Welcome to AP Chemistry!

Transcription

1 Welcome to AP Chemistry! Students enrolled in AP chemistry will be asked to reinforce skills and knowledge accumulated in the first year chemistry class (Honors Chemistry) during the summer before the beginning of the AP course. This will allow us to focus our attention on the advanced chemistry topics and 16 suggested labs that will be tested on the AP exam in May Your summer assignment consists of the following: 1. Set up the AP Chemistry Lab Notebook. Directions are given on page 2. This lab notebook is due on Monday, August 24 th, Review the objectives taught in Chemistry Honors for the Atomic Structure & Periodicity, Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions units. A diagnostic exam to test your readiness for AP Chemistry will be given the second day the class meets. 3. Review the Solubility Rules, Polyatomic Ions, Strong Acids and Bases, and General Rules for Completing Chemical Equations (all attached). A quiz will be given on the second week of school. 4. Create an Appendix for your AP Chemistry Lab Notebook with names, pictures, uses and procedures of the most common equipment and apparatuses that will be use in the course. (page 4) due on Monday, August 24 th, Optional, yet strongly recommended: Purchase 5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2016, 8 th Edition by John Moore and Richard Langley, McGraw Hill ISBN13: / ISBN10: Examinations/dp/ /ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid= &sr =12&keywords=5+steps+to+a+5+ap+chemistry+2016 Take the diagnostic exam without much review or looking up answers see how you would perform before taking the course. 7. Print out the assignment included in this document, starting on page 5 and answer ALL questions in the space provided. Assignment due on Friday, August 28 th, Please take the assignment seriously and start in early August there s a lot to do and you won t be able to complete it all on the night before it s due! If at any time you would like to ask me a question, please me at agarciaminsal@dadeschools.net. Have a great summer. I look forward to beginning our journey together in August. Mrs. Minsal 1

2 Setting Up Your AP Chemistry Laboratory Notebook Due Monday, August 24 th, 2015 The laboratory activities are comprised of handson labs so the students can accomplish multiple trials and can use statistical analysis to derive conclusions. Students are required to have a bound student laboratory notebook which will be used as their lab portfolio. For each lab, students complete a lab report that includes replicated data tables and answers to the post lab discussion. 1. The AP Chemistry Laboratory notebook must be bound and preferentially Quadrille Ruled. Acceptable lab notebooks can be purchased at office supply stores or online. Acceptable notebooks are marble composition notebooks or ones that are specifically made for lab notebooks 2. Your lab notebook is your chemistry diary. You must make entries in ink, only. If you make a mistake, draw a SINGLE line through the error, initial it, and continue. 3. Before any entries are made, each page in the lab notebook must be numbered, beginning with page Page 1 will be a table of contents containing the title of labs, the page on which the lab begins, and the page on which the lab ends. Please set the headings up. For example: Chromatographic study of colored compounds Now that you have completed the setup process, here are some things you need to know about how we will enter data into our lab notebooks: We will only have writings on the front page. Every lab will have the following format in this order: Title of the experiment, date of the experiment. begin with answers to Prelab questions Procedure from your laboratory manual or handout lab sheet. Graphic organizers and images are encouraged. If procedures are changed, the changes must be included in the report. You do not need to retype the procedure, instead, you can cut and paste the procedure given to you. 2

3 Data Collection tables are created to show the gathered data both, qualitative and quantitative, in an organized manner. Either create your own table or cut and paste from lab handout or manual. Calculations that are made must be recorded, with all calculations, including formulas and work, in a neat, organized manner. Argumentation and Documentation where you discuss, explain, conclude, and suggest ways to improve the experiment. at the end of the lab, the answers to Postlab questions must be recorded. 6. At no time will there be any "I" or any first person references in it. Use passive voice. The lab notebook is for recording data and observations, not for sharing personal opinions or inferences. For example: The analysis of the data gathered indicates that the compounds experience similar chemical and physical properties and therefore they must belong to the same family. Furthermore, 3

4 Appendix. As any Appendix, this one goes at the end of the notebook. Part One: Identifying Laboratory Equipment (38 points) due on Monday, August 24 th, Create a table containing the name, picture, and function of the following pieces of lab equipment: Beaker Buchner Funnel Buret Buret Clamp Clamp Condenser Ring Universal Crucible and Cover Clay triangle Cuvet Dessicator Erlenmeyer Flask Eudiometer Tube Filter Flask Funnel Gooch Crucible Graduated Cylinder Mortar and Pestle Pipette Pipette Bulb Ring Stand Beraltype Graduated Volumetric Round Bottom Flask Rubber Policeman Spatula Stirring Rod Test Tubes Test Tube Rack Test Tube Holder Tongs Crucible Beaker Volumetric Flask Wash Bottle Watch Glass Wire Gauze This can either be typed on separate sheets or handwritten directly in the notebook. Pictures can be drawn or cut and paste from other sources. Part Two: Laboratory Apparatuses and Procedures (14 points) Use words and diagrams to describe the following: o The proper way to fold filter paper. o Apparatus for heating liquids in beaker over a flame. o Apparatus for heating liquids or solids in a test tube over a flame. o Rank glassware for measuring volume from most precise to least precise. o The process for making solutions. o The correct way to dilute acids and an explanation as to why. o The proper way to prepare a burette for titration. 4

