Each curriculum has a number of aspects/ outcomes which are then broken down into stages, indicated by colour:

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2 Welcome This booklet provides you with The Mastery Pathway content for the science curriculum. Please note that we recommend that you read the introductory booklet which explains the programme before reviewing this. This document is supported by a number of resources such as sample schemes of work, available to download from The Mastery Pathway resource area. Similar resources are available for maths and English Each curriculum has a number of aspects/ outcomes which are then broken down into stages, indicated by colour: Launch Breakthrough Elementary Intermediate Advanced The supporting resources provide information and advice about getting started with The Mastery Pathway. We have made these freely available following our award of DfE Innovation Funding. However, if you would like to speak to us about our costed support packages you can us on mastery.pathway@trinityacademyhalifax.org or telephone If you would like to further information please visit The Mastery Pathway section at 2

3 Elementary Elementary 1 E1.1 The functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and E1.3 The properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model. E1.9 Forces measured in newtons, measurements of stretch or compression as force is changed. chloroplasts. Recall that force is measured in N State functions of parts of plant and animal cells. (Specifically: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplasts) Label the parts of an animal cell and a plant cell (Specifically: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplasts). E1.2 Cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope. Label the parts of a microscope Set up and focus a microscope at all three magnifications (x2, x10 & x20) Prepare a microscope slide. E1.4 The differences in arrangements, in motion and in closeness of particles. Classify substances as solid liquids or gases Draw diagrams of the particle model and use it to explain properties. E1.5 Similarities and differences between solids, liquids and gases. E1.6 Changes of state in terms of the particle model. Use key words to describe the changes of state. E1.7 A simple (Dalton) atomic model. Model atoms as spheres that make up matter. E1.8 Atoms and molecules as particles. Recall that molecules are one or more atoms joined together Understand that the term particle refers to an atom or molecule. Use a force meter to measure stretching force as a spring changes length. E1.10 Forces: associated with deforming objects; stretching and squashing springs; with rubbing and friction between surfaces, with pushing things out of the way; resistance to motion of air and water. Identify frictional forces (air resistance and water resistance) and where they act Identify objects with high and low air/water resistance. E1.11 Forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction between two objects. Identify pushes and pulls (including stretching, squashing). Can fill variable values into a table Be able to describe what you have seen Use positive and negative numbers Be able to round whole numbers. 3

4 Elementary Elementary 2 E2.1 The similarities and differences between plant and E2.5 Differences between atoms, elements and E2.11 Magnetic poles, attraction and repulsion. animal cells. compounds. Label the poles of a magnet Draw two bar magnets to show when they Identify the similarities and differences between E2.6 The concept of a pure substance. attract plant and animal cells Draw two bar magnets to show when they repel. Identify different examples of specialised cells (Red Blood Cell, Nerve Cell, Root Hair Cell, Leaf Cell, Sperm Cell and Egg Cell). E2.2 The hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms. Organise the hierarchy of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms Give examples and know the position of organs and organ systems. Including: Digestive System (Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestine, Liver, Pancreas), Respiratory and Circulatory System (Lungs and Heart) and Male and Female Reproductive System E2.3 The structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, movement and making blood cells Describe the function of the human skeleton (to include: support, protection, movement and making blood cells.) List the different types of skeletal joint Label the bones present either side of the Knee and Elbow Joint. E2.7 Mixtures, including dissolving. E2.8 The varying physical and chemical (E3) properties of different elements (and I1, A4). E2.9 Chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds (and E3, A2). Define the terms atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures Use particle diagrams and formula to classify atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures Understand that compounds may have different properties to their constituent elements Identify elements using symbols from the periodic table Deduce the number of elements from a given compound. E2.10 Simple techniques for separating mixtures: filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography. Describe the separation techniques above Carry out filtration, evaporation and chromatography Identify which separation technique is required for a given mixture. E2.12 Magnetic fields by plotting with compass, representation by field lines. Draw a bar magnet and its magnetic field lines Use a plotting compass to show the direction of a magnetic field Describe that the magnetic field lines show the area that the magnetic force acts Describe why the magnetic poles have the strongest magnetic force. E2.13 Earth s magnetism, compass and navigation. Draw a diagram to show the shape and direction of Earth s magnetic field Recall that a compass always points north. Use and round decimal numbers Be able to construct table of results Include appropriate units when giving results Identify obvious risks. Ask simple questions to help me understand observations Suggest what might happen Select and use equipment for a task. E2.4 The function of muscles and examples of antagonistic muscles. Describe the function of muscles Give two examples of antagonistic muscles. 4

5 Elementary Elementary 3 E3.1 Reproduction in humans (as an example of a mammal), including the structure and function of the E3.2 The ph scale for measuring acidity/alkalinity; and indicators. E3.4 Our Sun as a star, other stars in our galaxy, other galaxies. male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle Recall examples of acids and alkalis Identify the sun as a star (without details of hormones), gametes, fertilisation, Use litmus paper to determine whether or not a Identify the names of other stars in our galaxy substance is acidic, alkaline or neutral gestation and birth, to include the effect of maternal Identify other galaxies. Use universal indicator to determine the ph of lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta.(i2) substances and their strength. E3.5 The light year as a unit of astronomical distance. Label the parts of the male and female reproductive systems Describe the functions of the different parts of the male and female reproductive system State how sperm and egg cells are adapted to their function Describe the menstrual cycle Describe the process of fertilisation in humans Describe the process of gestation and birth. E3.3 Defining acids and alkalis in terms of neutralisation reactions. Recall the general word equation: acid + alkali -- > salt + water Recall that the reaction between an acid and an alkali is called neutralisation Recall that water is always produced in neutralisation reactions. Recall that a light year is a distance and not a time Define a light year as the distance light travels in one year. E3.6 Non-contact forces: gravity forces acting at a distance on Earth and in space, forces between magnets and forces due to static electricity. (I2) E3.7 Using force arrows in diagrams, adding forces in one dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces. (I1) Draw arrows to show gravity acting on an object on the Earth Draw arrows to show gravity acting on an object in space Draw field lines between two magnets. Include columns for calculations in tables including averages Decide if results data matches a prediction Convert units for the same variable to scale up or down Explain reasoning for a prediction Select appropriate variables to test. 5

6 Elementary Elementary 4 E4.1 Content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates, E4.5 The structure of the Earth. E4.13 Frequencies of sound waves, measured in hertz lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, Label a diagram describing the mantle, (Hz); echoes, reflection and absorption of sound. dietary fibre and water, and why each is needed. inner/outer core, mantle and crust. Identify the frequency of low pitched sound and high pitched sound State the 7 different nutrient groups (carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water) Describe why each nutrient group is needed. E4.2 The interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops. (A4) Draw a food chain (from Producer to Secondary Consumer) Identify the meaning of the terms: Producer, Consumer, Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore, Predator and Prey Draw a pyramid of number Identify an individual food chain from a food web. E4.3 Differences between species. Identify differences between species. E4.4 The variation between individuals within a species being continuous or (A2) discontinuous, to include measurement and graphical representation of variation. Display discrete data on a bar chart using the example of blood groups, eye colour, ear lobes etc. Sample a class for variation (EG: Shoe Size, Lobed ears, Height, Tongue Rolling). E4.6 The composition of the Earth. Recall the composition of substances in the Earth s crust and on the Earth s surface Understand that the Earth is a source of many materials. E4.7 The rock cycle and the formation of (I4) Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Identify and give examples of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks from their properties. E4.8 The Periodic Table: periods and groups; metals and non-metals. Classify elements based on their location in the periodic table. E4.9 Chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds (A2). Recall the chemical symbol for some common elements. E4.10 The properties of metals and non-metals. Describe the properties of metals and nonmetals Classify metals and non-metals based on their properties, including the test for carbon dioxide and oxygen. E4.11 The varying physical and (I1) chemical properties of different elements (and A4). E4.12 Properties of ceramics, polymers and composites (qualitative). Describe uses of the above with reference to their properties. Recall that frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) Describe how an echo is formed Use a buzzer to investigate the effects of different materials on sound absorption. E4.14 Sound needs a medium to travel, the speed of sound in air, in water, in solids. E4.15 Sound produced by vibrations of objects, in loud speakers, detected by their effects on microphone diaphragm and the ear drum; sound waves are