Chemical Bonding. Types of Bonds. Ionic Bonding. Resonance Structures. Molecular Geometries. VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chemical Bonding. Types of Bonds. Ionic Bonding. Resonance Structures. Molecular Geometries. VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab)"

Transcription

1 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Lewis Structures Covalent Bonding Resonance Structures Octet Rule Polar Molecules Molecular Geometries VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab)

2 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule Chemical bond: attractive force holding two or more atoms together. Covalent bond results from sharing electrons between the atoms. Usually found between nonmetals. Ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. Ionic compounds that form electrolytes conduct electricity. Metallic bond: attractive force holding pure metals together. Sea of electrons.

3 Figure 8.3: Ionic Bonding

4 Figure 8.5: Covalent Bonding

5 Chemical Bonds Bond Type Single Double Triple # of e s Notation = Bond order Bond strength Bond length Increases from Single to Triple Decreases from Single to Triple

6

7 Strengths of Covalent Bonds

8 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule Lewis Symbols

9 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule The Octet Rule All noble gases except He has an s 2 p 6 configuration. Octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons (4 electron pairs). Caution: there are many exceptions to the octet rule.

10 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity Electronegativity Electronegativity: The ability of one atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Pauling set electronegativities on a scale from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F). Electronegativity increases across a period and down a group.

11 Figure 8.6: Electronegativities of Elements Electronegativity

12 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity Figure 8.7: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity There is no sharp distinction between bonding types. The positive end (or pole) in a polar bond is represented + and the negative pole -. HyperChem

13 Drawing Lewis Structures Follow Step by Step Method (See Ng Web-site) 1. Total all valence electrons. [Consider Charge] 2. Write symbols for the atoms and guess skeleton structure [ define a central atom ]. 3. Place a pair of electrons in each bond. 4. Complete octets of surrounding atoms. [ H = 2 only ] 5. Place leftover electrons in pairs on the central atom. 6. If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, look for multiple bonds by transferring electrons until each atom has eight electrons around it. CyberChem (Lewis) video HyperChem

14 Lewis Structures Examples - I

15 Lewis Structures Examples - II

16 Exceptions to the Octet Rule Relatively rare. Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet Molecules with less than an octet are typical for compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A. Most typical example is BF 3. Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure with an incomplete octet is more important than the ones with double bonds.

17 Exceptions to the Octet Rule Central Atoms Having More than an Octet This is the largest class of exceptions. Atoms from the 3 rd period onwards can accommodate more than an octet. Beyond the third period, the d-orbitals are low enough in energy to participate in bonding and accept the extra electron density. HyperChem

18 Molecular Shapes: VSEPR There are five fundamental geometries for molecular shape:

19 Molecular Shapes 3D Notations VSEPR (Ballons)-Movie Clip

20 Figure 9.3 HyperChem

21 Summary of VSEPR Molecular Shapes e-pairs Notation Name of VSEPR shape Examples 2 AX 2 Linear HgCl 2, ZnI 2, CS 2, CO 2 3 AX 3 Trigonal planar BF 3, GaI 3 AX 2 E Non-linear (Bent) SO 2, SnCl 2 4 AX 4 Tetrahedral CCl 4, CH 4, BF - 4 AX 3 E (Trigonal) Pyramidal NH 3, OH - 3 AX 2 E 2 Non-Linear (Bent) H 2 O, SeCl 2 5 AX 5 Trigonal bipyramidal PCl 5, PF 5 AX 4 E Distorted tetrahedral (see-sawed) TeCl 4, SF 4 AX 3 E 2 T-Shaped ClF 3, BrF 3 AX 2 E 3 Linear I 3-, ICl AX 6 Octahedral SF 6, PF - 6 AX 5 E Square Pyramidal IF 5, BrF 5 AX 4 E 2 Square Planar ICl 4-, BrF - 4 HyperChem CyberChm Gems See Ng Web-site

22 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - I # electron pairs on Central Atom A Notation Example Lewis VSEPR & Name of Shape 2 AX 2 2 bp on A AX 3 3 bp on A 3 AX 2 E 2 bp and 1 lp on A

23 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes I F08

24 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - II # electron pairs on Central Atom A Notation Example Lewis VSEPR & Name of Shape AX 4 4 bp on A 4 AX 3 E 3 bp and 1 lp on A AX 2 E 2 2 bp and 2 lp on A

25 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes II F08

26 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - III # electron pairs on Central Atom A Notation Example Lewis VSEPR & Name of Shape AX 5 5 bp on A 5 AX 4 E 4 bp and 1 lp on A AX 3 E 2 3 bp and 2 lp on A AX 2 E 3 2 bp and 3 lp on A

