write e- dot structure for the individual atoms. 2. a)
More informationChapter 9 Molecular Geometry Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theory
Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theory Chapter Objectives: Learn the basics of Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory and how they are used to model covalent bonding.
More informationChapter 10 Theories of Covalent Bonding
Chapter 10 Theories of Covalent Bonding 1 Atomic Orbitals Molecules Bonding and 2 Molecular Structure Questions How are molecules held together? Why is O 2 paramagnetic? And how is this property connected
More informationInstant download Test bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten CLICK HERE
Chemistry, 10e (Brown) Chapter 9, Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Instant download Test bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten CLICK HERE http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-chemistry-the-central-science-10th-edition-by-brown-lemay-bursten/
More informationTest bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten
Test bank for Chemistry The Central Science 10th Edition by Brown, LeMay, Bursten Chapter 9, Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Multiple-Choice and Bimodal 1) For a molecule with the formula A) linear
More informationMolecular shape is only discussed when there are three or more atoms connected (diatomic shape is obvious).
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry (Ch9 Jespersen, Ch10 Chang) The arrangement of the atoms of a molecule in space is the molecular geometry. This is what gives the molecules their shape. Molecular shape is
More informationMolecular Geometry and Bonding Theories. Chapter 9
Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Chapter 9 Molecular Shapes CCl 4 Lewis structures give atomic connectivity; The shape of a molecule is determined by its bond angles VSEPR Model Valence Shell Electron
More informationChemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theory The shape and size of a molecule of a particular substance, together with the strength and polarity of its bonds, largely
More informationMolecular Structure and Orbitals
CHEM 1411 General Chemistry Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach by Zumdahl 2 5 Molecular Structure and Orbitals Chapter Objectives: Learn the basics of Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory and
More informationMolecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version
Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to
More informationMolecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. VSEPR: Electronic Geometries VSEPR
Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to
More informationChemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Valence shell electron
More informationLewis Dot Structures for Methane, CH 4 The central C atom is bonded by single bonds (-) to 4 individual H atoms
Chapter 10 (Hill/Petrucci/McCreary/Perry Bonding Theory and Molecular Structure This chapter deals with two additional approaches chemists use to describe chemical bonding: valence-shell electron pair
More informationMolecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory The Valence -Shell Electron -Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model predicts the shapes of the molecules and ions by assuming that the valence shell electron pairs
More informationChapter 10. Structure Determines Properties! Molecular Geometry. Chemical Bonding II
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II Structure Determines Properties! Properties of molecular substances depend on the structure of the molecule The structure includes many factors, including: the skeletal arrangement
More informationChemical Bonding II. Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds Hybridization MO theory
Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds ybridization MO theory 1 Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of atoms 2 VSEPR Valence-shell
More informationChapter 8. Molecular Shapes. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) What Determines the Shape of a Molecule?
PowerPoint to accompany Molecular Shapes Chapter 8 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Figure 8.2 The shape of a molecule plays an important role in its reactivity. By noting the number of bonding
More informationGeneral and Inorganic Chemistry I.
General and Inorganic Chemistry I. Lecture 1 István Szalai Eötvös University István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 1 1 / 29 Outline István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 1 2 / 29 Lewis Formulas
More informationChapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Geometries -Bond angles: angles made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule -Bond angles determine overall shape of
More informationChapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory
10.1 Artificial Sweeteners: Fooled by Molecular Shape 425 10.2 VSEPR Theory: The Five Basic Shapes 426 10.3 VSEPR Theory: The Effect of Lone Pairs 430 10.4 VSEPR Theory: Predicting Molecular Geometries
More informationChapter 9. Molecular Geometries and Bonding Theories. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO
Lecture Presentation Chapter 9 Theories John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Shapes The shape of a molecule plays an important role in its reactivity. By noting the number of
More informationChapter 9. Molecular Geometries and Bonding Theories. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO
Lecture Presentation Chapter 9 Theories John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Shapes The shape of a molecule plays an important role in its reactivity. By noting the number of
More informationChapter 4. Molecular Structure and Orbitals
Chapter 4 Molecular Structure and Orbitals Chapter 4 Table of Contents (4.1) (4.2) (4.3) (4.4) (4.5) (4.6) (4.7) Molecular structure: The VSEPR model Bond polarity and dipole moments Hybridization and
More informationCh. 9- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Ch. 9- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.0 Introduction A. Lewis structures do not show one of the most important aspects of molecules- their overall shapes B. The shape and size of molecules-
More informationCHEMISTRY - MCMURRY 7E CH.7 - COVALENT BONDING AND ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURES
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ELECTRONIC GEOMETRY When drawing a compound you have to take into account two different systems of geometrical shape. The simpler system known as electronic geometry or shape
More informationMolecular Geometry and intermolecular forces. Unit 4 Chapter 9 and 11.2
1 Molecular Geometry and intermolecular forces Unit 4 Chapter 9 and 11.2 2 Unit 4.1 Chapter 9.1-9.3 3 Review of bonding Ionic compound (metal/nonmetal) creates a lattice Formula doesn t tell the exact
More informationMolecular Orbitals. Chapter 9. Sigma bonding orbitals. Sigma bonding orbitals. Pi bonding orbitals. Sigma and pi bonds
Molecular Orbitals Chapter 9 Orbitals and Covalent Bond The overlap of atomic orbitals from separate atoms makes molecular orbitals Each molecular orbital has room for two electrons Two types of MO Sigma
More informationChapter 10. VSEPR Model: Geometries
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry VSEPR Model: Geometries Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Electron pairs repel and get as far apart as possible Example: Water Four electron pairs Farthest apart
More informationName Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017
Unit Three: Bonding & Molecular Geometry Name Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017 1. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in water? a) sp b) sp 2 c) sp 3 d) It is not hybridized 2. When a double
More informationChapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories MOLECULAR SHAPES 2 Molecular Shapes Lewis Structures show bonding and lone pairs do not denote shape Use Lewis Structures to determine shapes Molecular
More informationChapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories
Chapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories Ionic Radii Ions, just like atoms, follow a periodic trend in their radii. The metal ions in a given period are smaller than the non-metal ions in the same
More informationChapter 9. and Bonding Theories
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 9 Theories John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Shapes The
More informationFor more info visit Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.
Chemical bond:- Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Coordinate Bond. Octet
More informationChapter 10. Geometry
Chapter 10 Molec cular Geometry 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE Molecular Geometry Molecular Polarity VSEPR Model Summary of Molecular Shapes Hybridization Molecular Orbital Theory Bond Angles 2 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY Molecular
More informationChapter , Exam 2
Chapter 4 4.5-4.7, 4.9-4.10 Exam 2 Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds are formed when two nonmetals combine The atoms share electrons. If the atoms share 2 electrons a single covalent bond is formed. If the
More informationSHAPES OF MOLECULES (VSEPR MODEL)
1 SAPES MLEULES (VSEPR MDEL) Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion model - Electron pairs surrounding atom spread out as to minimize repulsion. - Electron pairs can be bonding pairs (including multiple
More informationCHAPTER 5: Bonding Theories - Explaining Molecular Geometry. Chapter Outline
CHAPTER 5: Bonding Theories - Explaining Molecular Geometry Chapter Outline 5.1 Molecular Shape 5.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) 5.3 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules» What Makes
More informationWhat Do Molecules Look Like?
What Do Molecules Look Like? The Lewis Dot Structure approach provides some insight into molecular structure in terms of bonding, but what about 3D geometry? Recall that we have two types of electron pairs:
More informationChapter 9. and Bonding Theories. Molecular Shapes. What Determines the Shape of a Molecule? 3/8/2013
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 9 Theories John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice-Hall,
More informationValence Bond Theory - Description
Bonding and Molecular Structure - PART 2 - Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization 1. Understand and be able to describe the Valence Bond Theory description of covalent bond formation. 2. Understand and
More informationChapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Three Types of Chemical Bonding (1) Ionic: formed by electron transfer (2) Covalent: formed by electron sharing (3) Metallic: attraction between metal
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9. Covalent onding: Orbitals Models to explain the structures and/or energies of the covalent molecules Localized Electron (LE) onding Model Lewis Structure Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
More informationCovalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure
CHM 123 Chapter 8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure 8.1 Molecular shapes and VSEPR theory VSEPR theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms, or groups of
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Chapter 9 Table of Contents 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model 9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model 9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 9.4 Bonding
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Chapter 9 Table of Contents (9.1) (9.2) (9.3) (9.4) (9.5) (9.6) Hybridization and the localized electron model The molecular orbital model Bonding in homonuclear diatomic
More information1s atomic orbital 2s atomic orbital 2s atomic orbital (with node) 2px orbital 2py orbital 2pz orbital
Atomic Orbitals 1s atomic orbital 2s atomic orbital 2s atomic orbital (with node) 2px orbital 2py orbital 2pz orbital Valence Bond Theory and ybridized Atomic Orbitals Bonding in 2 1s 1s Atomic Orbital
More informationChapter 10. VSEPR Model: Geometries
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry VSEPR Model: Geometries Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Electron pairs repel and get as far apart as possible Example: Water Four electron pairs Two bonds Two
More informationSubtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY
Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES (covalent bonding) 1. Draw the Lewis structure of covalent molecules (octet rule such as NH 3, CCl 4, H 2 O, CO 2, N 2 O 4, and exception to
More informationChapter 10 Chemical Bonding II
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II Valence Bond Theory Valence Bond Theory: A quantum mechanical model which shows how electron pairs are shared in a covalent bond. Bond forms between two atoms when the following
More informationPeriodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory:
Periodic Trends There are various trends on the periodic table that need to be understood to explain chemical bonding. These include: Atomic/Ionic Radius Ionization Energy Electronegativity Electron Affinity
More informationMolecular Geometries. Molecular Geometries. Remember that covalent bonds are formed when electrons in atomic orbitals are shared between two nuclei.
