CVD diamond for thermoluminescence dosimetry: optimisation of the readout process and application
|
|
- Brendan Fleming
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) CVD diamond for thermoluminescence dosimetry: optimisation of the readout process and application a,b, a a a,b c d M. Rebisz *, M.J. Guerrero, D. Tromson, M. Pomorski, B. Marczewska, M. Nesladek, P. Bergonzo a a LIST (CEA Recherche Technologique) DIMRIySIARyLTD CEAySaclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France b Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland c Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Krakow, Poland d Linburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium Received 9 September 2003; received in revised form 14 November 2003; accepted 20 November 2003 Abstract Diamond is known to be an extremely attractive material for dosimetry applications due to its intrinsic properties: tissue equivalence, physically robust, chemically inert and safe for in vivo use. Polycrystalline diamond substrates exhibit defective levels which trapped population is of major importance for the fabrication of radiation detectors based on diamond ionisation chambers or thermoluminescent dosimeter. The thermoluminescence (TL) is based on the measurement of the population that has been trapped during irradiation. Several problems however have been reported, namely fading of the TL signal when the device is exposed to light, poor linearity with respect to the absorbed dose and often poor reproducibility of the measurements. To address this we have set up a technique that enables irradiation and sample probing in the same apparatus. Irradiation was performed using an X-ray source with 50 kv accelerating voltage. Simultaneous measurements of TL and thermally stimulated currents (TSC) were performed. This way the fine control of the parameters (including temporal aspects) known to affect the reproducibility of the measurement could be varied, and a procedure for improving the linearity factor (TL signal with respect to the dose) of the diamond TL detectors was optimised. The technique was implemented on a set of CVD films to compare in a reproducible way the material properties according to their growth characteristics Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polycrystalline CVD diamond; TL and TSC detector; Bleaching; Linearity 1. Introduction Diamond is known to be an extremely attractive material for dosimetry applications. Its near tissue equivalence (atomic number of 6 as compared with that of effective atomic number of human soft tissue: 7.4) avoids the need for energy dependence corrections as usually required in dosimetry. Further, diamond is physically robust, chemically inert and thus safe for in vivo use. It can be sterilized by thermal heating and is reusable. Recent studies on CVD diamond samples have demonstrated the possibility to rely on CVD diamond passive detectors based on thermoluminescence (TL) to probe their total irradiation history w1x. The dose depend- *Corresponding author. Tel.: q ; fax: q address: pbergonzo@cea.fr (M. Rebisz). ence of CVD diamond can be compared with that of commercial LiF dosimeters w2 4x. In the form of what is usually performed on LiF detectors an optimised annealing procedure is required in order to achieve stable TL signals and reproducibility. The possible use of diamonds as TL dosimeters depends on the presence of defects in the materials. Diamond has a wide band gap of 5.5 ev within which deep levels could exist due to impurities or defects in the material. Principle of thermoluminescent dosimeter is based on the capability to trap carriers created by irradiation at room temperature and the low probability to release them. A thermal energy supply leads to the release of trapped carriers into the conduction or valence band. The free carriers can recombine with a radiative emission and the emitted photons give a TL signal. When an electrical field is applied, the carriers occurring /04/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi: /j.diamond
2 M. Rebisz et al. / Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) Table 2 Sensitivity values of the main glow peaks of the diamond detectors 3 after X-ray radiation (dose is 0.7 Gy as normalised to 1 cm of diamond) BSL E07 SA1 MTS-N TL Vycm Vycm Vycm Vycm 3 TSC 210 maycm naycm paycm 3 Fig. 1. Typical TL glow curves for CVD diamond detectors (broken lines) and for LiF:Mg,Ti MTS-N detector (solid line) after X-ray irradiation up to a dose 0.7 Gy. The curve for the BSL detector has been scaled down by a factor of 0.5. in the bands are collected and give a thermally stimulated current (TSC). The temperature at which a carrier can be released from a trap depends on the depth of the level of the defect whose population has been modified by irradiation. One inherent problem with CVD diamond is that commonly observed trapping populations have been probed in the range ev. These energy values correspond to detrapping temperatures close to 250 8C. However, since these energies remain below that of visible light, the latter can provide sufficient energy in the trapped defect populations to create their progressive alteration. This effect is called bleaching and results in the progressive loss of the TL signal. This will be illustrated in detail herein, where we report on the comparative TL and TSC properties of a few polycrystalline CVD diamond samples as well as of a monocrystalline natural IIa diamond. The study is oriented toward the medical physics application of this type of devices implying in our experiment irradiation at room temperature. In Fig. 1 the glow curves probed on two CVD diamond samples are plotted with that of a LiF:Mg,Ti (MTS-N) detector. The dose here consists of 0.7 Gy emitted by a Kevex X-ray tube with acceleration voltage of 50 kv. A tungsten target is used and resulting photons have an energy range from 10 to 50 kev with a maximum at approximately 35 kev. The diamond samples studied consist of (i) one sample (named BSL) fabricated in a conventional ASTEX reactor at 5 KW MW power at IMO-Hasselt, (ii) a sample (named E07) fabricated at much lower plasma densities at CEA- Saclay. Table 1 gives the parameters used for the microwave CVD samples BSL and E07. The sensitivity per unit volume of CVD diamonds is in the same range of that probed from the MTS-N detector (Fig. 1 and Table 2). The curve for BSL TL detector has been scaled down by a factor of 0.5. The CVD diamond glow characteristics are very similar with respect to the others, and a main peak at approximately 225 8C is observed after X-ray irradiation. The energy relative to this peak can be estimated using several methods, such as (i) the initial rise method, (ii) Chen s method w5x and (iii) numerical fitting, etc. The resulting energies of the trapping population associated with this 225 8C peak can be estimated at approximately ev depending on the authors w6 9x. It seems therefore that the trapped population as induced by the pre-irradiation of the device is likely to decay when the sample is exposed to light. Further, it appears that other trap release peaks can be observed (Fig. 1) and result in the progressive rise of the sample glow at temperatures as low as 100 8C. It is likely that the environment to which the sample is exposed between irradiation and TL characterisation may affect the glow curves, and particularly if the sample is exposed to light or to varying temperatures. A special apparatus was optimised for this study as described in the following. 2. Experimental set-up The system comprises a heating stage, enabling linear temperature ramps of the sample from room temperature up to 550 8C. The heating stage was driven by a Eurotherm controller, using analog and amplified control of the heating power up to 40 W. All measurements were made in vacuum, in order to avoid problems Table 1 Parameters used for the microwave CVD samples BSL and E07 Methane (%) Microwave power (W) Pressure (mbar) Substrate temperature (8C) E BSL