27 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes III F08 HyperChem

28 Examples: VSEPR Molecular Shapes - IV # electron pairs on Central Atom A Notation Example Lewis VSEPR & Name of Shape AX 6 6 bp on A 6 AX 5 E 5 bp and 1 lp on A AX 4 E 2 4 bp and 2 lp on A

29 VSEPR Model The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons By experiment, the H-X-H bond angle decreases on moving from C to N to O: H H C H109.5 H O H H N H 107 O O H H O Since electrons in a bond are attracted by two nuclei, they do not repel as much as lone pairs. Therefore, the bond angle decreases as the number of lone pairs increases HyperChem

30 VSEPR Model HyperChem Figure 9.10: Shapes of Larger Molecules In acetic acid, CH 3 COOH, there are three central atoms.

31 Lewis-VSEPR HW assigned 10/29/10. Due 11/1/10. HyperChem Shapes of Larger Molecules In glycine (simplest amino acid), NH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H, there are four possible central atoms. Draw the Lewis Structure and the 3D VSEPR Molecular Geometry for glycine. Indicate the name of the shape for all possible central atoms, including estimation of bond angles. Hint 1: Designate the 2 nd carbon in the formula as the central atom in skeleton structure. Hint 2: The acid portion of glycine is the same as that of acetic acid. Solution Key

32 Figure 8.10: Drawing Lewis Structures Resonance Structures

33 HyperChem Figure 9.12

34 Figure 9.11: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity HyperChem

35 Figure 9.13: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity HyperChem

36 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap Gems - Movie Clip Lewis structures and VSEPR do not explain why a bond forms. How do we account for shape in terms of quantum mechanics? What are the orbitals that are involved in bonding? We use Valence Bond Theory: Bonds form when orbitals on atoms overlap. There are two electrons of opposite spin in the orbital overlap.

37 Figure 9.14: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

38

39

40 VSEPR Model (Figure 9.6) To determine the electron pair geometry: draw the Lewis structure, count the total number of electron pairs around the central atom, arrange the electron pairs in one of the above geometries to minimize e - -e - repulsion, and count multiple bonds as one bonding pair.

41 VSEPR Model

42

43

44 Drawing Lewis Structures Consider: For C: C N Formal Charge There are 4 valence electrons (from periodic table). In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3 from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis structure. Formal charge: 4-5 = -1.

45 Drawing Lewis Structures Consider: C For N: There are 5 valence electrons. Formal Charge In the Lewis structure there are 2 nonbonding electrons and 3 from the triple bond. There are 5 electrons from the Lewis structure. Formal charge = 5-5 = 0. We write: C N N CyberChm Gems

46 Easy ways to remember shapes Steric number- the number of atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule plus the number of lone pairs on the central atom. It is often used in VSEPR theory (valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory) in order to determine the particular shape, or molecular geometry, that will be formed.

47 Molecular Geometry Steps 1. Memorize the structures in groups according to steric number/ Bonding number. A. Steric number 2 = 1 structure B. Steric number 3 = 2 structures C. Steric number 4 = 3 structures D. Steric number 5 = 4 structures E. Steric number 6 = 3 structures.

48 Molecular Geometry Steps 2. Now you have to memorize the structures in each steric number group. A. Steric number 2 = Linear (180 degrees) B. Steric number 3 = Bent and Trigonal Planar (Both 120 degrees) C. Steric number 4 = Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal and Bent again. (109.5, and degrees) D. Steric number 5 = Trigonal Bipyramidal, See-Saw, T- Shaped and Linear (Mixture of 90, 120 and 180 degrees) E. Steric number 6 = Square Planar, Square Pyramid and Octahedral (All 90 degrees) (Last one kind of breaks the rule but I still find this helps. )

49 Molecular Geometry Steps 3. Try to find a relationship between all the groups. A. For groups 2 and 3, shapes pretty straightforward. B. Group 4 are all tetrahedral shaped molecules (Think group "4" / "Tetrahedral") with slight variations on the bond angles based on the amount of lone pairs. Tetrahedral is the most uniform shape and it has a bond angle closest to 120, with a slight repulsion from the uppermost atom making a bond angle of Trigonal Bipyramidal has a lone pair of electrons which pushes the "side atoms" a little further away from 120 forming an angle of Lastly, this variation of bent has two lone pairs of electrons pushing the "side atoms" even further away making an angle of

50 Molecular Geometry Steps cont. C. Group 5, are the "weird shapes". This includes the trigonal bipyramidal, see-saw, T-shape and linear. T shape is 90 degrees because in the letter T, only 90 degree angles are present. Linear is 180 degrees. See-saw has 3 angles, 1 angle along the top of the seat (180), 1 between the seats and the legs (90), and one between the two legs (120). and trigonal Bipyramidal has 2 angles, 90 and 120 degrees. D. Group 6 is the "square group" including: Square planar, square pyramid and octahedral. (I know the last one isn t a square but, close enough). All squares consist of only 90 degree angles so these all only have 90 degree angles. Using All of this info you can intuitively put together the notation for each structure.

