Effects Of Salt Solutions and Sea Water on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil A Review

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1 Effects Of Salt Solutions Sea Water on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil A Review Anhanarayanan. G, Post Graduate Student, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry. Murugaiyan. V, Proffesor, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry. Abstract in coastal areas, Sea water percolates into ground water affect the various characteristics of ground water such as increase in Total Dissolved Solids content Salinity in the groundwater. This leads to a further treatment of groundwater. In this study, Bentonite Soil mixture is used as Barrier between Sea water Groundwater to know the effect of Seawater on Bentonite Soil mixture characteristics such as atterberg limit, swelling index, Hydraulic Compaction characteristics. Bentonite is absorbent Aluminium Phyllosilicate essentially impure clay consisting mostly of Montomorillonite. Various investigations were made on changes in properties of Bentonite mixture over seawater. From this study indicated sea water different type of salt water could have a considerable effect on the geotechnical properties of the mixtures. Keywords Bentonite, salt, sea water, Atterberg limit, Swelling index, I. INTRODUCTION Coastal zones contain some of the most densely populated areas in the world as they generally present the best conditions for productivity. However, these regions face many hydrological problems like flooding due to cyclones wave surge, drinking fresh water scarcity due to problem of salt water intrusion. Saltwater intrusion reduces freshwater storage in coastal aquifers can result in the abonment of freshwater supply wells when concentrations of dissolved ions exceed drinking-water stards. The degree of saltwater intrusion varies widely among localities hydro geologic settings. We are studied about mixture properties on the intrusion of sea water salt water. II. EFFECT OF SALT SOLUTION ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES A. Effect of Atterbergs limit [1] Has studied the Effect of three inorganic salts, NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 on some geotechnical properties of a common used clay in impermeable bottom barrier in Kahrizak lfill. Also the effect of content by adding different percentage of this special clay, percent, on these properties was investigated. Laboratory tests like liquid limit the results indicate that using salt s as pore fluids decreases the liquid limit of the mixtures. Furthermore by increasing salt concentration in both mixtures, the liquid limit decreases. Also it could be concluded that with increasing cation valance the decrease in the liquid limit will be higher especially in the case of mixtures with 20%. Increasing the salt concentration the cation valence decreases the interparticle repulsion which results in particles moving more freely in lower water contents, thus the liquid limit of the mixtures decreases [2] Has studied the influence of Nacl Cacl2 at various concentrations on compressibility of mixtures of basalt. In this study it concluded that the compressibility of the mixture was reduced with increasing salt concentration of the pore fluid. [15] Has studied the effects of 4 different salt s on the consistency limits of clays were experimentally investigated. The salt s used as leachate compounds were ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), potassium chloride (KCl), copper(ii) sulfate (CuSO4), iron(ii) sulfate (FeSO4). Consistency limit tests were conducted on low plasticity (CLclass) high plasticity (CH-class) commercial clays using both distilled water these salt s. The experimental results indicated that the liquid limit increased when the salt concentration for the CL clay was increased. Moreover, the liquid limit was found to decrease when the salt concentration for the CH clay was increased. The plastic limit of the CL clay increased as the salt concentration increased to a certain value. However, the plastic limit of CH clay decreased at low salt concentrations increased at high salt concentrations. Table 1 Attenberg limit of salt presences Refere nce [1] [15] low plasticity high plasticity commercial clays salt NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 NH4Cl,K Cl,CuSO 4, FeSO4 Attenberg limit Increasing the salt concentration decreases the liquid limit 1. Liquid limit decrease when the salt concentration for the CH clay was increased. 2. The plastic limit of the CL clay increased as the salt concentration increased to a certain value. 3. Plastic limit of CH clay decreased at low salt concentrations increased at high salt concentrations. 1819