3 798 M. Rebisz et al. / Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) Comparison between TL and TSC Fig. 2. Schematic description of the apparatus used and what enables in same set-up to irradiate the samples and receive simultaneously TL and TSC characteristics. associated with the progressive rise in temperature of the apparatus. This way only the sample stage temperature was varying, and care was required in order to ensure the best thermal contact between the sample and the stage. Using test samples, or also performing the measurement on a non-irradiated sample, it was made possible to probe the variation in temperature during the ramp-up and down of the system. Typical variations were remaining below 3 8C in all configurations. The system enables the possibility to irradiate the samples via a view port in the apparatus and using either X-ray or UV illumination (Fig. 2). As described earlier, X-rays were delivered typically at 30 kev with a40gyymin at the tube exit. However, a 3 mm thick entrance quartz window was used that resulted in the strong attenuation of the X-ray flux down to approximately 1.4 Gyyh. This way the quartz window could also be used in order to measure the same characteristics but using the full UV spectrum emitted by a deuterium light source. The TSC and TL characteristics were both recorded in this apparatus simultaneously. Sample was biased in a sandwich configuration and the TSC current was measured using a 6517A Keithley, whereas a Hamamatsu photomultiplier tube was used to measure the TL signal. In order to reduce the glow signal as emitted by the heating stage at high temperature (from 150 8C), a BG 18 filter was used. Using this apparatus, irradiation and sample characterisation could be performed in the same experimental set-up, but also the control of all external parameters and transitory effects that could affect the measurements become possible. Therefore, the sample was maintained in the dark, in vacuum, at a stable temperature during a controlled time between irradiation and measurement. Using the samples presented in Table 1 and on a commercially available natural IIa type diamond, semitransparent gold contacts were evaporated in order to enable biasing of the devices. As described earlier, even though gold is not the best theoretical candidate for ohmic contact fabrication, it suffices well for the present case where currents are probed, and the possible rectifying behaviour such devices may exhibit would vanish at the relatively high electric fields used here (0.7 Vy mm). Goldydiamond contacts have also proven to be extremely stable and particularly in the wide temperature ranges explored. The samples were irradiated in vacuum at room temperature either using the D2 UV source ( nm, 50 W, and corresponding typically to =10 phycm photons) or X-rays (W target, 50 kv, 1mA) at a dose rate of 23 mgyymin (1.4 Gyyh). The read-out procedure was started exactly 2 min after the end of the excitation. The samples were heated from RT to 350 8C at a rate of 0.5 8Cys. After each measurement, the sample was annealed for 30 min at 350 8C w1x. Table 2 shows the sensitivity of the main glow peak for all investigated samples after irradiation to a dose of Gy normalised to 1 cm. Fig. 3 shows the resulting curves as observed on the three samples studied. The results seem to correlate correctly to each other, demonstrating that TL and TSC, involving similar detrapping phenomena, occur at similar temperatures. This indirectly shows that since TSC enables the observation of non-radiative defects, whether TL does not, the observed similar characteristics give insights on the nature of the defects probed. This result, even though not in full agreement with Briand et al. w6x tends to demonstrate that TSC can in fact be a good candidate in diamond for dosimetry since it may enable the sample to be fully encapsulated in the dark and therefore not exposed to light to prevent bleaching. This remarkable advantage over the drawback that it requires contact electrodes makes TSC a good candidate over TL for medical dosimetry with diamond Bleaching As discussed earlier the strong limitation of diamond use in TL dosimetry is the possible release of trapped carrier between irradiation and measurement due to light illumination w10 12x. Following what was concluded before on the effect of TSC, it was necessary to probe if other techniques could be used to prevent bleaching. This study was conducted on sample BSL, exhibiting the most absolute TL signals. After X-ray exposure at RT (0.7 Gy), the sample was illuminated for 3 min using a solar spectrum OL 100A AM1 lamp in the range nm. As expected, the observed TL signal
4 M. Rebisz et al. / Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) Fig. 3. TL and TSC glow curves for two CVD diamond detectors after X-ray irradiation (broken lines) and natural diamond detector after UV illumination 20 min with deuterium lamp (straight line), for one IIa type diamond. Heating rate is 0.5 8Cys. vanished after such illumination (Fig. 4). The experiment then consisted of filtering the visible light using a set band-pass filters centered at 403, 483, 578 and 657 nm with 10-nm width band. All trends appear clearly similar, with slightly more expression of bleaching when photons of higher energies are used. Red light (657 nm) as used here was not sufficient in order to prevent for photo-induced detrapping in diamond. It is to be noted that the same trends are observed both on TL as well as on the TSC characteristics. Since TL emission characteristics are located at approximately 500 nm (green light), it appears that it is possible to protect the diamond from light using a filter that would also enable the glow measurement Linearity One of the important features of the detectors used for dosimetry is the response linearity, i.e. the range where the measured signal remains proportional to the applied dose. Here, since the trapping characteristics are caused by the inherent presence of defect levels in the diamond band gap, it is clear that the operator for growing high intrinsic quality diamond does not have a fine control of the defect concentration in the material. Therefore, one could expect that all the traps available get shortly filled, and therefore that the absolute resulting TL or TSC signals will tend to reach a limit. Its variation Fig. 4. The behaviour of TL and TSC peaks as a function of the wavelength of the bleaching light in the case of a priming dose of 0.7 Gy for the BSL sample.
