Potential release pathways, environmental fate, and. ecological risks of carbon nanotubes

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1 Supporting Information Potential release pathways, environmental fate, and ecological risks of carbon nanotubes Elijah J. Petersen 1*, Liwen Zhang 2, Nikolai T. Mattison 3, Denis M. O Carroll 3,4, Andrew J. Whelton 5, Nasir Uddin 6, Tinh Nguyen 6, Qingguo Huang 2, Theodore B. Henry 7,8,9, R. David Holbrook 1, Kai Loon Chen 10 1 Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA 2 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada 4 Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, NSW, 2093, Australia 5 Department of Civil Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA 6 Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA 7 School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom 8 Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 9 Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA 10 Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Summary Figure S1. SEM images of epoxy/0.72% MWCNT composite surface with exposure time to UV radiation, showing gradual accumulation of CNTs on sample surface (reprinted with permission from [1]). Figure S2. Optical micrographs of the nonvolatized char from the CNF-containing foam (a) and smoke from the CNF-containing (b) and CNF-free PUFs (c) (reprinted with permission from [2]). Note the presence of the fibers in micrograph (a) and the absence of these structures in b and c. Table S1. Selected Characterization Techniques for Carbon Nanotubes (modified version reprinted with permission from [3].) Number of Pages: 5 S1

2 Figures Before exposure 29 days 43 days 43 days, higher x 10 μm 5 μm 2 μm Figure S1 S2

3 a b c Figure S2 S3

4 Technique a What it can analyze References Thermal Gravimetric Analysis Mass of surface coatings, metal catalyst concentrations, carbon impurities [4 6] (amorphous carbon and graphitic spheres) Transmission and Scanning Size (diameter, length) distributions, impurities, aggregation state [4, 5] Electron Microscopy Cryo Transmission Electron Properties of the nanoparticles (i.e., size, aggregation state) in the aqueous phase [7] Microscopy Spectrofluorimetry Chiralities of semiconducting SWCNTs, sample purity [4, 5] Raman Spectroscopy SWCNT purity, chiralities of SWCNTs [4, 5] X ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Elemental composition of sample (top 1 to 10 nm), surface chemistry of CNT [8] powders Atomic Force Microscopy Size (diameter, length) distributions but may be limited for SWCNT diameter, CNT [4, 9] properties in aqueous phase Surface Area Analyzer BET surface area, microporous and mesoporous volumes [10] Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Metal concentrations [4] Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Dynamic Light Scattering Metal concentrations [4] Size of aggregates in aqueous phase but may not work well for nanotubes as a result of modeling assumptions based on spheres Ultracentrifugation Length distributions of carbon nanotubes, size of nanoparticle aggregates [12] Electrospray Differential Mobility Size distributions of nanotubes and small aggregates [13] Analysis [11] Table S1: Selected Characterization Techniques for Carbon Nanotubes S4

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