51 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Lewis Structures Covalent Bonding Resonance Structures Octet Rule Polar Molecules Lewis AXE notation Molecular Geometries VSEPR Basic Shapes 3-D Notation Hybridization (Lab) VSEPR shapes Polarity

Experiment 21 Lewis structures and VSEPR Theory

Experiment 21 Lewis structures and VSEPR Theory Experiment 21 Lewis structures and VSEPR Theory Introduction 1. Lewis Structures and Formal Charge LG.N. Lewis, at the University of California at Berkeley devised a simple way to understand the nature

More information

Chemistry 212 MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND GEOMETRIES

Chemistry 212 MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND GEOMETRIES Chemistry 212 MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND GEOMETRIES LEARNING OBJECTIVES To build models of selected molecules using VSEPR theory. To illustrate patterns of molecular shapes. BACKGROUND The shapes exhibited

More information

Chapter 13: Phenomena

Chapter 13: Phenomena Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together

More information

VSEPR. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

VSEPR. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Vocabulary: domain = any electron pair or bond (single, double or triple) is considered one domain. bonding pair = shared pair = any electron pair that

More information

Honors Chemistry Unit 6 ( )

Honors Chemistry Unit 6 ( ) Honors Chemistry Unit 6 (2017-2018) Lewis Dot Structures VSEPR Structures 1 We are learning to: 1. Represent compounds with Lewis structures. 2. Apply the VSEPR theory to determine the molecular geometry

More information

Lewis Structure. Lewis Structures & VSEPR. Octet & Duet Rules. Steps for drawing Lewis Structures

Lewis Structure. Lewis Structures & VSEPR. Octet & Duet Rules. Steps for drawing Lewis Structures Lewis Structure Lewis Structures & VSEPR Lewis Structures shows how the are arranged among the atoms of a molecule There are rules for Lewis Structures that are based on the formation of a Atoms want to

More information

Ex. 1) F F bond in F = 0 < % covalent, no transfer of electrons

Ex. 1) F F bond in F = 0 < % covalent, no transfer of electrons #60 Notes Unit 8: Bonding Ch. Bonding I. Bond Character Bonds are usually combinations of ionic and covalent character. The electronegativity difference is used to determine a bond s character. Electronegativity

More information

Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories. Molecular Shapes. Molecular Shapes. Chapter 9 Part 2 November 16 th, 2004

Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories. Molecular Shapes. Molecular Shapes. Chapter 9 Part 2 November 16 th, 2004 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Chapter 9 Part 2 November 16 th, 2004 8 Molecular Shapes When considering the geometry about the central atom, we consider all electrons (lone pairs and bonding

More information

Molecular Structure. Valence Bond Theory Overlap of atomic orbitals is a covalent bond that joins atoms together to form a molecule

Molecular Structure. Valence Bond Theory Overlap of atomic orbitals is a covalent bond that joins atoms together to form a molecule Molecular Structure Topics 3-D structure shape (location of atoms in space) Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Hybrid Orbitals Multiple Bonds VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Valence Bond

More information

CHEMICAL BONDING. Chemical Bonds. Ionic Bonding. Lewis Symbols

CHEMICAL BONDING. Chemical Bonds. Ionic Bonding. Lewis Symbols CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical Bonds Lewis Symbols Octet Rule whenever possible, valence electrons in covalent compounds distribute so that each main-group element is surrounded by 8 electrons (except hydrogen

More information

Shapes of Molecules and Hybridization

Shapes of Molecules and Hybridization Shapes of Molecules and Hybridization A. Molecular Geometry Lewis structures provide us with the number and types of bonds around a central atom, as well as any NB electron pairs. They do not tell us the

More information

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometries. and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometries. and Bonding Theories Chapter 9 Molecular Geometries and Bonding Theories Coverage of Chapter 9 9.1 All 9.2 All 9.3 All 9.4 All 9.5 Omit Hybridization Involving d Orbitals 9.6 All 9.7 and 9.8 Omit ALL MOLECULAR SHAPES The shape

More information

General and Inorganic Chemistry I.

