Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
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1 ; Set 09- Molecular Geometry All course materials, including lectures, class notes, quizzes, exams, handouts, presentations, and other materials provided to students for this course are protected intellectual property. As such, the unauthorized purchase or sale of these materials may result in disciplinary sanctions under the Campus Student Code. Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Steric number and electron-group arrangement Electron-pair geometry, molecular shape, and steric number Notation: AXmEn A = central atom X = outside atom E = lone pair m= # bonding atoms n = # lone pairs Bond Angle We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 1 of 15
2 ; Set 09- Molecular Geometry AX2 AX3 AX2E Factors Affecting Bond Angles A lone pair repels bonding pairs more strongly than bonding pairs repel each other. This decreases the angle between the bonding pairs A double bond has greater electron density than a single bond, and repels the single bond electrons more than they repel each other AX4 AX3E AX2E2 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 2 of 15
3 ; Set 09- Molecular Geometry Axial and Equatorial Positions A five electron-group system has two different positions for electron groups, and two different ideal bond angles Equatorial-equatorial repulsions are weaker than axialequatorial repulsions Where possible, lone pairs in a five electron-group system occupy equatorial positions AX5 AX4E AX3E2 AX2E3 What is the molecular geometry of AsCl3? a. T-shaped b. tetrahedral c. trigonal planar d. trigonal pyramidal Concept Check We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 3 of 15
4 ; Set 09- Molecular Geometry AX6 AX5E AX4E2 Draw the molecular shape and predict the bond angles (relative to the ideal bond angles) of PF3 COCl2 SbF5 BrF5 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 4 of 15
5 ; Set 09- Molecular Geometry Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity A molecule is polar if Examples: CO2 H2O Molecules with the same shape may have different polarities Concept Check Which of the following diagrams shows the correct orientation of the dipole in sulfur dioxide? a. b. c. d. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 5 of 15
6 Determine if the following are polar or non-polar overall Ammonia, NH3 Boron trifluoride Carbonyl sulfide, COS (carbon is central atom) The Effect of Molecular Polarity on Behavior The cis and trans isomers of C2H2Cl2 The cis isomer is polar while the trans isomer is not. The boiling point of the cis isomer boils is 13 C higher than that of the trans isomer Molecular polarity affects Physical properties melting point, boiling point, etc Solubility Reactivity We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 6 of 15
7 Valence Bond (VB) Theory A covalent bond forms when the orbitals of two atoms overlap and a pair of electrons occupy the overlap region The space formed by the overlapping orbitals can accommodate a maximum of two electrons and these electrons must have opposite (paired) spins Orbital overlap and spin pairing in H 2 VB Theory and Orbital Hybridization The orbitals that form when bonding occurs are different from the atomic orbitals in the isolated atoms. If no change occurred, we could not account for the molecular shapes that are observed. Features of Hybrid Orbitals The number of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed The type of hybrid orbitals formed varies with the types of atomic orbitals mixed The shape and orientation of a hybrid orbital maximizes overlap with the other atom in the bond We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 7 of 15
8 Formation and orientation of sp hybrid orbitals and the bonding in BeCl 2 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 8 of 15
9 The sp 2 hybrid orbitals in BF 3 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 9 of 15
10 The sp 3 hybrid orbitals in CH 4 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 10 of 15
11 The sp 3 hybrid orbitals in NH 3 The sp 3 hybrid orbitals in H 2O We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 11 of 15
12 The sp 3 d hybrid orbitals in PCl 5 The sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals in SF 6 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 12 of 15
13 Composition and Orientation of Hybrid Orbitals Limitations of the Hybridization Model Types of Covalent Bonds The σ bonds in ethane (C 2H 6) We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 13 of 15
14 The σ and π bonds in ethylene (C 2H 4) The σ and π bonds in acetylene (C 2H 2) We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 14 of 15
15 Describe the types of bonds and orbitals in acetone, (CH 3) 2CO Restricted rotation around a π bond We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle Page 15 of 15
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