Molecular Geometries Lewis dot structures are very useful in determining the types of bonds in a molecule, but they may not provide the best insight into the spatial geometry of a molecule, i.e., how the
More informationCarbon-based molecules are held together by covalent bonds between atoms
hapter 1: hemical bonding and structure in organic compounds arbon-based molecules are held together by covalent bonds between atoms omposition: Mainly nonmetals; especially,, O, N, S, P and the halogens
More informationHybridization of Orbitals
Hybridization of Orbitals Structure & Properties of Matter 1 Atomic Orbitals and Bonding Previously: Electron configurations Lewis structures Bonding Shapes of molecules Now: How do atoms form covalent
More informationTopic 2. Structure and Bonding Models of Covalent Compounds of p-block Elements
Topic 2 2-1 Structure and Bonding Models of Covalent Compounds of p-block Elements Bonding 2-2 Many different approaches to describe bonding: Ionic Bonding: Elements with large electronegativity differences;
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory
Lecture Presentation Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory Predicting Molecular Geometry 1. Draw the Lewis structure. 2. Determine the number
More informationCHEMISTRY. Chapter 10 Theories of Bonding and Structure. The Molecular Nature of Matter. Jespersen Brady Hyslop SIXTH EDITION
CHEMISTRY The Molecular Nature of Matter SIXTH EDITION Jespersen Brady Hyslop Chapter 10 Theories of Bonding and Structure Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Molecular Structures Molecules containing
More informationShapes of Molecules and Hybridization
Shapes of Molecules and Hybridization A. Molecular Geometry Lewis structures provide us with the number and types of bonds around a central atom, as well as any NB electron pairs. They do not tell us the
More informationB. (i), (iii), and (v) C. (iv) D. (i), (ii), (iii), and (v) E. (i), (iii), (iv), and (v) Answer: B. SO 3, and NO 3 - both have 24 VE and have Lewis
SCCH 161 Homework 3 1. Give the number of lone pairs around the central atom and the molecular geometry of CBr 4. Answer: Carbon has 4 valence electrons and bonds to four bromine atoms (each has 7 VE s).
More informationChapter One MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Topic: General Section: 1.1 Difficulty Level: Easy
Chapter ne MULTIPLE CICE QUESTIS Topic: General Section: 1.1 1. Credit for the first synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic precursor is usually given to: A) Berzelius B) Arrhenius C) Kekule
More informationGHW#3 Louisiana Tech University, Chemistry 281. POGIL exercise on Chapter 2. Covalent Bonding: VSEPR, VB and MO Theories. How and Why?
GHW#3 Louisiana Tech University, Chemistry 281. POGIL exercise on Chapter 2. Covalent Bonding: VSEPR, VB and MO Theories. How and Why? How is Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory developed from
More information1. There are paired and unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. a. 4, 2 b. 2, 4 c. 2, 3 d. 4, 3 e. 0, 3
Name: Score: 0 / 42 points (0%) [2 open ended questions not graded] C8&9Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. There are paired and unpaired
More informationChemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. How to get the book of
More informationChapter 10: Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes; VSEPR, Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories
C h e m i s t r y 1 A : C h a p t e r 1 0 P a g e 1 Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes; VSEPR, Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories Homework: Read Chapter 10: Work out sample/practice
More informationCHEMISTRY. Chapter 8 ADVANCED THEORIES OF COVALENT BONDING Kevin Kolack, Ph.D. The Cooper Union HW problems: 6, 7, 12, 21, 27, 29, 41, 47, 49
CHEMISTRY Chapter 8 ADVANCED THEORIES OF COVALENT BONDING Kevin Kolack, Ph.D. The Cooper Union HW problems: 6, 7, 12, 21, 27, 29, 41, 47, 49 2 CH. 8 OUTLINE 8.1 Valence Bond Theory 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
More informationI. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Isostructural species are those which have the same shape and hybridisation. Among the given species identify the isostructural pairs. (i) [NF 3 and BF 3 ] [BF
More informationAssignment 09 A. 2- The image below depicts a seesaw structure. Which of the following has such a structure?