2 B. Effect on [3] Has studied that the of na powder s mixtures(10 20% of by dry weight) have been measured with distilled water various salt s like Na, K, Cs, Mg, Ca AI chloride s at 0.01, mol/l concentration. The of a s mixture to aqueous s can be predicted from the of the in the appropriate the porosity tortuosity of the s matrix the of a mixture decreases as wt% clay decreases, of each mixture increases as the clay-void ratio increases. [1] Has investigated the effect of three different inorganic salt s (as permeant liquids) on the of two types of clay- mixtures. The three different inorganic salt s used were: sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Bentonite clay in two proportions of 10% 20% by weight were added to a clay with low plasticity. The of the samples increases by adding the salt to the pore fluid increasing its concentration. Increasing the cation valance also increases the Hydraulic. [2] Has tested the impact of distilled water Calcium chloride in a modified Bentonite on. In this study a Multi swellable (MSB) has been obtained by treating stard sodium with propylene carbonate. The increased from _11 m/s in Distilled Water to _11 m/s in 5 mm CaCl2. The increase in was also attributed to the invasion of pore space by Ca2+ cations. [5] Has studied the Effect of quality on the of - mixtures was evaluated in the presence of various concentrations of NaCl CaCl2 s. Result for the (k) showed that the effects of salt concentration on k of the mixtures depend on the type of present in the mixture. Mixture with a lower quality of which is characterized by a lower value of ESP [9] Has studied the influence of water salinity on the conductivities of compacted s with several dry Densities. The results showed that the increases with increasing salinity only when the dry density of is relatively low. The degree of increase becomes more remarkable at a lower dry density of. For with the density of 1.0 Mg/m3 1.2 Mg/m3, the of the 0.4 M NaCl increases up to about 7 times 3 times, respectively higher than that of freshwater. However, for the with a dry density higher than 1.4 Mg/m3, the salinity has an insignificant effect on the, the is nearly constant within the salinity range of 0.04 to 0.4 M NaCl. The pre-saturation of the specimen with freshwater has no significant influence on the. [2] Has studied the effect of Nacl on properties of Bentonite Bentonite palygorskite mixture. The purpose of this work is to investigate the properties of Na palygorskite filler material for GCL in saline s in the range between 0.5% 10% ( M) NaCl concentration. The investigation has been carried out to evaluate study the chemical geotechnical properties of Na- palygorskite mixture. The observations suggest that the resistance of Na- to chlorides is increased by adding 40% palygorskite Hydraulic was determined for water for 10% NaCl (1.80 M). The results show that Na- palygorskite mixture serves as an effective absorber of both water saline s up to a concentration of 10% (1.80 M) of NaCl without increasing the. [11] Has studied the influence of Nacl Cacl2 at various concentrations on permeability of mixtures of basalt. In this study it concluded that comparison of (k) for different salt s shows that the divalent cations have more effect than monovalent cation. Comparison of different salt concentrations for a particular salt on a particular mixture show that the k decreases with decreasing salt concentration. This decrease can be attributed to an increase in diffuse double layer thickness. A change in salt concentration from 0 (Deionized water) to 0.01 mol/l did not produce any significant effect on the k for the basalt - mixture of proportion 100:20, but a further increase in salt concentration had a pronounced effect on k. Table 2 Hydraulic Conductivity of Salt presences Reference [1] [11] basalt [3] Na & s mixtures [2] Multisw ellable salt NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 Nacl Cacl2 Na, K, Cs, Mg, Ca, AI Cl s distilled water Calcium chloride Hydraulic Increasing the cation valance also increases the decreases with decreasing salt concentration Hydraulic decreases as wt% clay decreases The increased from _11 m/s in DistilledWater to 1820

3 7.0610_11 m/s in 5 mm CaCl2. [5] Nacl cacl2 the of salt concentration depend on the type of present in the mixture [9] NaCl NaCl increasing the increases [7] Na palygors kite C. Swelling pressure Various NaCl concentration Na- palygorskite mixture serves as an effective absorber of both water saline s up to a concentration of 10% (1.80 M) of NaCl without increasing the. [3] Has studied that the swelling behavior of Na- powder -s mixtures (10 20% of by dry weight) have been measured with distilled water various salt s It was found that in dilute s, the in mixtures subjected to small confining stresses swells sufficiently to separate the s particles reach a clay void ratio similar to that achieved by alone. At high stresses, or in strong s, the in a mixture has insufficient swelling capacity to force the s particles apart swelling is limited by the s pore volume. [1] Has investigated the effect of three different inorganic salt s (as permeant liquids) on the free swelling, consolidation characteristics of two types of clay- mixtures. The three different inorganic salt s used were: sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Bentonite clay in two proportions of 10% 20% by weight were added to a clay with low plasticity. The result shows by increasing the salt concentration cation valance the swelling volume decreases. [5] Has studied the Effect of quality on the free swelling of - mixtures was evaluated in the presence of various concentrations of NaCl CaCl2 s. The results showed that the with a higher exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) undergoes a large reduction in the free swelling due the addition of the salt compare to the with a lower ESP. salt affects significantly the k of the mixture containing a higher quality of which is characterized by a higher ESP, Table 3 Free swell pressure of Salt presences Reference [1] [3] na powder s mixtures [5] salt NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 Na, K, Cs, Mg, Ca, AI Cl s at 0.01, mol/l concentra tion. Nacl cacl2 D. Effect of compaction characteristic. Free swell pressure Increasing the salt concentration cation valance the swelling volume decreases. At high stresses, or in strong s, the in a mixture has insufficient swelling capacity to force the s particles apart swelling is limited by the s pore volume. a large reduction in the free swelling due the addition of the salt compare to the with a lower ESP [1] Has studied the Effect of three inorganic salts, NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 on some compaction characteristic of a common used clay in impermeable bottom barrier in Kahrizak lfill from the result Salt increases the maximum dry density decreases the optimum water content of mixtures. Higher cation valance leads to higher increase in the maximum dry density higher decrease in optimum water content as well. The decrease of the diffuse double layer's thickness is the source of this trend. [5] Has studied the Effect of quality on compressibility behavior of - mixtures was evaluated in the presence of various concentrations of NaCl CaCl2 s. The results showed that the with a higher exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The plot between ESP of the compression index (Cc) of the - mixtures showed that Cc increased with the increase in the ESP. However, the effect of the ESP on the Cc diminished with the increase in the salt concentration at 1 N of both NaCl CaCl2, irrespective of the ESP value of the, almost an equal Cc was observed for all the four mixtures. 1821