5 800 M. Rebisz et al. / Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) with respect to the dose will hence progressively saturate. Few works report this problem of linearity of synthetic and CVD diamond detectors. In general, results show that CVD diamond detectors studied have a very short linearity range, e.g. Hopwood and Jones reported a linear behaviour up to 0.8 Gy w13x whether Borchi et al. came to the same conclusions in the range from 0.01 Gy up to 1 Gy w3x. Other authors have observed significantly wider linearity ranges for CVD diamond. For example, Benabdesselam et al. w14x investigated detectors with a wide linearity response up to 16 Gy for gamma photons, up to 30 Gy for X-rays and up to 20 Gy for beta radiation dose. Furetta et al. reported approximately three groups of CVD diamonds grown using different conditions, one of them exhibiting a linear response up to 20 Gy w15x. After this threshold the response always becomes sub-linear and saturation effect always appears well below 2000 Gy. Also, Hopwood and Jones reported approximately one group of CVD diamonds used for low doses measurement that exhibit smooth reproducible response at high doses up to at least 70 Gy w13x. Nam et al. found that three orders of magnitude of sensitivity were gained by decreasing the concentration of nitrogen from 100 ppm to between 1 and 10 ppm, linearity up to 10 Gy w16x. The inclusion of boron in the diamond matrix had the marked effect of improving the response linearity. Keddy et al., in particular reported that the incorporation of the =10 ycm of boron impurities in synthetic crystals leads to an increase of both the sensitivity and the linearity of the TL response by comparison with undoped crystals w16,17x. Also, synthetic crystals with incorporation of nickel present a significant TL response vs. the absorbed dose up to 700 Gy w7x. In our case, the TL response vs. dose has been carried out at RT up to 7.5 Gy by X-ray irradiation. We measured the maximum value of the glow peak for each dose value for samples BSL and E07. The results are reported in Fig. 5. Here on this particular BSL sample saturation is observed as early as 7 Gy. Detector E07 has a more linear response up to 6 Gy. Hence it appears crucial that the trend relies on the ability to reproducibility control the absolute amount of deep level defective centres in the material that will act as traps for the generated carriers. Such control could, to our knowledge, only be made from fine impurity concentration tuning in the material. One attractive way could be that of using transition elements like nickel or cobalt, that could be included in the material during CVD growth. 4. Conclusion TL and TSC measurements have been carried out in this apparatus simultaneously and compared on a set of diamond samples. The analyses have been performed Fig. 5. TL signals plotted as a function of the X-ray irradiation dose for both CVD samples. using either X-ray or UV illumination. For the two techniques the glow characteristics are very similar and a main peak at approximately 225 8C is observed. The TL technique is extremely attractive for diamond for several reasons, one being that the sensitivity of CVD diamonds is at the same range as commercially available LiF detector but since these energies remain below that of visible light, the latter can provide sufficient energy in the trapped defect populations to create their progressive alteration, namely via bleaching. Control of a deep trap population in the material would prevent visible light from bleaching only if the defect energy is above 2 ev. The TSC technique has been demonstrated as another way to exploit CVD diamond properties, since they enable the possibility to let the sample in the dark between irradiation and measurement. Our work now will be focused on CVD materials that are intentionally doped with impurities (e.g. transition metals like Ni or Co) for more reproducible control of the trapping concentrations. References w1x B. Marczewska, P. Bilski, M. Nesladek, M. Rebisz, M.P.R. Waligorski, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 193 (3) (2002)
6 M. Rebisz et al. / Diamond and Related Materials 13 (2004) w2x B. Marczewska, P. Olko, M. Nesladek, M.P.R. Waligorski, Y. Kerremans, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 101 (2002) 485. w3x E. Borchi, C. Furreta, G. Kitis, C. Leroy, R.S. Sussmann, A.J. Whitehead, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 65 (1 4) (1996) w4x F. Bogani, M. Bruzzi, C. Leroy, S. Sciortino, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A388 (1997) w5x R. Chen, Y. Kirsh, International Series on the Science of the Solid State, vol. 15, Pergamon Press, w6x D. Briand, P. Iacconi, M. Benabdesselam, D. Lapaz, P.W. May, C.A. Rego, Diamond Relat. Mater. 9 (2000) w7x M. Benabdesselam, P. Iacconi, D. Briand, A. Berkane-Karachı, E. Gheeraert, H. Kanda, J. Appl. Phys. 88 (8) (2000) w8x D. Tromson, P. Bergonzo, A. Brambilla, C. Mer, F. Foulon, V.N. Amosov, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 174 (1) (1999) w9x D. Tromson, P. Bergonzo, A. Brambilla, C. Mer, F. Foulon, V.N. Amosov, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (7) (2000) w10x C. Manfredotti, E. Vittone, F. Fizzotti, A. Lo Giudice, C. Paolini, Diamond Relat. Mater. 11 (2002) w11x E. Vittone, C. Manfredotti, F. Fizzotti, A. Lo Giudice, P. Polesello, V. Ralchenko, Diamond Relat. Mater. 8 (1999) w12x A. Bizzarri, F. Bogani, M. Bruzzi, S. Sciortino, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 426 (1999) w13x P.J. Hopwood, C.H. Jones, in: Proceedings of the Diamonds Conference, Reading, July, 1994, De Beers Industrial Diamonds. w14x M. Benabdesselam, P. Iacconi, D. Briand, D. Lapaz, J.E. Butler, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 85 (1 4) (1999) w15x C. Furetta, G. Kitis, A. Brambilla, C. Jany, P. Bergonzo, F. Foulon, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 85 (1 4) (1999) w16x T.L. Nam, R.J. Keddy, Med. Phys. 14 (4) (1987) w17x R.J. Keddy, T.L. Nam, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41 (1993) 767.
