Hongda Wang Guohui Li Editors. Membrane Biophysics. New Insights and Methods

Transcription

1 Membrane Biophysics

2 Hongda Wang Guohui Li Editors Membrane Biophysics New Insights and Methods 123

3 Editors Hongda Wang Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Guohui Li Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Liaoning ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore , Singapore

4 Preface Cell membranes are frontiers between cells surroundings and their interiors. They not only serve a structural and containment role for the cell but they also regulate many essential cellular activities, such as material transport, signal transduction, cell cell interaction, and enzymatic reactions. From the first lipid bilayer membrane structure proposed in 1925, to the widely accepted fluid mosaic model put forward by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, our understanding of the structures and functions of cell membranes is continuing to improve as well. The membrane is a very complicated supramolecular liquid crystalline structure that is composed of phospholipids, proteins, and sugars. Each component has a variety of types and functions, for example, membrane proteins. About a third of all cellular proteins are membrane proteins which are involved in transport, catalysis, and recognition. Thus, when different components organize together in the relative ratio and composition, the structural complicacy and functional distinctiveness it brings to the cell membrane is conceivable. Moreover, the highly dynamic property of the membrane also makes it more difficult to study. Therefore, the exploration of the structure and function of cell membranes has never ceased over the years. Consistent with other scientific studies, every major breakthrough in the field of cell membranes is due to the application of new techniques and approaches in biophysics, cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Particularly in recent years, many traditional techniques have been continuously improved and perfected, such as light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM), x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), infrared (IR), and Raman spectrum. These techniques have allowed researchers to gain spectacular insights into the biological and physical properties of cell membranes. Moreover, emerging technologies, including high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM), are being used as appropriate tools by which the characteristic of the membrane can be better understood. Besides these experimental tools, computer simulation of detailed atomic models based on realistic microscopic interactions represents a powerful approach to explore the structure and dynamics of cell membranes. v

5 vi Preface The idea for this book was to introduce a broad collection of methods to study the biophysics and function of cell membranes including materials, protocols, and notes, and present the recent advances and new insights into the field of membrane science. The book is divided into thirteen parts. General membrane composition, functions, and other properties are summarized in Chap. 1. Chapter 2 reviews the major historical discoveries and theories that tackled the existence and structure of cell membranes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the related techniques by which different membrane models have been proposed. From Chap. 3 to Chap. 12, different classic and cutting-edge techniques of biophysics and chemistry are presented in detail, including the basic principle of the technique, the overall situation and development trends of the technique, the typical and successful applications of the technique in studying membrane science, and how to utilize the technique to solve related problems. At last, Chap. 13 describes some other modern methods for studying biomembranes which are more targeted. Our aim was to provide readers with a comprehensive but still concise collection of methods to study membrane biophysics including both basic protocols of general applications and more specialized methods for novel techniques that were not presented systematically before. We sincerely hope that readers will gain further understanding of membrane organization and the relationship between membrane structure and functions. Meanwhile, the detailed procedures of each approach will serve as a laboratory guide to both students of biophysics and expert researchers. We would like to thank all the authors for their concise and clear contributions which make working with them a great pleasure. We also want to express our deepest gratitude to the editors, for their patience and encouragement throughout the editing process. This book is dedicated to Harry and Memary for the lifelong investigation of cell membranes. Changchun, Jilin, June 2017 Hongda Wang

6 Contents 1 Composition and Function of Cell Membranes... 1 Mingjun Cai, Jing Gao and Hongda Wang 2 History and Traditional Techniques of Studying the Structure of Cell Membranes Jing Gao and Hongda Wang 3 Imaging Membranes by High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy Mingjun Cai, Jing Gao and Hongda Wang 4 Detection of Membrane Mechanical Properties and Endocytosis by Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy Yuping Shan 5 Super-Resolution Imaging of Membrane Heterogeneity Jing Gao, Junling Chen and Hongda Wang 6 Analysis and Applications of Single-Molecule Fluorescence in Live Cell Membranes Hua He, Xiaojuan Wang and Fang Huang 7 Lipid Cubic Phase for Membrane Protein X-ray Crystallography Jialu Zha and Dianfan Li 8 Electron Microscopic Analysis of the Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Molecules Haishuang Chang, Longxing Cao and Yongning He 9 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Membrane Proteins Shenlin Wang, Xiaojun Xu and Yufei Yang vii

7 viii Contents 10 Mass Spectrometry of Membrane Proteins Ling-Peng Zhan, Chao-Zi Liu and Zong-Xiu Nie 11 Infrared Spectroscopy for Studying Plasma Membranes Lie Wu and Xiue Jiang 12 Computer Simulations to Explore Membrane Organization and Transport Huiying Chu, Yuebin Zhang, Yan Li and Guohui Li 13 Other Modern Methods for Studying Biomembranes Matthias Amrein, Tie Xia and Yan Shi

8 Contributors Matthias Amrein Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Mingjun Cai State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, Longxing Cao State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Haishuang Chang State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Junling Chen State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, Huiying Chu Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning, Jing Gao State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, Hua He State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Petroleum (East ), Qingdao, ix

9 x Contributors Yongning He State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Fang Huang State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Petroleum (East ), Qingdao, Xiue Jiang State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Dianfan Li National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Guohui Li Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning, Yan Li Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning, Chao-Zi Liu Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Zong-Xiu Nie Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Yuping Shan School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Yan Shi School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Hongda Wang State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, Shenlin Wang College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, ; Beijing NMR Centre, Peking University, Beijing, Xiaojuan Wang State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Petroleum (East ), Qingdao,

10 Contributors xi Lie Wu State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Tie Xia School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Xiaojun Xu College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, ; Beijing NMR Centre, Peking University, Beijing, Yufei Yang College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, ; Beijing NMR Centre, Peking University, Beijing, Jialu Zha National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Ling-Peng Zhan Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Yuebin Zhang Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning,