Farimah MASROURI. Professor in Geotechnical Engineering. LAEGO : Research Center In Geomechanics & Geoenvironmental Engineering

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1 Farimah MASROURI Professor in Geotechnical Engineering LAEGO : Research Center In Geomechanics & Geoenvironmental Engineering Nancy Université France 1/29

2 Nancy 90 min by TGV Paris Nancy ~300 km 2/29

3 LAEGO : Research Center In Geomechanics & Geoenvironmental Engineering 3/29

4 Research teams Rock Mechanics Soil Mechanics Transfer in Porous media Systems & Risks 4/29

5 Soil Mechanics Hydro-mechanical, Physical & Numerical Modeling of Soil Behavior Soil : Saturated, Unsaturated, Swelling or Rigid, Natural or Remolded - Treated Coupling : Hydraulic Mechanical - Thermal & Chemical Multiscale : Lab (micro- et macroscopique ), in situ Aging & Time effects Applications : Geotechnical Engineering Geoenvironmental Engineering Construction Safety 5/29

6 Swelling and shrinkage of unsaturated clays 6/29

7 Expansive Clayey Soils When wetted, swelling soils can apply very high uplift pressures which can damage lightly-loaded structures. Expansive soils pose the greatest hazard in arid regions, which are much more susceptible to damage from expansive soils, than regions that maintain moist soil conditions throughout the year. 7/29

8 Arid Regions Swelling Expansive soils damage foundations by uplift as the soils swell with moisture increases Individual house in Tunisia Small building in Senegal Photos : P. Berthelot /29

9 Arid Regions Swelling Expansive soils damage foundations by uplift as the soils swell with moisture increases Buildings in Dakar - Senegal Photo : P. Berthelot /29

10 Arid Regions Swelling Expansive soils damage foundations by uplift as the soils swell with moisture increases Buildings in Dakar - Senegal Photos : P. Berthelot /29

11 France Shrinkage Global warming very long drought periods ( , , 2003, 2006, ) there are significant damages to foundations of light buildings Shrinkage of clayey soils is considered as a natural hazard Insurance companies pay out millions of euros yearly, to repair homes distressed by expansive soils (4,3 billions of euros between 1989 and 2006 ) Photos : R. Fabre /29

12 France Shrinkage Surface evaporation and tree roots Differential water content Photos : BRGM 12/29

13 Examples : 1 2 Influence of several wetting-drying cycles on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of clay soils Analysis and modelling of drought propagation in the soil 13/29

14 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils 1 Chou et Mou (1973) Equilibrium stage Swelling accumulation Alonso et al. (2005) Equilibrium stage Shrinkage accumilation Compacted swelling soil Mixture of bentonite/sand (80/20) 14/29

15 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils 1 Characterisation of the tested materials (1/2) Mixture of two materials: 60% of bentonite + 40% of silt. Physical Property Liquid Limit (%) Plasticity Limit (%) Plasticity Index(%) Shrinkage Limit(%) Silt Bentonite Mixture Specific Gravity (G s ) /29

16 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils 1 Characterisation of the tested materials (2/2) Initial states of the samples Parameters Water content (%) Height (mm) Diameter (mm) Degree of saturation (%) Dry unit weight (kn/m 3 ) Loose samples 15 ± Dense samples 15 ± Suction (MPa) 20 ± 2 20 ± 2 Compaction pressure (kpa) /29

17 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils 1 Followed stress paths Suction (MPa) B A 10 3 cycles C D E F G H Vertical net stress (kpa) 17/29

18 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils 1 Suction Controlled Osmotic oedometer (0 to 8 MPa) Kassif & Ben Shalom (1971), Delage et al. (1992) 18/29

19 Influence of several suction cycles on the Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils Void ratio - Suction 1 METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF MINE Void ratio TAILINGS (-) Applied vertical stress=15 kpa Loose sample Dense sample Applied L1 (initial vertical density=1.27 stress=15 Mg/m kpa, 3 initial ) density=1.27 Mg/m3 Applied D1 (initial vertical density=1.55 stress=15 Mg/m kpa, 3 initial ) dry density=1.57 Mg/m3 Void ratio (-) Swelling accumulation Suction (MPa) kpa Shrinkage accumulation Applied vertical stress=60 kpa Loose sample 1 Applied vertical stress=30 kpa Loose sample 30 kpa Applied L2 (initial vertical density=1.27 stress=30 Mg/m kpa, 3 initial ) density=1.27 Mg/m3 Applied D2 (initial vertical density=1.55 stress=30 Mg/m kpa, 3 initial ) dry density=1.57 Mg/m3 Shrinkage accumulation Dense sample Swelling accumulation Suction (MPa) 60 kpa Applied L3 (initial vertical density=1.27 stress=60 Mg/m kpa, initial 3 ) density=1.27 Mg/m3 Applied D3 (initial vertical density=1.55 stress=60 Mg/m kpa, initial 3 ) dry density=1.57 Mg/m3 Void ratio (-) Shrinkage accumulation Dense sample Swelling accumulation LAEGO H. Nowamooz Suction (MPa) 19/29