General and Inorganic Chemistry I. General and Inorganic Chemistry I. Lecture 1 István Szalai Eötvös University István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 1 1 / 29 Outline István Szalai (Eötvös University) Lecture 1 2 / 29 Lewis Formulas

More information

Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure

Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure CHM 123 Chapter 8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure 8.1 Molecular shapes and VSEPR theory VSEPR theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms, or groups of

More information

Chapters 8 and 9. Octet Rule Breakers Shapes

Chapters 8 and 9. Octet Rule Breakers Shapes Chapters 8 and 9 Octet Rule Breakers Shapes Bond Energies Bond Energy (review): The energy needed to break one mole of covalent bonds in the gas phase Breaking bonds consumes energy; forming bonds releases

More information

LESSON 10. Glossary: Molecular Geometry. a quantitative measure of the degree of charge separation in a molecule. Dipole moment

LESSON 10. Glossary: Molecular Geometry. a quantitative measure of the degree of charge separation in a molecule. Dipole moment LESSON 10 Glossary: Molecular Geometry Dipole moment Electronegativity Molecular geometry Pi bond Polar covalent bond Sigma bond Valence-shell electronpair repulsion (VSEPR) model a quantitative measure

More information

bond energy- energy required to break a chemical bond -We can measure bond energy to determine strength of interaction

bond energy- energy required to break a chemical bond -We can measure bond energy to determine strength of interaction bond energy- energy required to break a chemical bond -We can measure bond energy to determine strength of interaction ionic compound- a metal reacts with a nonmetal Ionic bonds form when an atom that

More information

Lewis structures show the number and type of bonds between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion.

Lewis structures show the number and type of bonds between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion. VSEPR & Geometry Lewis structures show the number and type of bonds between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion. Lewis structures are not intended to show the 3-dimensional structure (i.e. shape or geometry)

More information

Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chemical bond: is an attractive force that holds 2 atoms together and forms as a result of interactions between electrons found in combining atoms We rarely

More information

Chapter 6. The Chemical Bond

Chapter 6. The Chemical Bond Chapter 6 The Chemical Bond Some questions Why do noble gases rarely bond to other elements? How does this relate to why the atoms of other elements do form bonds? Why do certain elements combine to form

More information

Chapter 10. Valence Electrons. Lewis dot symbols. Chemical Bonding

Chapter 10. Valence Electrons. Lewis dot symbols. Chemical Bonding Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Valence Electrons Recall: the outer electrons in an atom are valence electrons. Valence electrons are related to stability Valence electrons can be represented with dots in

More information

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry. Lewis Theory-VSEPR Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry. Lewis Theory-VSEPR Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry Lewis Theory-VSEPR Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory Sulfanilamide Lewis Structures and the Real 3D-Shape of Molecules Lewis Theory of Molecular Shape and Polarity

More information

Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory

Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory The Valence -Shell Electron -Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model predicts the shapes of the molecules and ions by assuming that the valence shell electron pairs

More information

COVALENT BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING I: LEWIS MODEL. Chapter 7

COVALENT BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING I: LEWIS MODEL. Chapter 7 Chapter 7 P a g e 1 COVALENT BONDING Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds occur between two or more nonmetals. The two atoms share electrons between them, composing a molecule. Covalently bonded compounds are

More information

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. How to get the book of

More information

Adapted from CHM 130 Maricopa County, AZ Molecular Geometry and Lewis Dot Formulas Introduction

Adapted from CHM 130 Maricopa County, AZ Molecular Geometry and Lewis Dot Formulas Introduction Adapted from CHM 130 Maricopa County, AZ Molecular Geometry and Lewis Dot Formulas Introduction A chemical bond is an intramolecular (within the molecule) force holding two or more atoms together. Covalent

More information

Fill in the chart below to determine the valence electrons of elements 3-10

Fill in the chart below to determine the valence electrons of elements 3-10 Chemistry 11 Atomic Theory IV Name: Date: Block: 1. Lewis Diagrams 2. VSEPR Lewis Diagrams Lewis diagrams show the bonding between atoms of a molecule. Only the outermost electrons of an atom (called electrons)

More information

Molecular Geometry. Valence Shell Electron Pair. What Determines the Shape of a Molecule? Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Localized Electron Model

Molecular Geometry. Valence Shell Electron Pair. What Determines the Shape of a Molecule? Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Localized Electron Model Molecular Geometry Learn Shapes you will Because the physical and chemical properties of compounds are tied to their structures, the importance of molecular geometry can not be overstated. Localized Electron

More information

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Three Types of Chemical Bonding (1) Ionic: formed by electron transfer (2) Covalent: formed by electron sharing (3) Metallic: attraction between metal

More information

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 1 Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry (10.1) Dipole Moments (10.2) Valence Bond Theory (10.3) Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

More information

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Read Sec. 9.1 and 9.2, then complete the Sample and Practice Exercises in these sections. Sample Exercise 9.1 (p. 347) Use the VSEPR model to predict the molecular geometries of a)

More information

Experiment 15. The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory of Directed Valency: An exercise

Experiment 15. The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory of Directed Valency: An exercise Experiment 15 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory of Directed Valency: An exercise Attempts to understand and predict the shapes of molecules using either the valencebond theory or

More information

What is a Bond? Chapter 8. Ionic Bonding. Coulomb's Law. What about covalent compounds?