4 Table 4 Compaction characters of salt presences Refer ence [1] the effect of content by adding different percenta ge of this special clay salt solutio n NaCl, CaCl2 MgCl2 Compaction characters Salt increases the maximum dry density decrease the optimum water content of mixtures. Higher cation valance leads to higher increase in the maximum dry density higher decrease in optimum water content as well III. EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN SEA WATER A. Effect on atterberg limit [4] Has studied the Seawater effect on consistency limits compressibility characteristics of clays. In this study consistency limits including liquid, plastic shrinkage limits, sediment volume compressibility characteristics of ten s were tested using distilled water natural seawater from the Aegean Sea. The results indicate that the effect of seawater is negligible on the tested consistency limits compressibility characteristics of s when they have liquid limits up to 110%. The seawater effect is most noticed on the consistency limits compressibility of Na-s. They also compared the results with previous research. All reported data were normalized by dividing the index values obtained using seawater by those obtained using distilled water. The comparison of data indicate that the compiled data present study data are in good agreement, i.e. when the normalized values are plotted as function of liquid limit, all index properties plot along the unity line until the liquid limit of s is about 110%; then, the normalized index values decrease almost linearly with liquid limit. [8] Has studied effect of sea water on some geo technical properties of clayey. In this study which falls under CH group as per I.S classification is used geotechnical properties were discussed The variation of liquid limit, plastic limit plasticity index with tap water sea water, it is observed that the liquid limit, plastic Limit plasticity index values of the contaminated increases when the result of tap water is compared with the result of sea water. Liquid limit Increase 9.32% Plastic limit Increase 8% Plasticity index Increase 10.91% [10] Has studied the seawater influence on the behavior of the expansive clays. in this study the rate of change in liquid limit of clayey s when exposed to natural seawater with respect to distilled water. The four clayey samples were gathered with different ogy plasticity characteristics tested to determine liquid limit in the presence of distilled water, tap water seawater. The results showed that The liquid limit decrease in presence of seawater; values of all liquid limits in seawater are lower than those in tap water. This difference can be seen more clearly for the sample. Table 5 Attenberg limit of Sea water presences Reference [4] Na [8] Clayey [10] Four Expansive clay B. Swelling pressure Sea water compared Distilled water Tap water Distilled water tap water Attenberg limit the liquid limit, plastic limit plasticity index values of the contaminated increases when the result of tap water is compared with the result of sea water The liquid limit decrease in presence of seawater; values of all liquid limits in seawater are lower than those in tap water. This difference can be seen more clearly for the sample [8] Has studied effect of sea water on some geo technical properties of clayey. In this study which falls under CH group as per I.S classification is used geotechnical properties were discussed the free swell index with tap water sea water It is observed that the free swell index increased 6.67% in sea water [10] Has studied the seawater influence on the behavior of the expansive clays. In this study the rate of change in swelling behavior of clayey s when exposed to natural seawater with respect to distilled water. The four clayey samples were gathered with different ogy plasticity characteristics tested to swelling characteristics in the presence of distilled water, tap water seawater. The results The differential free swell percent is lower than that in tap water distilled water for swelling s (LL > %), indicating reduction in swelling potential in seawater, The difference in free swell percent between distilled water seawater is remarkable, between 0% to 1822