Assignment 09 A 1- Give the total number of electron domains, the number of bonding and nonbonding domains, and the molecular geometry, respectively, for the central atom of P 3. a) four electron domains,
More informationCHM2045 F13--Exam # MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CHM2045 F13--Exam #2 2013.10.18 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A valid Lewis structure of cannot be drawn without violating the
More informationHomework #2. Chapter 14. Covalent Bonding Orbitals
Homework # Chapter 14 Covalent Bonding Orbitals 1. Single bonds have their electron density concentrated between the two atoms (on the internuclear axis). Therefore an atom can rotate freely on the internuclear
More information1. Explain the formation of a chemical bond. Solution:
1. Explain the formation of a chemical bond. Existence of a strong force of binding between two or many atoms is referred to as a chemical bond and it results in the formation of a stable compound with
More informationChapter Molecules are 3D. Shapes and Bonds. Chapter 9 1. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 1 Shape 9.1 Molecules are 3D Angle Linear 180 Planar triangular (trigonal planar) 120 Tetrahedral 109.5 2 Shapes and Bonds Imagine a molecule where the
More informationHomework #7. Chapter 14. Covalent Bonding Orbitals
omework #7 hapter 14 ovalent Bonding rbitals 7. Both M theory and LE model use quantum mechanics to describe bonding. In the LE model, wavefunctions on one atom are mixed to form hybridized orbitals. In
More informationLecture 16 C1403 October 31, Molecular orbital theory: molecular orbitals and diatomic molecules
Lecture 16 C1403 October 31, 2005 18.1 Molecular orbital theory: molecular orbitals and diatomic molecules 18.2 Valence bond theory: hybridized orbitals and polyatomic molecules. From steric number to
More informationCOVALENT BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING I: LEWIS MODEL. Chapter 7
Chapter 7 P a g e 1 COVALENT BONDING Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds occur between two or more nonmetals. The two atoms share electrons between them, composing a molecule. Covalently bonded compounds are
More informationChapter 9. Lewis Theory-VSEPR Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory
Chapter 9 Lewis Theory-VSEPR Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory Problems with Lewis Theory Lewis theory generally predicts trends in properties, but does not give good numerical predictions.
More informationIntroduction to VSEPR Theory 1
1 Class 8: Introduction to VSEPR Theory Sec 10.2 VSEPR Theory: The Five Basic Shapes Two Electron Groups: Linear Geometry Three Electron Groups: Trigonal Planar Geometry Four Electron Groups: Tetrahedral
More informationLocalized Electron Model
Localized Electron Model Models for Chemical Bonding Localized electron model (Valence bond model) Molecular orbital model Localized Electron Model Useful for explaining the structure of molecules especially
More informationDownloaded from
Points to Remember Class: XI Chapter Name: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1. The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in chemical
More informationValence Bond Model and Hybridization
Valence Bond Model and ybridization APPENDIX 4 1 Concepts The key ideas required to understand this section are: Concept Book page reference VSEPR theory 65 More advanced ideas about electronic structure
More informationCHAPTER TEN MOLECULAR GEOMETRY MOLECULAR GEOMETRY V S E P R CHEMICAL BONDING II: MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
CHAPTER TEN CHEMICAL BONDING II: AND HYBRIDIZATION O ATOMIC ORBITALS V S E P R VSEPR Theory In VSEPR theory, multiple bonds behave like a single electron pair Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
More information2011, Robert Ayton. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonding Outline 1. Lewis Dot Structures 2. Bonds 3. Formal Charges 4. VSEPR (Molecular Geometry and Hybridzation) 5. Common Resonance Structures and Dimerization Review 1. Lewis Dot Structures
More informationBonding. Polar Vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. Ionic or Covalent? Identifying Bond Types. Solutions + -
Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them together. Bonding onors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Force of attraction
More informationBonding in Molecules Covalent Bonding
Bonding in Molecules Covalent Bonding The term covalent implies sharing of electrons between atoms. Valence electrons and valence shell orbitals - nly valence electrons are used for bonding: ns, np, nd
More informationName Date Class MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS. Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides
8.1 MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS Section Review Objectives Distinguish molecular compounds from ionic compounds Identify the information a molecular formula provides Vocabulary covalent bond molecule diatomic molecule
More informationChapter 13: Phenomena
Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together
More informationChemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 1 Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry (10.1) Dipole Moments (10.2) Valence Bond Theory (10.3) Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
More informationChapter 9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals EXERCISE! Draw the Lewis structure for methane, CH 4. What is the shape of a methane molecule? tetrahedral What are the bond angles? 109.5 o H H C H H Copyright Cengage
More information