longitudinal (A2). Describe how sound travels Explain why sound travels at different speeds in solids, liquids and gases Label a picture of the inner ear Describe the role of the ear drum Compare the ear to a microphone. E4.16 Auditory range of humans and animals. Compare the auditory range of a human and an animal. E4.17 Light waves travelling through a vacuum; speed of light. Recall that all colours of light travel at the same speed Recall that light can travel through a vacuum. E4.18 The transmission of light through materials: absorption, diffuse scattering and specular reflection at a surface. Define the words opaque, translucent and transparent Draw a ray diagram to show how we see an object Use a ray box and mirror to find out what happens to light when it hits the mirror. Calculate an average Identify continuous and discontinuous data Calculate range values Show results in a bar chart Describe patterns in data and tables Describe a trend on a graph or chart Suggest a reason for patterns in data Look for other possible conclusions that may be drawn from data Use conflicting evidence appropriately Recall that scientific explanations are used to explain observations and are tested by collecting data/evidence. Plan to control risks in an investigation. Justify selection of equipment. 6

7 Intermediate Intermediate 1 I1.1 The tissues and organs of the human digestive system; including adaptations to function and how the I1.4 Changes with temperature in motion and spacing of particles. I1.12 Forces being needed to cause objects to stop or start moving, or to change their speed or direction of digestive system digests food (enzymes simply as Use the particle model to show the expansion motion (qualitative only). biological catalysts) (A1). and contraction of states of matter at different Draw the driving force and frictional forces on temperatures. objects travelling horizontally and vertically Name and label the organs of the digestive system (mouth, oesophagus, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus) Describe the function of each organ (mouth, oesophagus, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus) Describe enzymes as molecules that break down large molecules into smaller molecules during digestion. I1.2 The structure and functions of the gas exchange system in humans; including adaptations to function (A1). Name and label the organs of the respiratory system (mouth, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, ribs, intercostal muscles, alveoli, capillary network, diaphragm) Describe the function of the organs of the respiratory system (mouth, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, ribs, intercostal muscles, alveoli, capillary network, diaphragm). I1.3 The mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs, using a pressure model to explain the movement of gases, including simple measurements of lung volume (A3). Describe the mechanical process of breathing (diaphragm and rib cage movement only). I1.5 Conservation of material and of mass, and reversibility, in melting, freezing, evaporation, sublimation, condensation, dissolving. Define a physical change Provide examples of physical changes Explain in terms of particles why mass is conserved. I1.6 The varying physical and chemical (E3) properties of different elements (and I1, A4). I1.7 Energy changes on changes of state (qualitative). Define melting and boiling point Plot cooling/heating curves and use them to determine melting/boiling points Describe whether energy is required or supplied for a given change of state. I1.8 Brownian motion in gases. Describe the motion of gas particles as random speed and direction. I1.9 The properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model (E1) including gas pressure. Understand gas pressure as the concept of gas particles colliding with and exerting a force on a surface. Il.10 Diffusion in terms of the particle model. Describe diffusion as a spreading out of particles due to Brownian motion. I1.11 Diffusion in liquids and gases driven by differences in concentration. Explain diffusion as the spreading of particles from areas of high to low concentration. Describe the effect of unbalanced forces acting on an object Describe the effect of balanced forces acting on an object. I1.13 Change depending on direction of force and its size. Describe what happens to the speed of an object with a small force applied and with a large force applied. I1.14 Opposing forces and equilibrium: weight held by stretched spring or supported on a compressed surface. Draw the forces acting on a mass attached to a spring Explain what provides the forces (gravity, tension in spring). I1.15 Using force arrows in diagrams (E3), adding forces in one dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces. Calculate the resultant force for unbalanced and balanced forces. I1.16 Gravity force, weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g), on Earth g=10 N/kg, different on other planets and stars; gravity forces between Earth and Moon, and between Earth and Sun (qualitative only). Calculate the weight of masses of different objects using W = mg Describe why there is a difference in gravitational field strength on different planets Calculate the weight of the masses on different planets & describe why the earth orbits the sun Describe why the moon orbits the earth. I1.17 The seasons and the Earth s tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres. Explain how the Earth s tilt causes seasons Draw a diagram of the Earth orbiting the Sun and the position of the terminator in different seasons Describe why the length of day changes at different times of the year Describe why the length of day changes in different hemispheres. Analyse data using error bars on a graph Combine primary and secondary data in the same table Draw a line of best fit and calculate Compare two or more sets of data to highlight similarities Describe limitations in methods and how they lead to inconsistencies in data Recognise that some scientific questions do not yet have definitive answers. Select precision equipment and use it appropriately to ensure accuracy. 7

8 Intermediate Intermediate 2 I2.1 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms, including the breakdown of organic molecules to enable all the other chemical processes necessary for life (I3). Describe the process of aerobic respiration Describe the process of anaerobic respiration. I2.2 The process of anaerobic respiration in humans and micro-organisms, including fermentation (I4) and a word summary for anaerobic respiration. Construct a word equation for anaerobic respiration. I2.3 A word summary for aerobic respiration. Construct the word equation for aerobic respiration. I2.4 The differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of the reactants, the products formed and the implications for the organism. Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of reactants and products Recall that anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid build up which causes pain and fatigue. I2.5 The reactants in, and products of, photosynthesis, and a word summary for photosynthesis. Name the reactants and products in photosynthesis Construct a word equation to represent photosynthesis. I2.6 The effects of recreational drugs (including substance misuse) on behaviour, health and life processes. Describe the effects of nicotine, alcohol, ecstasy, cocaine & cannabis on behaviour Describe the effects of nicotine, alcohol, ecstasy, cocaine & cannabis on the body. I2.7 reproduction in humans (as an example of a mammal), including the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle (without details of hormones), gametes, fertilisation, gestation and birth,(e3) Include the effect of maternal lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta. I2.8 The difference between chemical and physical changes. Recall the key differences between chemical and physical changes Classify changes as either chemical or physical Identify the signs of a chemical reaction. I2.9 Chemical reactions as the rearrangement of atoms Use models to show that the atoms in reactants and products are arranged in different ways. I2.10 What catalysts do (and A1). Recall that a catalyst speeds up a reaction. I2.11 Representing chemical reactions using formulae and (A2) using word equations. Identify the reactants and products in a word equation Construct word equations given a description of a reaction. I2.12 Combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation and displacement (A4) reactions. Describe thermal decomposition as the breaking down of a substance into two or more substances using heat Describe oxidation as the reaction of metals or non-metals with oxygen Describe combustion as the burning of a fuel in the presence of oxygen to release heat energy Describe a fuel as a substance that is burned in oxygen to release energy Construct word and balance given simple symbol equations for complete combustion, thermal decomposition and oxidation reactions, and carry them out. I2.13 Other processes that involve energy transfer, changing motion (I4), dropping an object (I4), completing an electrical circuit, stretching a spring (A4), metabolism of food (I3), burning fuels (A1). State the energy transfers that occur when a circuit is complete. I2.14 Electric current, measured in amperes, in circuits, series and parallel circuits, currents add where branches meet and current as flow of charge. Know that current is measured in Amps (A) Describe what an electrical current is Draw and make a two bulb series circuit Draw and make a two bulb parallel circuit Describe how current flows in a two bulb series circuit Describe how current flows in a two bulb parallel circuit. I2.15 Potential difference, measured in volts, battery and bulb ratings; resistance, measured in ohms, as the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current. (A4) Know that voltage is measured in Volts (V) Measure voltage across a number of components in a complete circuit. I2.16 Separation of positive or negative charges when objects are rubbed together: transfer of electrons, forces between charged objects. The idea of electric field, forces acting across the space between objects not in contact. I2.17 Non-contact forces: gravity forces acting at a distance on Earth and in space, forces between magnets and (E3) forces due to static electricity. Identify materials that are insulators (using current not resistance) Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when a rod and a duster are rubbed together Draw the electric field around a point charge (electron) Carry out an investigation to discover how charged objects affect each other. Analyse data using error bars on a graph Combine primary and secondary data in the same table Draw a line of best fit and calculate Compare two or more sets of data to highlight similarities Describe limitations in methods and how they lead to inconsistencies in data Recognise that some scientific questions do not yet have definitive answers. Select precision equipment and use it appropriately to ensure accuracy. 8

