Development of Two Novel Surface Detection Methods for Methamphetamine Residues
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1 Development of Two Novel Surface Detection Methods for Methamphetamine Residues Eric J. Esswein, MSPH, CIH John Snawder, Ph.D, DABT Cynthia Striley, Ph.D Eugene Kennedy, Ph.D Gayle M. DeBord, Ph.D.
2 The Problem National epidemic of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories Hazards from product precursors, residuals and final product Fires, explosions, exposures to toxic chemicals Residences, motel rooms, condominiums, cars, dumpsters Hidden hazards from surface contamination
3 The Scope Source: AIHA Clandestine Methamphetamine Lab Fact Sheet 2005
4 Precursors, Extraction/Reaction Products Pseudoephedrine (Cold Tablets) Acetone Alcohol (Isopropyl or Rubbing) Toluene (Brake Cleaner) Ether (Engine Starter) Sulfuric Acid (Drain Cleaner) Methanol/Alcohol (Gasoline Additives) Salt (Table/Rock) Lithium (Batteries) Anhydrous Ammonia (Farm Fertilizer) Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) Red Phosphorus (Matches) Muriatic Acid (Hydrochloric Acid, Pool Supply) Iodine Sodium Metal Source: Target Meth: Building a vision for a drug free community
5 The Dope Meth Speed Crank Ice Crystal Glass Chalk Source: NARCANON
6 An Amalgam of Hazards Fire Explosions Solvents Acids Bases Elements Particulates
7 Elemental/particulate hazards Source: METH Awareness And Prevention Project of South Dakota
8 An Assortment of Settings Source: NARCANON
9 At Risk Populations Police Fire Social services Remediation workers Trades workers IH s Homeowners Landlords Renters Service and trades personnel Children
10 Red P Potential Exposures Phosphine (Ph 3 ) Iodine HCL gas Organic solvents Methamphetamine aerosol Combination exposures
11 NH 3 Method Potential Exposures Ammonia Chemical burns Elements (Na, Li) HCL gas Organic solvents Methamphetamine aerosol Combination exposures
12 Chemical Exposures Associated with Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories, Martyny, J. et. al* January - March 2003 Colorado Springs P.D. crime lab & N. Metro Drug Task Force 14 search and seizure operations Sampling: hotels, residences, condominiums, mobile homes *Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 2007 (in press)
13 Chemical Exposures Associated with Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories Inorganic acids Ph 3 Hydrocarbons Iodine Elements Methamphetamine surface contamination
14 Salting out methamphetamine using the Red P process
15
16 Objectives: Method Development Develop real-time surface detection methods for methamphetamine Rapid product commercialization and technology transfer User needs: Risk management decisions Determine degree and extent of surface contamination Determine degree and efficacy of decontamination
17 Two Novel Real-time Surface Wipe Sampling/detection Methods Surface wipe colorimetric detection Surface wipe lateral flow assay
18 1. Surface Wipe Colorimetric Detection Method for Methamphetamine Nitroprusside + acetaldehyde = deep blue complex (550 nm) with secondary amines on alkaline media. Reagent can be used to differentiate methamphetamine (secondary amine, deep blue color) from amphetamine and dimethylamphetamine (primary and tertiary amines, no color)
19 3 grades of meth were applied to wax paper and a ceramic lab top protector
20
21 Surface wipe colorimetric detection method for methamphetamine Sensitivity: µg /100cm 2 )
22 Concentrations of Methamphetamine and OD at 550 nm y = x R 2 = [CALC] 100% 1.5 OD at 550 nm Aldrich Std 99% Street 50% Street [CALC] 85% [CALC] 35% ug/ml
23 2. Surface Wipe Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Detection of Methamphetamine Residues
24 Instant-Read Lateral Flow Assay For Methamphetamine
25 Collect the Sample
26 Load Wipe into Disposable Syringe
27 Extract Wipe with Buffer
28 Remove Aliquot from the Extract
29 Apply 3 drops to Lateral Flow Cartridge
30 Cartridge Develops (minutes)
31 Representation of a Negative & Positive Test
32 MethChek 500 (0.5 µg/100cm 2 ) MethChek 100 (0.1 µg/100cm 2 ) MethChek 50 (0.05 µg/100cm 2 )
33 Phone + Light switches + AC switch /dial + Remote control + Night stand + Tops of pictures + Top of Night stand +
34 Room Sampling
35 Room Sampling
36 (MethChek 50)
37 Considerations Meth lab sampling and investigation has inherent uncertainties; an evolving science No single best method Professional judgment required Many unknowns re: sampling results and human exposure risks Safe for whom? State based guidance currently best resources, subject to changes
38 Acknowledgements Sgt. Mark Olin, Denver Police Dept. Kristen Kusik, RN, BSN, COHN-S University of Iowa Mark Boeniger, MS, CIH The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
39
40 Data Interpretation Alaska: fit for use 0.1 µg/100cm 2 Arizona: post remediation 0.1 µg/100cm 2 Arkansas: re-occupancy level 0.1 µg/ft 2 Colorado: 0.05 µg/100cm 2 Minnesota: 1µg/ft 2 remediation of occupancy structure required, 10 µg/ft 2 remediation of structure and contents Oregon: cleanup concentration of 0.5 µg/ft 2
41 Other States, con d. Tennessee : rule standard of cleanliness for manufacturing methamphetamine shall not > 0.1 µg/100cm 2 Washington: not health based, achievable and measurable decontamination clearance level 0.1 µg/100cm 2
42 Data Interpretation 1 Zero level of meth and meth related chemicals would provide lowest risk to occupants Standards are not health based Guidance relies on remediation process rather than achievement of a number that that is not science based 1.
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