Trace alpha-particle detection system for water networks: from direct detection in liquid phase to element identification
Trace alpha-particle detection system for water networks: from direct detection in liquid phase to element identification J. De Sanoit, M. Pomorski, P. Bergonzo 1 We want CONTXT In emergency situations
Thermoluminescence Properties of Local Feldspar from Gattar Mountain Area
Thermoluminescence Properties of Local Feldspar from Gattar Mountain Area W. E. Madcour 1, M. A. El-Kolaly 1 and S.Y. Afifi 2 1 Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority,
Radionuclide Imaging MII Detection of Nuclear Emission
Radionuclide Imaging MII 3073 Detection of Nuclear Emission Nuclear radiation detectors Detectors that are commonly used in nuclear medicine: 1. Gas-filled detectors 2. Scintillation detectors 3. Semiconductor
Characterization of Low-Energy (6-30 kev) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some TLD Quantities.
SLAC-PUB-7906 November, 1998 Characterization of Low-Energy (6-30 kev) Response of Polish TLDs (MTS-N, MCP-N) with Synchrotron Radiation and Determination of Some TLD Quantities. N. E. Ipe, A. Fassò, K.
A quantitative kinetic model foral 2 O 3 :C: TL response to ionizing radiation
Radiation Measurements 42 (2007) 198 204 www.elsevier.com/locate/radmeas A quantitative kinetic model foral 2 O 3 :C: TL response to ionizing radiation V. Pagonis a,, R. Chen b, J.L. Lawless c a Physics
CVD Diamond History Introduction to DDL Properties of Diamond DDL Proprietary Contact Technology Detector Applications BDD Sensors
Diamond Detectors CVD Diamond History Introduction to DDL Properties of Diamond DDL Proprietary Contact Technology Detector Applications BDD Sensors Kevin Oliver CEO Alex Brown Sales & Marketing 20 May,
Optically stimulated luminescence from quartz measured using the linear modulation technique
Radiation Measurements 32 (2000) 407±411 www.elsevier.com/locate/radmeas Optically stimulated luminescence from quartz measured using the linear modulation technique E. Bulur a, L. Bùtter-Jensen a, *,
Characterisation of single crystal CVD diamond particle detectors for hadron physics experiments
phys. stat. sol (a), No., ()/DOI thedoiprefix/thedoisuffix Characterisation of single crystal CVD diamond particle detectors for hadron physics experiments M. Pomorski *, E. Berdermann, M. Ciobanu, A.
A quantitative kinetic model for Al 2 O 3 :C: TL response to UV-illumination
Radiation Measurements 43 (2008) 175 179 www.elsevier.com/locate/radmeas A quantitative kinetic model for Al 2 O 3 :C: TL response to UV-illumination V. Pagonis a,, R. Chen b, J.L. Lawless c a Physics
SIMULATION OF COMPETING FADING AND IRRADIATION EFFECTS IN THERMOLUMINESCENCE (TL) DOSIMETRY: 1 st ORDER KINETICS
IMULATION OF COMPETING FADING AND IRRADIATION EFFECT IN THERMOLUMINECENCE (TL) DOIMETRY: 1 st ORDER KINETIC C.Furetta 1, J.Azorin 1, T.Rivera 1, G.Kitis 2 1. Dep.to de Fisica, Edif. T, cub. 331 Universidad
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE DECONVOLUTION OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE GLOW CURVES K. S. Chung 1,, H. S. Choe 1, J. I. Lee 2, J. L. Kim 2 and S. Y.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry (200), Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3 39 doi:10.1093/rpd/nci073 A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE DECONVOLUTION OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE GLOW CURVES K. S. Chung 1,, H. S. Choe 1, J. I. Lee
Energetic particles and their detection in situ (particle detectors) Part II. George Gloeckler
Energetic particles and their detection in situ (particle detectors) Part II George Gloeckler University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI University of Maryland, College Park, MD Simple particle detectors Gas-filled
Scientific Journal Impact Factor: (ISRA), Impact Factor: Materials and methods. [Tiwari, 3(8): August, 2014] ISSN:
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Thermoluminescence dose Response Study of Natural Salt (NaCl:Cu,Mg,Mn,O,Cu,As) obtained from Mizoram, India Ramesh Chandra Tiwari
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps What you should learn from this practical Science This practical illustrates some of the points from the lecture course on Elementary Quantum Mechanics and Bonding
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps
Practical 1P4 Energy Levels and Band Gaps What you should learn from this practical Science This practical illustrates some of the points from the lecture course on Elementary Quantum Mechanics and Bonding
Chem 481 Lecture Material 3/20/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 3/20/09 Radiation Detection and Measurement Semiconductor Detectors The electrons in a sample of silicon are each bound to specific silicon atoms (occupy the valence band). If
Modelling thermal activation characteristics of the sensitization of thermoluminescence in quartz
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. () 1 PII: S-77()879- Modelling thermal activation characteristics of the sensitization of thermoluminescence
GaN for use in harsh radiation environments
4 th RD50 - Workshop on radiation hard semiconductor devices for very high luminosity colliders GaN for use in harsh radiation environments a (W Cunningham a, J Grant a, M Rahman a, E Gaubas b, J Vaitkus
3.1 Introduction to Semiconductors. Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV
3.1 Introduction to Semiconductors Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV Introduction In this lecture, we will cover the basic aspects of semiconductor materials, and the physical mechanisms which are at the
Comparison of some human tissues and some commonly used thermoluminescent dosimeters for photon energy absorption
American Journal of Physics and Applications 2014; 2(6): 145-149 Published online December 16, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa) doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20140206.15 ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print);
Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors
Med Phys 4RA3, 4RB3/6R03 Radioisotopes and Radiation Methodology 4-1 4.1. Basic principle of the scintillator Chapter 4 Scintillation Detectors Scintillator Light sensor Ionizing radiation Light (visible,
Reference literature. (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters )
September 17, 2018 Reference literature (See: CHEM 2470 notes, Module 8 Textbook 6th ed., Chapters 13-14 ) Reference.: https://slideplayer.com/slide/8354408/ Spectroscopy Usual Wavelength Type of Quantum
Semiconductor Detectors
Semiconductor Detectors Summary of Last Lecture Band structure in Solids: Conduction band Conduction band thermal conductivity: E g > 5 ev Valence band Insulator Charge carrier in conductor: e - Charge
Contents. Charged Particles. Coulomb Interactions Elastic Scattering. Coulomb Interactions - Inelastic Scattering. Bremsstrahlung
Contents Marcel MiGLiERiNi Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Their Metrological Aspects. Radiation in Medicine. Dosimetry 4. Diagnostics & Therapy 5. Accelerators in Medicine 6. Therapy Planning 7. Nuclear
The Investigation of the Thermoluminescence Emission Bands of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) by a Simple Developed Model
Turk J Phys 25 (2001), 333 343. c TÜBİTAK The Investigation of the Thermoluminescence Emission Bands of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) by a Simple Developed Model A. N. YAZICI, Z. ÖZTÜRK, M. BEDİR University of Gaziantep,
Nuclear Physics Laboratory. Gamma spectroscopy with scintillation detectors. M. Makek Faculty of Science Department of Physics
Nuclear Physics Laboratory Gamma spectroscopy with scintillation detectors M. Makek Faculty of Science Department of Physics Zagreb, 2015 1 1 Introduction The goal of this excercise is to familiarize with
Radiation Protection & Radiation Therapy
Radiation Protection & Radiation Therapy For Medical Students Professor of Medical Physics Radiation Units Activity Number disintegrations per second (Curie, Becquerel) Exposure (Roentgen, C/kg) Absorbed
Single Photon detectors
Single Photon detectors Outline Motivation for single photon detection Semiconductor; general knowledge and important background Photon detectors: internal and external photoeffect Properties of semiconductor
Specific Accreditation Criteria Calibration ISO/IEC Annex. Ionising radiation measurements
Specific Accreditation Criteria Calibration ISO/IEC 17025 Annex Ionising radiation measurements January 2018 Copyright National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia 2014 This publication is protected
Quartz glow-peaks lifetime analysis : Tl glow-curve deconvolution functions for first order of kinetic compared to Initial Rise Method
1 Quartz glow-peaks lifetime analysis : Tl glow-curve deconvolution functions for first order of kinetic compared to Initial Rise Method A. J. F. RATOVONJANAHARY, R. RABOANARY, RAOELINA ANDRIAMBOLOLONA
One-dimensional thermoluminescence kinetics
Radiation Measurements 33 (2001) 745 749 www.elsevier.com/locate/radmeas One-dimensional thermoluminescence kinetics Arkadiusz Mandowski Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, ul. Armii Krajowej
New perspectives in X-ray detection of concealed illicit materials brought by CdTe/CdZnTe spectrometric detectors
New perspectives in X-ray detection of concealed illicit materials brought by CdTe/CdZnTe spectrometric detectors Jean-Marc Dinten, Jean-Louis Amans, Loïck Verger, Olivier Peyret CEA-LETI, MINATEC, Recherche
EE495/695 Introduction to Semiconductors I. Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV
EE495/695 Introduction to Semiconductors I Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV Introduction Solar cells have always been aligned closely with other electronic devices. We will cover the basic aspects of semiconductor
Supplementary information (SI)
Optical dating in a new light: A direct, non-destructive probe of trapped electrons Amit Kumar Prasad *, Nigel R. J. Poolton,, Myungho Kook, Mayank Jain Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University
Activation Energy of Modified Peak Shape Equations
World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 017, 7, 74-83 http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjnst ISSN Online: 161-6809 ISSN Print: 161-6795 Energy of odified Peak Shape Equations Hugo A. Borbón-Nuñez
Imperfections (Defects)
TLD simplistic Model TLD is an Inorganic Crystal. The added trace impurities (Mg, Ti ) create discrete levels in the band-gap region, and thus play very important role. e Radiation Partially Full Heat
Multiband GaN/AlGaN UV Photodetector
Vol. 110 (2006) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 2 Proceedings of the XXXV International School of Semiconducting Compounds, Jaszowiec 2006 Multiband GaN/AlGaN UV Photodetector K.P. Korona, A. Drabińska, K.