9 Intermediate 3 I3.1 The consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases. Describe the issues associated with obesity - arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer Describe the issues associated with starvation anorexia & bulimia Describe the issues associated with deficiency Scurvy, Kwashiorkor & Brittle bones. I3.2 Calculations of energy requirements in a healthy daily diet. Calculate energy requirements from given data. I3.3 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms (I2), including the breakdown of organic molecules to enable all the other chemical processes necessary for life. Make links between glucose (Food groups - E2) digestion (I1) and respiration. I3.4 Reproduction in plants, including flower structure, wind and insect pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation and dispersal, including quantitative investigation of some dispersal mechanisms. Compare the difference between wind and insect pollinated plants Describe the process of insect pollination Describe the process of fertilisation in plants Describe seed and fruit formation and dispersal Collect data on the dispersal mechanisms of different plants. I3.5 Reactions of acids with metals to produce a salt plus hydrogen. Recall that hydrogen is made when a metal reacts with an acid Carry out the test for hydrogen Construct word equations for the reactions of metals with acids Recognise that not all metals react with acids. I3.6 Reactions of acids with alkalis to produce a salt plus water. Name the product salts given the reactants Construct word equations for the reactions of acids with alkalis. I3.7 The chemical properties of metal and non-metal (A1) oxides with respect to acidity. Define the term base as a substance that reacts with acids Describe an alkali as a base that is soluble in water Recall that metal oxides are bases Construct word equations for the reactions of metal oxides with acids. I3.8 Exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions (qualitative). Define exothermic and endothermic reactions as those which absorb or release energy Record the temperature changes of neutralisation reactions and classify them as endothermic or exothermic. I3.9 Comparing energy values of different foods (from labels) (kj). Collect three food labels and recognise which provides the most energy. I3.10 Comparing power ratings of appliances in watts (W, kw). Describe the difference between a Watt and a kilowatt State reasons why different appliances have different power ratings e.g. heater compared to a television. I3.11 Comparing amounts of energy transferred (J, kj, kw hour). Describe the difference between a Joule and a kilojoule State that a kwh is a unit of energy Calculate the number of Joules in a kwh. I3.12 Domestic fuel bills, fuel use and costs. State why fuel bills are given in kwh and not Joules Calculate the amount of energy used using a fuel bill Calculate the cost of the energy used from a fuel bill. I3.13 Fuels and energy resources. State the different types of fuels used in the home Describe different ways of harnessing energy e.g. solar panels, wind turbines and burning fossil fuels. I3.14 Energy as a quantity that can be quantified and calculated; the total energy has the same value before and after a change. State the law of conservation of energy Draw a simple Sankey diagram for any appliance to demonstrate the law of conservation of energy. Understand that zero is not the starting point on all graphs Explain how improvements could lead to an a more reliable and accurate conclusion Critically evaluate conclusions drawn by others Explain how valid results are in terms of reliability and accuracy Define the terms accuracy and precision Define the terms repeatability and reproducibility Construct a detailed risk assessment for an experimental procedure Explain predictions using scientific models Recognise that some variables cannot be easily controlled Measure an appropriate range and quantity of data Use primary and secondary data to form a conclusion Describe a relationship between two or more sets of data. 9

10 Intermediate Intermediate 4 I4.1 The dependence of almost all life on Earth on the ability of photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and I4.6 The rock cycle and the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (and E3). I4.7 speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time (speed = distance algae, to use sunlight in photosynthesis to build organic Describe the process of chemical weathering time). molecules that are an essential energy store and to and physical weathering Use the equation to calculate the speed of maintain levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Describe the process of sedimentation various object atmosphere. Explain why fossils are found in sedimentary Describe the definition of average speed. I4.2 Plants making carbohydrates in their leaves by photosynthesis and gaining mineral nutrients and water from the soil via their roots. Explain how a plants (including algae) use the products of photosynthesis Explain how the gases involved in photosynthesis affect today s atmosphere Explain how you would show that starch is one of the organic molecules used as an essential energy store (test for starch in a leaf) State how root hair cells are adapted to their function Describe how minerals are absorbed, to include; dissolved in solution, by the root hairs and from the soil. I4.3 The process of anaerobic respiration in humans (I2) and micro-organisms, including fermentation and a word summary for anaerobic respiration (I2). Explain how microorganisms can be useful to humans (bread making, brewing). rocks Describe the process of metamorphic rock formation Describe the process of igneous rock formation Explain why fossils are not usually found in metamorphic or igneous rocks. I4.8 the representation of a journey on a distance-time graph. Draw and label a distance-time graph showing: I4.9 Constant speed. I4.10 Stationary. I4.11 Relative motion: trains and cars passing one another. Calculate the approach speed of trains and cars Heading towards each other Travelling in the same direction e.g. on a motorway. I4.12 Other processes that involve energy transfer: changing motion, dropping an object completing an electrical circuit (I2), stretching a spring (A4), metabolism of food (I3), burning fuels (A1). Describe the energy changes in the three main stages of a swinging pendulum. Write units in standard form Use a calculator efficiently to perform complex calculations Make further predictions based upon results Suggest a well thought out strategy to take an investigation further Calculate results using formulas Explain the importance of accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility in providing evidence to support hypotheses Use relevant evidence to support/refute an argument Explain how scientists collaborate to support/refute scientific theories and evidence Modify equipment or techniques to minimise error. I4.4 The role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells (link to diffusion done in Chemistry I1). Explain how oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and other waste products move into and out of cells by diffusion. I4.5 The impact of exercise, asthma and smoking on the human gas exchange system. Explain the effect of exercise on breathing and pulse rate (make links with circulatory system E2) State how red blood cells and ciliated epithelial cells are adapted to their function Describe the adverse effect of asthma on the gas exchange system Explain the effect of smoking on the cilia. 10

11 Advanced Advanced 1 A1.1 The tissues and organs of the human digestive A1.6 The composition of the atmosphere. A1.12 Heating and thermal equilibrium: temperature system (I1), including adaptations to function and how Recall the percentages of nitrogen, oxygen, difference between two objects leading to energy the digestive system digests food (enzymes simply as biological catalyst). carbon dioxide and argon in the atmosphere. transfer from the hotter to the cooler one, through contact (conduction) or radiation; such transfers tending Describe mechanical digestion including A1.7 The production of carbon dioxide by human to reduce the temperature difference: use of insulators. mastication and peristalsis Describe chemical digestion including the specific enzymes for each food group Adaptations of the villi in the intestine and function of bile. A1.2 The structure and functions of the gas exchange system in humans (I1), including adaptations to function. Describe adaptations of alveoli and capillary network. A1.3 How organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment, including the accumulation of toxic materials. Describe the term bioaccumulation using the example of DDT or mercury Explain the effects of bioaccumulation in food chains and webs. A1.4 The importance of bacteria in the human digestive system. Explain the function of bacteria in the human digestive system. A1.5 The structural adaptations of some unicellular organisms. Label the structure of a bacteria cell and explain the functions of Flagella, Plasmids, Circular DNA, Cell wall, Slime layer. activity and the impact on climate. Identify the processes that influence the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Describe the impact of these changes on global temperatures and sea levels. A1.8 The chemical properties of metal and (I3) nonmetal oxides with respect to acidity. Recall that sulphur dioxide is also produced when fossil fuels are burned due to the presence of sulphur impurities Describe how the temperature of car engines results in the production of nitrogen oxides Identify the acids produced when non-metal oxides dissolve in rain water Describe the long term environmental impact of acid rain. A1.9 What catalysts do (and I2). Describe how the conditions in a car engine can lead to the production of carbon monoxide in addition to oxides of nitrogen Explain how catalytic converters work, using the word and symbol equations: nitrogen oxides + carbon monoxide --> carbon dioxide + nitrogen Understand that carbon dioxide and nitrogen have less of an impact on human health than oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. A1.10 Earth as a source of limited resources and the efficacy of recycling. Define and give examples of renewable and non-renewable resources Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of recycling. A1.13 Using physical processes and mechanisms, rather than energy, to explain the intermediate steps that bring about such changes. Describe what happens in terms of heat transfer when objects of different temperatures are put together Explain the process of conduction using ideas about particles Explain the process of radiation Investigate how different materials affect the movement of heat (standard insulation experiment). A1.14 Comparing the starting with the final conditions of a system and describing increases and decreases in the amounts of energy associated with movements, temperatures, changes in positions in a field (GCSE), in elastic distortions (A3) and in chemical compositions. When cooking, describe the energy changes to: A1.15 The burning fuel. A1.16 The oven. A1.17 The food. Explain how a scientific idea has changed as new evidence has been found Develop higher order questions to explore observations using scientific knowledge and understanding Identify limitations of equipment (precision) Justify my data collection method Explain how the exclusion or acceptance of data can lead to different conclusions. A1.11 The carbon cycle. Explain how combustion, respiration and photosynthesis influence the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 11