What is a Bond? Chapter 8. Ionic Bonding. Coulomb's Law. What about covalent compounds? Chapter 8 What is a Bond? A force that holds atoms together. Why? We will look at it in terms of energy. Bond energy- the energy required to break a bond. Why are compounds formed? Because it gives the

More information

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to : At the end of this lesson, students should be able to : (a) Explain Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR) (b) Draw the basic molecular shapes: linear, planar, tetrahedral, and octahedral.

More information

Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky

Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky Chemical Bonding AP Chemistry Ms. Grobsky What Determines the Type of Bonding in Any Substance? Why do Atoms Bond? The key to answering the first question are found in the electronic structure of the atoms

More information

Chapter 9 The Shapes of Molecules Cocaine

Chapter 9 The Shapes of Molecules Cocaine Chapter 9 The Shapes of Molecules 1 Cocaine 10.1 Depicting Molecules & Ions with Lewis Structures 2 Number of Covalent Bonds 3 The number of covalent bonds can be determined from the number of electrons

More information

CHEMICAL BONDING. Valence Electrons. Chapter Ten

CHEMICAL BONDING. Valence Electrons. Chapter Ten CHEMICAL BONDING Chapter Ten Valence Electrons! The electrons occupying the outermost energy level of an atom are called the valence electrons; all other electrons are called the core electrons.! The valence

More information

Bonding. Honors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6

Bonding. Honors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Bonding Honors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them together. Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Force of attraction

More information

Molecular Geometry & Polarity

Molecular Geometry & Polarity Molecular Geometry & Polarity Learn Shapes you will Because the physical and chemical properties of compounds are tied to their structures, the importance of molecular geometry can not be overstated. Localized

More information

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories PART I Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. The shape of a molecule

More information

Structures, Shapes and Polarity. of Molecules. Level 2 recap: - Polar and non polar bonds - Lewis diagrams - Lone pairs - Shapes - Polarity

Structures, Shapes and Polarity. of Molecules. Level 2 recap: - Polar and non polar bonds - Lewis diagrams - Lone pairs - Shapes - Polarity Structures, Shapes and Polarity Level 2 recap: - Polar and non polar bonds - Lewis diagrams - Lone pairs - Shapes - Polarity of Molecules Do now: Brainstorm what you know/remember about these L2 concepts

More information

Chemical Bonding Chapter 8

Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Get your Clicker, 2 magnets, goggles and your handouts Nov 15 6:15 PM Recall that: Ionic-Involves the transfer of electrons - forms between a metal and a nonmetal Covalent-Involves

More information

Practice Worksheet for Lewis Structures (Mahaffy Ch )

Practice Worksheet for Lewis Structures (Mahaffy Ch ) Practice Worksheet for Lewis Structures (Mahaffy Ch. 10.1 10.5 ) 1. Main concepts Lewis Structures a. Connectivity b. Bonds & Lone pairs c. Electron Geometry & Molecular Shape d. Resonance Structures Formal

More information

MOLECULAR MODELS OBJECTIVES

MOLECULAR MODELS OBJECTIVES MOLECULAR MODELS OBJECTIVES 1. To learn to draw Lewis structures for common compounds 2. To identify electron pairs as bonding pairs or lone pairs 3. To use electron pair repulsion theory to predict electronic

More information

(A) 1 bonding pair (B) 1 bonding pair and 1 lone pair (C) 2 bonding pairs (D) 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs

(A) 1 bonding pair (B) 1 bonding pair and 1 lone pair (C) 2 bonding pairs (D) 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs AP Chemistry - Problem Drill 13: Lewis Structures and VSPER No. 1 of 10 1. Lewis structure is used to model covalent bonds of a molecule or ion. Covalent bonds are a type of chemical bonding formed by

More information

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Chapter 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 9.1 Molecular Shapes Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are physically connected to which atoms. The shape of a molecule

More information

CHAPTER TEN MOLECULAR GEOMETRY MOLECULAR GEOMETRY V S E P R CHEMICAL BONDING II: MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

CHAPTER TEN MOLECULAR GEOMETRY MOLECULAR GEOMETRY V S E P R CHEMICAL BONDING II: MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS CHAPTER TEN CHEMICAL BONDING II: AND HYBRIDIZATION O ATOMIC ORBITALS V S E P R VSEPR Theory In VSEPR theory, multiple bonds behave like a single electron pair Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)

More information

Helpful Hints Lewis Structures Octet Rule For Lewis structures of covalent compounds least electronegative

Helpful Hints Lewis Structures Octet Rule For Lewis structures of covalent compounds least electronegative Helpful Hints Lewis Structures Octet Rule Lewis structures are a basic representation of how atoms are arranged in compounds based on bond formation by the valence electrons. A Lewis dot symbol of an atom

More information

Molecular shape is determined by the number of bonds that form around individual atoms.