Determination of the boron content in polyethylene samples using the reactor Orphée
Determination of the boron content in polyethylene samples using the reactor Orphée F. Gunsing, A. Menelle CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France O. Aberle European Organization for Nuclear Research
A Measuring System with Recombination Chamber for Photoneutron Dosimetry at Medical Linear Accelerators
A Measuring System with Recombination Chamber for Photoneutron Dosimetry at Medical Linear Accelerators N. Golnik 1, P. Kamiński 1, M. Zielczyński 2 1 Institute of Precision and Biomedical Engineering,
Supporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supporting Information A minimal non-radiative recombination loss for efficient
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS TO PROTONS AT THE IFJ PAN KRAKÓW
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS TO PROTONS AT THE IFJ PAN KRAKÓW P. Bilski, M. Sądel, J. Swakoń, P. Olko (IFJ), Polish Academy of Sciences, Relative response Relative
EXPERIMENTS CHARACTERIZING THE X-RAY EMISSION FROM A SOLID-STATE CATHODE USING A HIGH-CURRENT GLOW DISCHARGE
EXPERIMENTS CHARACTERIZING THE X-RAY EMISSION FROM A SOLID-STATE CATHODE USING A HIGH-CURRENT GLOW DISCHARGE A.B. KARABUT AND S.A. KOLOMEYCHENKO FSUE SIA LUCH 24 Zheleznodorozhnaja Street, Podolsk, Moscow
This article was originally published in a journal published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author s benefit and for the benefit of the author s institution, for non-commercial
THE ACTIVE PERSONNEL DOSIMETER - APFEL ENTERPRISES SUPERHEATED DROP DETECTOR*
SLAC-PUB-5122 Rev March 1991 w THE ACTIVE PERSONNEL DOSIMETER - APFEL ENTERPRISES SUPERHEATED DROP DETECTOR* N. E. Ipe, R. J. Donahue, and D. D. Busick Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University,
The trap states in the Sr 2 MgSi 2 O 7 and (Sr,Ca)MgSi 2 O 7 long afterglow phosphor activated by Eu 2+ and Dy 3+
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 387 (2005) 65 69 The trap states in the Sr 2 MgSi 2 O 7 and (Sr,Ca)MgSi 2 O 7 long afterglow phosphor activated by Eu 2+ and Dy 3+ Bo Liu a,, Chaoshu Shi a,b, Min Yin a,
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS SUMMARY
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS SUMMARY Classification of Materials: Insulator: An insulator is a material that offers a very low level (or negligible) of conductivity when voltage is applied. Eg: Paper,
Characterization of deep defects in CdSyCdTe thin film solar cells using deep level transient spectroscopy
Thin Solid Films 451 452 (2004) 434 438 Characterization of deep defects in CdSyCdTe thin film solar cells using deep level transient spectroscopy a, a b b b J. Versluys *, P. Clauws, P. Nollet, S. Degrave,
Optimization of NSLS-II Blade X-ray Beam Position Monitors: from Photoemission type to Diamond Detector. P. Ilinski
BNL-94868-2013-CP Optimization of NSLS-II Blade X-ray Beam Position Monitors: from Photoemission type to Diamond Detector P. Ilinski Submitted to Journal of Physics: Conference Series March 2013 Photon
Appearance Potential Spectroscopy
Appearance Potential Spectroscopy Submitted by Sajanlal P. R CY06D009 Sreeprasad T. S CY06D008 Dept. of Chemistry IIT MADRAS February 2006 1 Contents Page number 1. Introduction 3 2. Theory of APS 3 3.
Mara Bruzzi INFN and University of Florence, Italy and SCIPP, UC Santa Cruz, USA
SCIPP 06/16 September 2006 Capacitance-Voltage analysis at different temperatures in heavily irradiated silicon detectors Mara Bruzzi INFN and University of Florence, Italy and SCIPP, UC Santa Cruz, USA
Dosimetry. Sanja Dolanski Babić May, 2018.
Dosimetry Sanja Dolanski Babić May, 2018. What s the difference between radiation and radioactivity? Radiation - the process of emitting energy as waves or particles, and the radiated energy Radioactivity
Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 8. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 8 UV to IR Components of Optical Basic components of spectroscopic instruments: stable source of radiant energy transparent container to hold sample device
Chapter Seven (Nuclear Detectors)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Seven (Nuclear Detectors) Ionizing radiation is rarely detected directly. Instead,
An extremity (wrist) dosemeter based on the Landauer InLight TM whole body dosemeter
An extremity (wrist) dosemeter based on the Landauer InLight TM whole body dosemeter Christopher A Perks *a and Stephane Faugoin a a LANDAUER EUROPE, 33 Avenue du General Leclerc, F-92266, Fontenay-aux-Roses
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Information Bismuth Sulfide Nanoflowers for Detection of X-rays in the Mammographic Energy Range Shruti Nambiar a,b, Ernest K. Osei a,c,d, John T.W.Yeow *,a,b a Department of Systems Design
A N Singh, S N Singh & L L Singh
Analysis of thermoluminescence of Li 2 B 4 O 7 :Cu, Ag, P phosphor by simplified General one Trap differential equation A N Singh, S N Singh & L L Singh Indian Journal of Physics ISSN 0973-1458 Volume
Influence of the Mechanical Sample Treatment on the Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission in Aspect of the Application for Sample Dating
Applied Radiation and Isotopes 50 (1999) 673-676 Influence of the Mechanical Sample Treatment on the Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission in Aspect of the Application for Sample Dating Andrzej Zastawny
PHOTOVOLTAICS Fundamentals
PHOTOVOLTAICS Fundamentals PV FUNDAMENTALS Semiconductor basics pn junction Solar cell operation Design of silicon solar cell SEMICONDUCTOR BASICS Allowed energy bands Valence and conduction band Fermi
Temperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis of F 2 + ** and F 2 + **-like color centers in LiF
Journal of Luminescence 91 (2000) 147 153 Temperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis of F 2 + ** and F 2 + **-like color centers in LiF Neil W. Jenkins a, *, Sergey B. Mirov a, Vladimir V. Fedorov b
CHEM*3440. X-Ray Energies. Bremsstrahlung Radiation. X-ray Line Spectra. Chemical Instrumentation. X-Ray Spectroscopy. Topic 13