12 Advanced Advanced 2 A2.1 A simple model of chromosomes, genes and DNA in heredity, including the part played by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin in the development of the DNA model. A2.6 Conservation of mass changes of state and chemical reactions. A2.10 The similarities and differences between light waves and waves in matter. Define the terms chromosome, gene and DNA Use a model to describe the structure of DNA including double helix shape, backbone and 4 complementary bases Explain the development of the DNA model including work by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. A2.2 Heredity as the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next. Define the term heredity Use a punnet square to show how characteristics are inherited. A2.3 The variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous, (E4) to include measurement and graphical representation of variation. Give examples of continuous variation within humans Show on a graph a bell curve (normal distribution curve) using the example of height etc. A2.4 The variation between species and between individuals of the same species means some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection. Describe some animal adaptations driven by natural selection. EG: Finches Beaks/ Cichlid Fish) Explain how some individuals within a species are better adapted to an environment (peppered moth) Explain in full Darwin s theory of natural selection. A2.5 Changes in the environment may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction. Describe how organisms become endangered or extinct. Using combustion and thermal decomposition as examples show that the number of atoms in reactant and product are equal. A2.7 Chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds. Recall the chemical formulae for simple acids, bases and salts Given the chemical formulae, construct a balanced symbol equation for a reaction. A2.8 Chemical reactions as the rearrangement of atoms. Use balanced symbol equations to show that the atoms in reactants and products are arranged in different ways. A2.9 Internal energy stored in materials (and A3). Describe how energy is released when making bonds and absorbed to break bonds Explain endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of bond making and bond breaking with the aid of an energy profile diagram. A2.11 Sound produced by vibrations of objects, in loud speakers, detected by their effects on microphone diaphragm and the ear drum (E4); sound waves are longitudinal. Draw a table to compare sound and light waves. A2.12 Waves on water as undulations which travel through water with transverse motion; these waves can be reflected, and add or cancel superposition. Describe how a water wave affect objects floating on the surface Use a ripple tank to show how waves can be reflected Draw two simple waves and show mathematically how their amplitudes can be summed to produce one wave. A2.13 Use of ray model to explain imaging in mirrors, the pinhole camera, the refraction of light and action of convex lens in focusing (qualitative); the human eye. Use a ray box and a double slit to show how reflected waves can be constructed to produce an image Construct a simple pinhole camera from card to produce an image on a screen Draw a simple diagram to show how the light forms an image Show the path of light using a Perspex block Describe how a convex lens affects the path of light Label the human eye. A2.14 Colours and the different frequencies of light, white light and prisms (qualitative only); differential colour effects in absorption and diffuse reflection. State that different colours of light has different frequencies Use a prism to disperse white light Describe how a coloured filter works Explain why objects look a certain colour. Generate hypothesis to test 12

13 Advanced Advanced 3 A3.1 The adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis. A3.4 The differences in arrangements, in motion and in A3.7 Moment as the turning effect of a force. Label the cross section of a leaf closeness of particles (E1) explaining changes of state, Define a moment State how palisade cells are adapted to their function shape and density (and I3), the anomaly of ice-water transition. Calculate the moment of a force. Give the functions of each section of the leaf (related to photosynthesis). Explain using particle diagrams, the how the difference in the arrangement of the particles A3.8 Force-extension linear relation; Hooke s Law as a special case. A3.2 The role of leaf stomata in gas exchange in plants. Draw and label stomata and guard cells Describe the terms turgid and flaccid and how the stomata open and close Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of a leaf through the stomata (diffusion). A3.3 The importance of maintaining biodiversity and the use of gene banks to preserve hereditary material. Define biodiversity Explain factors that decrease biodiversity. Describe how a gene bank works giving examples of organism Explain how a hereditary material in gene banks can preserve biodiversity within a population. affects the shape and density of s, l and g Describe how ice is unusual, in terms of density, compared with other solids. A3.5 The determination of purity identification of pure substances. Use boiling point/range and melting point/range data to determine the purity of a substance Carry out an investigation into how varying salt concentrations changes the boiling point of water Interpret chromatography results and use them to describe the purity of a substance. A3.6 Internal Energy stored in materials (and A2). Describe in terms of particles, the effect of temperature on internal energy. A3.9 Other processes that involve energy transfer: changing motion (I4), dropping an object (I4), completing an electrical circuit (I2), stretching a spring, metabolism of food (I3), burning fuels (A1). Use a spring to investigate how extension is affected by force applied Calculate the spring constant from the gradient of the graph of their results. A3.10 Comparing the starting with the final conditions of a system and describing increases and decreases in the amounts of energy associated with movements, temperatures, changes in positions in a field, in elastic distortions and in chemical compositions. A3.11 Pressure measured by ratio of force over area acting normal to any surface. Define pressure Calculate pressure. Use an equation triangle to formulate an equation Carry out statistical calculations on data (E.g. standard deviation). A3.12 Atmospheric pressure, decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height. Describe what is meant by atmospheric pressure Explain the differences in pressure at different altitudes. A3.13 Pressure in liquids, increasing with depth; upthrust effects, floating and sinking. Describe how pressure is formed in liquids Explain the differences in pressure at different depths Explain how pressure causes upthrust Explain the conditions satisfied by objects that float and objects that sink. 13

14 Advanced Advanced 4 A4.1 Biomechanics the interaction between skeleton and muscles, including the measurement of force A4.5 The principles underpinning the Mendeleev Periodic Table. A4.12 Simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement (and vice versa): product exerted by different muscles. Describe how Mendeleev ordered the elements of force and displacement unchanged. Describe how skeletal movement occurs in Draw links between position of elements and Describe a force and distance multiplier relation to muscle contractions Explain that bigger muscles groups give larger contractions thus exerting larger forces. Give examples of these Evaluate data on muscle force exertion by different muscle groups. Compare large muscle groups to individual muscles. (EG: Bicep versus Tricep using Force Metres). A4.2 The mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs, (I1) using a pressure model to explain the movement of gases, including simple measurements of lung volume. Explain inhalation and exhalation in terms of changes in pressure Measure tidal volume using spirometer. A4.3 The interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and (E4) insect pollinated crops. Explain the effect of populations changes within a food web including the reliance on insect pollination Explain, with examples, parasitism and mutualism. A4.4 The importance of plant reproduction through insect pollination in human food security. Explain links between the growing population and the amount of crop produced through insect pollination. their atomic number/atomic mass Explain how Mendeleev predicted where unknown elements would be on the table. A4.6 How patterns in reactions can be predicted with reference to the Periodic Table. Describe the trend in reactivity of the alkali metals Use the periodic table to predict the reactivity of a metal. A4.7 The order of metals and carbon in the reactivity series. A4.8 Combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation and (I2) displacement reactions. Carry out metal displacement reactions to order metals and carbon in a reactivity series Construct word and balance symbol equations for the reactions. A4.9 The use of carbon in obtaining metals from metal oxides. Explain the reduction of metal ores by carbon to extract metals Carry out the thermal decomposition of copper carbonate Construct word and balanced symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of copper carbonate and reduction of the resulting copper oxide. A4.10 Combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation and (I2) displacement reactions. Observe the displacement reactions of the halogens, using the findings to predict products and the reactivity of the Group 7 elements A4.11 The varying physical and chemical properties of different elements. Explain how the chemical and physical properties of metals and non-metals can be predicted by their position in the periodic table. Describe how a hydraulic piston works. A4.13 The magnetic effect of a current, electromagnets, D.C. motors (principles only). Using iron fillings plot the magnetic field around a current carrying wire Make and use an electromagnet Describe how to make an electromagnet stronger Make a DC motor and describe how it works. A4.14 Light transferring energy from source to absorber leading to chemical and electrical effects; photosensitive material in the retina and in cameras. A4.15 Potential difference, measured in volts, (I2) battery and bulb ratings; resistance, measured in ohms, as the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current. Investigate the action of a LDR in different light intensities Describe what happened when light hits the photosensitive materials in an LDR, the retina and a camera. A4.16 Pressure waves transferring energy; use for cleaning and physiotherapy by ultra-sound; waves transferring information for conversion to electrical signals by microphone. Explain how ultrasound can be used to clean jewellery Explain how ultrasound is used to destroy kidney stones Explain how a microphone works. 14

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