Molecular shape is determined by the number of bonds that form around individual atoms. Chapter 9 CH 180 Major Concepts: Molecular shape is determined by the number of bonds that form around individual atoms. Sublevels (s, p, d, & f) of separate atoms may overlap and result in hybrid orbitals

More information

Molecular Geometry. Objectives N H H. The objectives of this laboratory are to:

Molecular Geometry. Objectives N H H. The objectives of this laboratory are to: Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are to: Molecular Geometry Write Lewis structure representations of the bonding and valence electrons in molecules. Use the VSEPR model to predict the molecular

More information

CHEMISTRY. Chapter 10 Theories of Bonding and Structure. The Molecular Nature of Matter. Jespersen Brady Hyslop SIXTH EDITION

CHEMISTRY. Chapter 10 Theories of Bonding and Structure. The Molecular Nature of Matter. Jespersen Brady Hyslop SIXTH EDITION CHEMISTRY The Molecular Nature of Matter SIXTH EDITION Jespersen Brady Hyslop Chapter 10 Theories of Bonding and Structure Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Molecular Structures Molecules containing

More information

Lecture outline: Section 9. theory 2. Valence bond theory 3. Molecular orbital theory. S. Ensign, Chem. 1210

Lecture outline: Section 9. theory 2. Valence bond theory 3. Molecular orbital theory. S. Ensign, Chem. 1210 Lecture outline: Section 9 Molecular l geometry and bonding theories 1. Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory 2. Valence bond theory 3. Molecular orbital theory 1 Ionic bonding Covalent bonding

More information

Chapter Molecules are 3D. Shapes and Bonds. Chapter 9 1. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter Molecules are 3D. Shapes and Bonds. Chapter 9 1. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 1 Shape 9.1 Molecules are 3D Angle Linear 180 Planar triangular (trigonal planar) 120 Tetrahedral 109.5 2 Shapes and Bonds Imagine a molecule where the

More information

Chapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories

Chapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories Chapters 9&10 Structure and Bonding Theories Ionic Radii Ions, just like atoms, follow a periodic trend in their radii. The metal ions in a given period are smaller than the non-metal ions in the same

More information

VSEPR Theory. Shapes of Molecules. Molecular Structure or Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory. Shapes of Molecules. Molecular Structure or Molecular Geometry VSEPR Theory VSEPR Theory Shapes of Molecules Molecular Structure or Molecular Geometry The 3-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make-up a molecule. Determines several properties of a substance,

More information

Chapter 10. Geometry

Chapter 10. Geometry Chapter 10 Molec cular Geometry 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE Molecular Geometry Molecular Polarity VSEPR Model Summary of Molecular Shapes Hybridization Molecular Orbital Theory Bond Angles 2 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY Molecular

More information

4/25/2017. VSEPR Theory. Two Electron Groups. Shapes of Molecules. Two Electron Groups with Double Bonds. Three Electron Groups.

4/25/2017. VSEPR Theory. Two Electron Groups. Shapes of Molecules. Two Electron Groups with Double Bonds. Three Electron Groups. Chapter 10 Lecture Chapter 10 Bonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids 10.3 Shapes of Molecules and Ions (VSEPR Theory) Learning Goal Predict the three-dimensional structure of a molecule or a polyatomic

More information

Unit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Unit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds Unit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding Ionic Bonds Bonding in Metals Valence Electrons Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element s atoms Examples

More information

VSEPR. Ch10. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory allows you to predict molecular shape. Lewis Dot theory extended to 3 dimensions.

VSEPR. Ch10. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory allows you to predict molecular shape. Lewis Dot theory extended to 3 dimensions. Ch10 VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory allows you to predict molecular shape. Lewis Dot theory extended to 3 dimensions. version 1.5 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2016 Valence Shell Electron

More information

Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY

Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES (covalent bonding) 1. Draw the Lewis structure of covalent molecules (octet rule such as NH 3, CCl 4, H 2 O, CO 2, N 2 O 4, and exception to

More information

Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Learning Objective

Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Learning Objective Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry 11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Discuss the atomic trends Metals are located on the left side of the periodic

More information

2011, Robert Ayton. All rights reserved.