X-Ray Energies very short wavelength radiation 0.1Å to 10 nm (100 Å) CHEM*3440 Chemical Instrumentation Topic 13 X-Ray Spectroscopy Visible - Ultraviolet (UV) - Vacuum UV (VUV) - Extreme UV (XUV) - Soft
Dosimetry of ionizing radiation
Dosimetry of ionizing radiation Estimated average of annual dose from natural background and man-made sources is 3.6 msv. environmental occupation military nuclear industry medical use Distribution of
Anomalous fading of the TL, Blue-SL and IR-SL signals of fluorapatite
Radiation Measurements 41 2006) 954 960 www.elsevier.com/locate/radmeas Anomalous fading of the TL, Blue-SL and IR-SL signals of fluorapatite N. Tsirliganis a,, G. Polymeris a,b, Z. Loukou a, G. Kitis
Semiconductor-Detectors
Semiconductor-Detectors 1 Motivation ~ 195: Discovery that pn-- junctions can be used to detect particles. Semiconductor detectors used for energy measurements ( Germanium) Since ~ 3 years: Semiconductor
A gas-filled calorimeter for high intensity beam environments
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Physics Procedia 37 (212 ) 364 371 TIPP 211 - Technology and Instrumentation in Particle Physics 211 A gas-filled calorimeter for high intensity beam environments
Comparison of some models for nonlinear "tting analysis of TSC measurements
0 Journal of Electrostatics } (00) } Comparison of some models for nonlinear "tting analysis of TSC measurements ArkadiuszMandowski*, JoH zef SD wiatek Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, ul.
Luminescence. Luminescence / Band theory v2k13oct-nov R. C. Tailor, Asso. Prof. UT, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
References: Luminescence / Band theory v2k13oct-nov R. C. Tailor, Asso. Prof. UT, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center John P. McKelvey, Solid-State & Semiconductor Physics, chapter-8, P-208, Harper & Row Publishers,
Atmospheric pressure Plasma Enhanced CVD for large area deposition of TiO 2-x electron transport layers for PV. Heather M. Yates
Atmospheric pressure Plasma Enhanced CVD for large area deposition of TiO 2-x electron transport layers for PV Heather M. Yates Why the interest? Perovskite solar cells have shown considerable promise
Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy. Chemistry 311: Instrumentation Analysis Topic 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
Topic 2b: X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Text: Chapter 12 Rouessac (1 week) 4.0 X-ray Fluorescence Download, read and understand EPA method 6010C ICP-OES Winter 2009 Page 1 Atomic X-ray Spectrometry Fundamental
RESULTS OF UNDERGROUND DOSE RATES USING TL DETECTORS AND PRELIMINARY TL CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRADIATED SALT ROCK *
Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 63, No. 1, P. 220 225, 2011 RESULTS OF UNDERGROUND DOSE RATES USING TL DETECTORS AND PRELIMINARY TL CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRADIATED SALT ROCK * ANA MARIA APOSTU 2, AL. CHIROSCA
Thermoluminescence (TL) characterization of the perovskite-like KMgF 3, activated by Lu impurity
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 39 (2 004)1601 1607 Thermoluminescence (TL) characterization of the perovskite-like KMgF 3, activated by Lu impurity P. R. GONZÁLEZ Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares,
Keywords: experimental verification; LiF:Mg,Cu,P; lithium fluoride; radial dose distribution
Submitted to Radiation Measurements RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE WITHIN HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLE TRACKS MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION USING LiF:Mg,Cu,P TL DETECTORS W. Gieszczyk a, P. Bilski a, P.
Plasmonic Hot Hole Generation by Interband Transition in Gold-Polyaniline
Supplementary Information Plasmonic Hot Hole Generation by Interband Transition in Gold-Polyaniline Tapan Barman, Amreen A. Hussain, Bikash Sharma, Arup R. Pal* Plasma Nanotech Lab, Physical Sciences Division,
Lecture 7: Extrinsic semiconductors - Fermi level
Lecture 7: Extrinsic semiconductors - Fermi level Contents 1 Dopant materials 1 2 E F in extrinsic semiconductors 5 3 Temperature dependence of carrier concentration 6 3.1 Low temperature regime (T < T
Radiation Detectors. How do we detect ionizing radiation? What are these effects? Types of Ionizing Radiation Detectors
Radiation Detectors 1 How do we detect ionizing radiation? Indirectly, by its effects as it traverses matter? What are these effects? Ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules Heat 2 Types of
hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?
Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important
Probing vacuum ultraviolet energy levels of trivalent gadolinium by two-photon spectroscopy
Journal of Luminescence 102 103 (2003) 211 215 Probing vacuum ultraviolet energy levels of trivalent gadolinium by two-photon spectroscopy P.S. Peijzel a, *, W.J.M. Schrama a, M.F. Reid b, A. Meijerink
ESTIMATION OF 90 SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN THE SHIELDING CALCULATION OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT
Proceedings of the Eleventh EGS4 Users' Meeting in Japan, KEK Proceedings 2003-15, p.107-113 ESTIMATION OF 90 SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN THE SHIELDING CALCULATION OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT K. Noto and
Preliminary measurements of charge collection and DLTS analysis of p + /n junction SiC detectors and simulations of Schottky diodes
Preliminary measurements of charge collection and DLTS analysis of p + /n junction SiC detectors and simulations of Schottky diodes F.Moscatelli, A.Scorzoni, A.Poggi, R.Nipoti DIEI and INFN Perugia and
3.9. Thermoluminescence
3.9. Thermoluminescence Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a technique that is based on the analysis of light release when heating crystalline material. TL-dating is used in mineralogy and geology, but
Radiation Dose, Biology & Risk
ENGG 167 MEDICAL IMAGING Lecture 2: Sept. 27 Radiation Dosimetry & Risk References: The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, Bushberg et al, 2 nd ed. Radiation Detection and Measurement, Knoll, 2 nd Ed.