5 Name: AP Chemistry Date: Mrs. Minsal Due on Friday, August 28 th, Directions: Answer the following five questions in the spaces provided. 1. a) Write the ground state electron configuration for a selenium atom, showing the number of electrons in each subshell. b) Predict the charge on the selenium ion. c) Write the ground state electron configuration for a selenium ion, showing the number of electrons in each subshell. _ d) Is an isolated selenium atom in the ground state paramagnetic or diamagnetic? Explain briefly. e) Explain how the electron configuration of the selenium atom in the ground state is consistent with the existence of the following known compounds: Na 2 Se, SeCl Explain each of the following observations using principles of atomic structure and/or bonding. a) Potassium has a lower firstionization energy than lithium. 5

6 b) The ionic radius of N 3 is larger than that of O. c) A calcium atom is larger than a zinc atom. 3. a) Calculate the volume of 8.20 M H 2 SO 4 that can be completely neutralized with 15.6 grams of sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3. b) The molarity of nitric acid is to be determined using titration. A ml sample of the acid is titrated with M of barium hydroxide. The equivalence point was achieved with 48.6 ml of the base. Calculate the molarity of the nitric acid. c) What is the ph of the nitric acid? 4. Answer the following questions about MgSO 4 (s) and its hydrate. a) Calculate the mass percent of sulfur in the hydrated form of the solid that has the formula MgSO 4 7 H 2 O b) When heated to 310. C, MgSO 4 7 H 2 O (s) dehydrates completely as represented below. MgSO 4 7 H 2 O (s) > MgSO 4 (s) + 7 H 2 O(g) If 5.48 g of MgSO 4 7 H 2 O (s) is heated to 310. C, calculate i. the mass of MgSO 4 (s) formed, and, 6

7 ii. the volume of the H 2 O(g) released, measured at 310. C and 740 mm Hg. 5. A 2.00 x 10 3 mole sample of pure acetylsalicylic acid (a monoprotic acid) was dissolved in ml of water and then titrated with M NaOH(aq). Calculate: a) The molarity of the acetylsalicylic acid. b) The number of molecules of acetylsalicylic acid in the solution before titration. c) The volume of NaOH required to react with the acid. 6. Fe(s) + O 2 (g) > Fe 2 O 3 (s) Iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron(iii) oxide, as represented by the equation above. A 65.0 g sample of Fe(s) is mixed with 10.7 L of O 2 (g) at 2.15 atm and 298 K. a) Calculate the number of moles of each reactant before the reaction begins. b) Identify the limiting reactant when the mixture is heated to produce Fe 2 O 3 (s). Support your answer with calculations. 7

8 c) Calculate the number of moles of Fe 2 O 3 (s) produced when the reaction proceeds to completion. 7. For the molecules below i. Draw the Lewis structure ii. State the molecular symmetry iii. State the strongest intermolecular force present between the molecules of the same compound. a) CF 4 i ii iii b) NCl 3 i ii iii c) H 2 O i ii iii d) CH 3 OH i ii iii 8

9 Polyatomic Ion Names Must be memorized by the first day of school! 1+ ammonium, NH 4 + hydronium, H 3 O + 1 acetate, C 2 H 3 O 2, or CH 3 COO perchlorate, ClO 4 chlorate, ClO 3 chlorite, ClO 2 hypochlorite, ClO cyanide, CN hydrogen carbonate, HCO 3 (also called bicarbonate) hydrogen sulfate, HSO 4 hydroxide, OH nitrate, NO 3 nitrite, NO 2 permanganate, MnO 4 thiocyanate, SCN 3 3 carbonate, CO 3 phosphate, PO 4 chromate, CrO 4 phosphite, PO 3 3 dichromate, Cr 2 O 7 arsenate, AsO 3 4 oxalate, C 2 O 4 peroxide, O 2 sulfate, SO 4 sulfite, SO 3 thiosulfate, S 2 O 3 Strong Acids Strong Bases. HCl Group I hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, etc) HBr Ca(OH) 2 HI Sr(OH) 2 H 2 SO 4 Ba(OH) 2 HNO 3 HClO 4 HClO 3 9

10 Solubility Rules 1. All compounds that contain a group I element (alkali metal) are soluble. 2. All compounds that contain an ammonium ion (NH4 + ) are soluble. 3. All compounds that contain a nitrate ion (NO3 ) or acetate ion (C2H3O2 ) are soluble. 4. All compounds that contain a group VII element (halogen) are soluble except those halides that contain Ag +, Hg +, or Pb 2+. (This one is not perfect, check out the fluorides in the chart below.) 5. All compounds that contain a sulfate ion (SO4 ) are soluble except that that contain Ba 2+, Sr 2+, or Pb All other compounds are INSOLUBLE. 10