2011, Robert Ayton. All rights reserved. Chemical Bonding Outline 1. Lewis Dot Structures 2. Bonds 3. Formal Charges 4. VSEPR (Molecular Geometry and Hybridzation) 5. Common Resonance Structures and Dimerization Review 1. Lewis Dot Structures

More information

Chemical Bonds. Chapter 6

Chemical Bonds. Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds Chapter 6 1 Ch. 6 Chemical Bonding I. How and Why Atoms Bond A. Vocabulary B. Chemical Bonds - Basics C. Chemical Bonds Types D. Chemical Bonds Covalent E. Drawing Lewis Diagrams F. Bond

More information

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding

Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding 7.1 Ionic Bonding Octet rule: In forming compounds atoms lose, gain or share electrons to attain a noble gas configuration with 8 electrons in their outer shell (s 2 p 6 ), except

More information

Check Your Solution A comparison with the figures in Figure 4.31 on page 234 of the student textbook confirms the results.

Check Your Solution A comparison with the figures in Figure 4.31 on page 234 of the student textbook confirms the results. Predicting the Shape of a Molecule (Student textbook page 236) 11. What molecular shape is represented by each of the following VSEPR notations? a. AX 3 b. AX 5 E You need to assign a molecular shape that

More information

C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH

C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 0 1 INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR STRUCTURE The Ionic Bond Formation of Ions The

More information

Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion

Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion Molecular Geometry Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion The valence shell electron pair repulsion model (VSEPR model) assumes that electron pairs repel one another. (VSEPR) model gives helps determine

More information

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Lecture Presentation Chapter 9 Geometry James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Shapes Lewis Structures show bonding and lone pairs, but do not denote shape. However, we use Lewis Structures to

More information

Downloaded from

Downloaded from Points to Remember Class: XI Chapter Name: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1. The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in chemical

More information

Class XI: Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts

Class XI: Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1 Class XI: Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Top Concepts 1. The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in chemical species

More information

Chapter 8. Ions and the Noble Gas. Chapter Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds

Chapter 8. Ions and the Noble Gas. Chapter Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding: General Concepts 1 8.1 Electron transfer leads to the formation of ionic compounds Ionic compounds form when metals and nonmetals react The attraction between positive and negative

More information

Atoms have the ability to do two things in order to become isoelectronic with a Noble Gas.

Atoms have the ability to do two things in order to become isoelectronic with a Noble Gas. CHEMICAL BONDING Atoms have the ability to do two things in order to become isoelectronic with a Noble Gas. 1.Electrons can be from one atom to another forming. Positive ions (cations) are formed when

More information

Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version

Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to

More information

Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. VSEPR: Electronic Geometries VSEPR

Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. VSEPR: Electronic Geometries VSEPR Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to

More information

10-1. The Shapes of Molecules, chapter 10

10-1. The Shapes of Molecules, chapter 10 10-1 The Shapes of Molecules, chapter 10 The Shapes of Molecules; Goals 10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures 10.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 10.3 Molecular

More information

Electron Geometry Hybrid Orbitals

Electron Geometry Hybrid Orbitals Molecular Shape and Hybridized Orbitals CH2000: Introduction to General Chemistry, Plymouth State University Introduction: In chemistry, the three dimensional shape of a molecule is as important as the

More information

Bonding. Polar Vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. Ionic or Covalent? Identifying Bond Types. Solutions + -

Bonding. Polar Vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. Ionic or Covalent? Identifying Bond Types. Solutions + - Chemical Bond Mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them together. Bonding onors Chemistry 412 Chapter 6 Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Force of attraction

More information

Lewis Structure and Electron Dot Models

Lewis Structure and Electron Dot Models Lewis Structure and Electron Dot Models The Lewis Structure is a method of displaying the electrons present in any given atom or compound. Steps: 1. Make a skeleton structure 2. Count all e- available

More information

For more info visit Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.

For more info visit  Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. Chemical bond:- Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Coordinate Bond. Octet

More information

CHM2045 F13--Exam # MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

CHM2045 F13--Exam # MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. CHM2045 F13--Exam #2 2013.10.18 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A valid Lewis structure of cannot be drawn without violating the

More information

Periodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory:

Periodic Trends. Homework: Lewis Theory. Elements of his theory: Periodic Trends There are various trends on the periodic table that need to be understood to explain chemical bonding. These include: Atomic/Ionic Radius Ionization Energy Electronegativity Electron Affinity

More information

***Occurs when atoms of elements combine together to form compounds.*****

***Occurs when atoms of elements combine together to form compounds.***** CHEMICAL BONDING ***Occurs when atoms of elements combine together to form compounds.***** Formation of compounds involve adjustments in the position of one or more valence electrons. PE is lower in bonded

More information

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chemical Bonding II: and ybridization of Atomic rbitals Chapter 10 Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model: Predict the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic repulsions between the

More information

Chapter 13: Phenomena

Chapter 13: Phenomena Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together

More information

Contents. 1. Basic Concepts. 2. The Covalent Bond. 3. The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Models 4. Bond theories. 5. The Metallic Bond.