20 Remarks 1 1. For the swelling soils submitted to several wetting and drying cycles, the factors influencing the volumetric deformation are : the preconsolidation stress ; the initial density and the water content. 2. After several suction cycles, an elastic state can be reached; 3. Intensity of the applied charge influences the necessary number of suction cycles to reach the equilibrium point. 20/29

21 Hydro-mechanical behaviour of expansive soils 2 Fine graded soils Cam Clay Unsaturated soils BBM (Barcelona Basic Model) Swelling soils BExM (B. Expansive Model) Gens & Alonso (1992); Alonso et al. (1999, 2005) : BExM 21/29

22 Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils under shallow foundations 2 Soil parameters (BExM) Macro-structure soil parameters κ λ(0) r β κ s p c Microstructural soil parameters κ m 0, , , , MPa -1 0, , MPa 0, * p 0 s 0 s h k M e m 0, MPa 30 MPa 14 MPa 0, , , Micro / macro-structural coupling functions f 0,5 9,9 f D = (1 - p * /p 0 ) 0,1 I = (p * /p 0 ) 1 Porosity n 0 = Density ρ s = 2.7 Mg/m 3 Permeability k s = m/s Van Genuchten parameters : α = 27 MPa -1 ; m = ; S res = M. Mrad - H. Nowamooz - Laego 22/29

23 Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils under shallow foundations 2 Objectives Effect of wetting /drying (rain/drought) on the settlements of a shallow foundation Effect of a geo-membrane layer backfill Swelling soil Rigid soil M. Mrad - H. Nowamooz - Laego 23/29

24 Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils under shallow foundations 2 S r Propagation and soil strains Swelling soil Rigid soil Propagation of Sr Without geo-membrane Propagation of Sr With geo-membrane Soil deformations M. Mrad - H. Nowamooz - Laego 24/29

25 Hydro-mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils Application to mine tailings : Swelling pressure of treated tailings Hydraulic conductivity in Mine waste disposals 25/29

26 Some of our recent papers in this field NOWAMOOZ H. & MASROURI F. Relationships between soil fabric and suction cycles in compacted swelling soils.international Journal of Engineering Geology (3-4), pp NOWAMOOZ H. & MASROURI F. Volumetric strains due to changes in suction or stress of an expansive bentonite/silt mixture treated with lime. Comptes Rendus Mecanique (4), pp NOWAMOOZ H. & MASROURI F. Density-dependent hydromechanical behaviour of a compacted expansive soil. International Journal of Engineering Geology (3-4), pp NOWAMOOZ H., MRAD M., ABDALLAH A, & MASROURI F. Experimental and numerical studies of the hydromechanical behaviour of a natural unsaturated swelling soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal (4), pp NOWAMOOZ H. & MASROURI F. Hydromechanical behaviour of an expansive bentonite/silt mixture in cyclic suction-controlled drying and wetting tests. International Journal of Engineering Geology (3-4), pp MASROURI F., BICALHO K. & KAWAI K. Laboratory hydraulic testing in unsaturated soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Vol 26, DEVINEAU K., BIHANNIC I., MICHOT L., VILLIERAS F., MASROURI F., CUISINIER O., FRAGNETO G. & MICHAU N. "In situ neutron diffraction analysis of the influence of geometric confinement on crystalline swelling of montmorillonite". Applied Clay Science. Volume 31, Issues (ISSN : ) CUISINIER O. & MASROURI F. "Influence of complex hydromechanical loadings on the behaviour of a compacted expansive soil". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 42. n (ISSN ) CUISINIER O. & MASROURI F. "Hydromechanical behaviour of a compacted swelling soil over a wide suction range". International Journal of Engineering Geology Vol. 81. n (ISSN : ) 26/29

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