5 200%; zero is for non-swelling s 200% is for Table 1.6 Free swell index of Sea water presences Referenc Sea water Free swell index e compared [8] Clayey Tap water the free swell index increased 6.67% in sea water [10] Four Expansive clay Distilled water tap water The differential free swell percent is lower than that in tap water distilled water for swelling s (LL > %), indicating reduction in swelling potential in seawater, The difference in free swell percent between distilled water seawater is remarkable, between 0% to 200%; zero is for non-swelling s 200% is for ; C.Effect of compaction characteristic. [8] Has studied effect of sea water on some geo technical properties of clayey. In this study which falls under CH group as per I.S classification is used geotechnical properties were discussed compaction characteristic like OMC, Dry density UCC, OMC increased 30 % Dry density increased 7.58% UCC 20% increased sea water compared with tap water. Table 1.7 compaction characters of sea water presences Reference [8] Clayey Sea water compared Tap water Compaction characteristic OMC, Dry density UCC, increased 30 % Dry density increased 7.58% UCC 20% increased sea water compared with tap water IV. CONCLUSION A study has been conducted to investigate the effect of sea water different inorganic salt s (as permeant liquids) on the compaction characteristics, liquid limit, free swelling, consolidation characteristics of different types of clay- mixtures.. Sea water Salt increases the maximum dry density decrease the optimum water content of mixtures. Higher cation valance leads to higher increase in the maximum dry density higher decrease in optimum water content, By increasing the sea water salt concentration the swelling volume decreases By increasing the sea water salt decreases the liquid limit of the mixtures. Higher cation valance salt concentration cause higher decrease in liquid limit by increases the sea water salt water concentration, the compression index decreases the of the samples increases by adding the salt water sea water concentration increases. REFERENCE [1] Nader Shariatmadari, Marzieh Salami, Mehran Karimpour Fard Effect of inorganic salt s on some geotechnical properties of mixtures as barriers international journel of civil engineering 2011 [2] Francesco Mazzieri, Gemmina Di Emidio Peter O.Van Impe diffusion of calcium chloride in a modified : Impact on osmotic efficiency Clays Clay Minerals, Vol. 58, No. 3, , [3] P. G. Studds, D. I. Stewart T. W. Cousens The effects of salt s on the properties of -s mixtures Clay Minerals 1998 [4] Yeliz Yukselen-Aksoy a, Abidin Kaya b, Ali Hakan Ören Seawater effect on consistency limits compressibility characteristics of clays Engineering Geology 102 (2008) [5] A.K. Mishra Effect of quality on the compressibility behaviour of - mixtures in the presence of salt [6] Rassoul Ajalloeian, Hadiseh Mansouri Amir Hossein Sadeghpour Effect of Saline Water on Geotechnical Properties of Fine-grained Soil Vol. 18 [2013]. [7] J. Frankovska, S. Andrejkovicˇova I. Janotka Effect of NaCl on properties of palygorskite mixture Geosynthetics International, 2010, [8] M. Chittaranjan, T. Srikanth, B. Yamini Lakshmi & D. Pavani Effect of sea water on some geo technical properties of clayey International Journal of Earth Sciences Engineering 1ISSN , Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October [9] Won-Jin Cho, Jin Seop Kim Jong Won Choi Influence of Water Salinity on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Bentonite Vol.9(4), PP , Dec [10] Tatiana ivasuc Seawater influence on the behavior of the expansive clays Vol. I, [11] Anil Kumar Misra,Masami Ohtsubo, Lorretta LI Takahiro higashi Effect of salt concentration on the permeability compressibility of mixture department of bioresource environmental science,kyushu university,fukuoka, july 26,2005. [12] Hideo Komine,Kazuya,Yasuhara, Satoshi Murakami Swelling characteristics of s in artificial sea water can geo tech vol [13] B.L. Kirov1, N.N. Truc1 A study on the relationship between geotechnical properties composition of Hanoi soft s in saline media International Journal of Civil Engineering December [14] Bohnhoff G., Shackelford,Malusis M. J., Benson C., Edil Di Emidio G.,Mazzieri F Novel s for containment barrier applications 1823

6 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013 [15] Seracettin Arasan Atat Urk University, Department Of Civil Engineering, Erzurum-Turkey Effect Of Inorganic Salt Solutions On The Consistency Limits of Two Clays 2008 behaviour of /claystone mixture 2012 [16] Qiong Wang1, Anh Minh Tang1, Yu-Jun Cui1, Pierre Delage1, Behrouz Gatmiri Experimental study on the swelling 1824

Compaction Characteristics Studies of Black Cotton Soil with Presence of Chlorides and Sulphates as Pore Fluids

e t International Journal on Emerging Technologies (Special Issue on NCRIET-2015) 6(2): 396-402(2015) ISSN No. (Print) : 0975-8364 ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3255 Compaction Characteristics Studies of Black