Contents. 1. Basic Concepts. 2. The Covalent Bond. 3. The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Models 4. Bond theories. 5. The Metallic Bond. Chemical Bonding (II) Topic 4. Chemical Bonding (II) (II) 1 Contents 1. Basic Concepts. a) Molecular parameters b) Lewis Dot Symbols 2. The Covalent Bond a) Polar Covalent Bond b) Formal Charge c) Exceptions

More information

Ch 6 Chemical Bonding

Ch 6 Chemical Bonding Ch 6 Chemical Bonding What you should learn in this section (objectives): Define chemical bond Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds Describe ionic and covalent bonding Explain why most chemical bonding

More information

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound : Chemical Bonding 8-1 8.1 Types of Bonds : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound Two types of chemical bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds 8-2 1 8.1 Types of Bonds 8-3 8.1 Types of

More information

Section 12: Lewis Structures

Section 12: Lewis Structures Section 12: Lewis Structures The following maps the videos in this section to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Science TAC 112.35(c). 12.01 Electronegativity Chemistry (5)(C) 12.02 Electron

More information

Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory

Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory 10.1 Artificial Sweeteners: Fooled by Molecular Shape 425 10.2 VSEPR Theory: The Five Basic Shapes 426 10.3 VSEPR Theory: The Effect of Lone Pairs 430 10.4 VSEPR Theory: Predicting Molecular Geometries

More information

EXPERIMENT #13 Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry

EXPERIMENT #13 Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry OBJECTIVES: EXPERIMENT #13 s and Draw Lewis structures of atoms, ions, and molecules Build models of linear, trigonal planar tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral arrangements of electron pairs

More information

PART 3 Chemical Bonds, Valence Bond Method, and Molecular Shapes. Reference: Chapter 9 10 in textbook

PART 3 Chemical Bonds, Valence Bond Method, and Molecular Shapes. Reference: Chapter 9 10 in textbook PART 3 Chemical Bonds, Valence Bond Method, and Molecular Shapes Reference: Chapter 9 10 in textbook 1 Valence Electrons Valence ae Electron Define: the outer shell electrons Important for determination

More information

Example: Write the Lewis structure of XeF 4. Example: Write the Lewis structure of I 3-. Example: Select the favored resonance structure of the PO 4

Example: Write the Lewis structure of XeF 4. Example: Write the Lewis structure of I 3-. Example: Select the favored resonance structure of the PO 4 Expanded valence shells (extended octets) more than 8e - around a central atom Extended octets are formed only by atoms with vacant d-orbitals in the valence shell (p-elements from the third or later periods)

More information

Chemical Bonding II. Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds Hybridization MO theory

Chemical Bonding II. Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds Hybridization MO theory Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry Valence Bond Theory Phys./Chem. Properties Quantum Mechanics Sigma & Pi bonds ybridization MO theory 1 Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of atoms 2 VSEPR Valence-shell

More information

Chapter 9. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Chapter 9. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories Topics Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry and Polarity Valence Bond Theory Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Hybridization in Molecules

More information

Name Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017

Name Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017 Unit Three: Bonding & Molecular Geometry Name Unit Three MC Practice March 15, 2017 1. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in water? a) sp b) sp 2 c) sp 3 d) It is not hybridized 2. When a double

More information

What Do Molecules Look Like?

What Do Molecules Look Like? What Do Molecules Look Like? The Lewis Dot Structure approach provides some insight into molecular structure in terms of bonding, but what about 3D geometry? Recall that we have two types of electron pairs:

More information

14.1 Shapes of molecules and ions (HL)

14.1 Shapes of molecules and ions (HL) 14.1 Shapes of molecules and ions (HL) The octet is the most common electron arrangement because of its stability. Exceptions: a) Fewer electrons (incomplete octet) if the central atom is a small atoms,

More information

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts

Chapter 8. Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Table of Contents 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 8.6 Partial Ionic Character

More information

Announcements. 10pm Room assignments for Exam III and TA Exam Review Sessions are posted on website. Look under Exam Info link

Announcements. 10pm Room assignments for Exam III and TA Exam Review Sessions are posted on website. Look under Exam Info link Announcements 1. Exam #3: Thursday, Dec. 6 th, 7:00-8:15pm (Conflict: 5:15-6:30pm) No calculators allowed 2. Activity 3: Making Models of Molecules lab write-up due tomorrow in discussion 3. Lon-capa HW

More information

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Linear Trigonal 180 o planar 120 o Tetrahedral 109.5 o Trigonal Bipyramidal 120 and 90 o Octahedral 90 o linear Linear

More information