Charge transfer effects, thermo- and photochromism in single crystal CVD synthetic diamond
Charge transfer effects, thermo- and photochromism in single crystal CVD synthetic diamond R U A Khan 1, P M Martineau 1, B L Cann 2, M E Newton 2 and D. J. Twitchen 3 1 Diamond Trading Company, DTC Research
Gamma and X-Ray Detection
Gamma and X-Ray Detection DETECTOR OVERVIEW The kinds of detectors commonly used can be categorized as: a. Gas-filled Detectors b. Scintillation Detectors c. Semiconductor Detectors The choice of a particular
Intensity / a.u. 2 theta / deg. MAPbI 3. 1:1 MaPbI 3-x. Cl x 3:1. Supplementary figures
Intensity / a.u. Supplementary figures 110 MAPbI 3 1:1 MaPbI 3-x Cl x 3:1 220 330 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 2 theta / deg Supplementary Fig. 1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of MAPbI3 and MAPbI 3-x Cl
Chapter 3 The InAs-Based nbn Photodetector and Dark Current
68 Chapter 3 The InAs-Based nbn Photodetector and Dark Current The InAs-based nbn photodetector, which possesses a design that suppresses surface leakage current, is compared with both a commercially available
GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY
GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 1 In this experiment you will use a sodium iodide (NaI) detector along with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) to measure gamma ray energies from energy level transitions
Radiation Detection and Measurement
Radiation Detection and Measurement June 2008 Tom Lewellen Tkldog@u.washington.edu Types of radiation relevant to Nuclear Medicine Particle Symbol Mass (MeV/c 2 ) Charge Electron e-,! - 0.511-1 Positron
Classical and Planck picture. Planck s constant. Question. Quantum explanation for the Wein Effect.
6.1 Quantum Physics. Particle Nature of Light Particle nature of Light Blackbody Radiation Photoelectric Effect Properties of photons Ionizing radiation Radiation damage x-rays Compton effect X-ray diffraction
Correction of the electric resistivity distribution of Si wafers using selective neutron transmutation doping (SNTD) in MARIA nuclear research reactor
NUKLEONIKA 2012;57(3):363 367 ORIGINAL PAPER Correction of the electric resistivity distribution of Si wafers using selective neutron transmutation doping (SNTD) in MARIA nuclear research reactor Mikołaj
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 359 (2015) 89 98 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
PUBLISHED VERSION.
PUBLISHED VERSION Kalnins, Christopher Andris Gregory; Spooner, Nigel Antony; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Heike; Monro, Tanya Mary Luminescent properties of fluoride phosphate glass for radiation dosimetry Optical
Because light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE J2 H1 Physics (2011) 1 Light of wavelength 436 nm is used to illuminate the surface of a piece of clean sodium metal in vacuum.
JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE J2 H1 Physics (2011) Tutorial: Quantum Physics 1 Light of wavelength 436 nm is used to illuminate the surface of a piece of clean sodium metal in vacuum. Calculate the energy of a
Electrons are shared in covalent bonds between atoms of Si. A bound electron has the lowest energy state.
Photovoltaics Basic Steps the generation of light-generated carriers; the collection of the light-generated carriers to generate a current; the generation of a large voltage across the solar cell; and
Investigation of pulse shapes and time constants for NaI scintillation pulses produced by low energy electrons from beta decay
11 November 1999 Ž. Physics Letters B 467 1999 132 136 Investigation of pulse shapes and time constants for NaI scintillation pulses produced by low energy electrons from beta decay N.J.T. Smith a, P.F.
Platinum resistance. also wirewound versions. eg
Platinum resistance Platinum resistance Very stable and reproducible, wide T range (~ -200 C to 1000 C) T coefficient ~ +0.4%/ C Bulky and expensive for some applications (~ 2-3) need wires (R) or local
New experimental evidence for the role of long- range potential fluctuations in the mechanism of 1/f noise in a-si:h
New experimental evidence for the role of long- range potential fluctuations in the mechanism of 1/f noise in a-si:h J.P.R. Bakker 1, P.J.S. van Capel 1, B.V. Fine 2,3, and J.I. Dijkhuis 1 1 Debye Institute
Photon Energy Dependence of Contrast in Photoelectron Emission Microscopy of Si Devices
Photon Energy Dependence of Contrast in Photoelectron Emission Microscopy of Si Devices V. W. Ballarotto, K. Siegrist, R. J. Phaneuf, and E. D. Williams University of Maryland and Laboratory for Physical
Metal Deposition. Filament Evaporation E-beam Evaporation Sputter Deposition
Metal Deposition Filament Evaporation E-beam Evaporation Sputter Deposition 1 Filament evaporation metals are raised to their melting point by resistive heating under vacuum metal pellets are placed on
CCD readout of GEM-based neutron detectors
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 478 (2002) 357 361 CCD readout of GEM-based neutron detectors F.A.F. Fraga a, *, L.M.S. Margato a, S.T.G. Fetal a, M.M.F.R. Fraga a, R. Ferreira Marques
Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 19 Chapter 12 There are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry X-ray Techniques include: