Nanoparticles: het nieuwe fijnstof?

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Juniper Cole
5 years ago
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2 Nanoparticles: het nieuwe fijnstof The smaller the Particle, the more dangerous they are: Air Pollutant No. 1 (WHO, US-EPA) 2

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5 Van PM naar PN Fijnstof veelal gemeten in PM (Particle Mass). Uitdaging bij nanodeeltjes: zo klein zo licht? Hoe kunnen we die meten? 5

6 sampling Saturator Condensation Particle Counter Nanoparticle Butanol-/ Propylalcohol Enlarged particles Condenser (CPC) Condensates Limits of the system: - Lowest size range down to ca. 3 nm, caused by the Kelvin-Effect - Loss by Diffusions - Size Distribution in the range lower than <300 nm only with additional equipement Laser Photodiode to the pump 6

7 The Diffusion Size Classifier DiSCmini is a comparatively simple and robust instrument which can determine three quantities simultaneously with a high time resolution of 1s: Particle number concentration: 1E3 to 1E6 pt/ccm Average particle diameter: 10 to 300 nm Lung-deposited surface area: μm2/cm3 The instrument is based on charging and current detection, there is no working fluid like in a CPC.

9 aerosol treated aerosol, able to meassured by the DiSCmini aerosol Van der Waals Forces The Impactor has to be used at any time

10 Inlet Nanoparticles: het nieuwe fijnstof? Corona charger Diffusion stage Backup filter Corona supply voltage Grid voltage I Ion I diff I filt

11 Inlet Nanoparticles: het nieuwe fijnstof? Corona charger Diffusion stage Backup filter Corona supply voltage Grid voltage I Ion I diff I filt

Particle number (1/cm 3 ) Particle size (nm); LDSA (µm 2 /cm 3 ) 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000

100 75 50 25 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Time (s) testo DiSCmini features: Simultaneous

12 Particle number (1/cm 3 ) Particle size (nm); LDSA (µm 2 /cm 3 ) Performance: particle characterization Particle number Particle size LDSA Time (s) testo DiSCmini features: Simultaneous particle number concentration, size and LDSA Wide particle number concentration range 1 Hz resolution High sensitivity

CPC Condensation Particle Counter Particle counter Measuring principles DC Diffusion Charging Very high accuracy No info about particle

particle size Accuracy dependent of particle size Diffusion stage Filter stage Corona charger Inlet 1,0 L/min Exhaust Heat sink Alcohol

The particles pass through a saturator saturated with butanol vapor. 2.

As a result, droplets are obtained which are large enough to be detected optically. 4.

Corona supply voltage Grid-Voltage Electrometer I diff DC is based on electrical charge of aerosols: Electrometer I filter 1.

13 CPC Condensation Particle Counter Particle counter Measuring principles DC Diffusion Charging Very high accuracy No info about particle size Inlet 1,0 L/min Laser diode Condenser Saturator Exhaust Critical capillary Photodetector electrical pulse Heat pump Info about particle size Accuracy dependent of particle size Diffusion stage Filter stage Corona charger Inlet 1,0 L/min Exhaust Heat sink Alcohol Reservoir CPC detects particles by scattering a (laser) light beam: 1. The particles pass through a saturator saturated with butanol vapor. 2. These then pass into a cooled condenser, where the supersaturated butanol condenses on the particle surface. 3. As a result, droplets are obtained which are large enough to be detected optically. 4. Detection of particles by scattering a (laser) light beam and counting the generated light pulses. Corona supply voltage Grid-Voltage Electrometer I diff DC is based on electrical charge of aerosols: Electrometer I filter 1. The particles are mixed with positive air ions generated in a corona discharge. 2. The charged particles are then detected in two stages by means of electrometers (very sensitive current amplifiers). 3. Because of the ratio of the currents measured on the two stages, the average particle diameter can be deduced and from this the total number of particles can be calculated from the total current.

14 Instrument specs Specifications Mean particle size Particles counted Particle concentration Accuracy Time resolution Dimensions Weight nm (modal diameter) nm Detectable particle concentrations depend on particle size and averaging time. Typical values are given below. 20nm: 2E3.1E6 pt/ccm 100nm: 5E2 5E5 pt/ccm ±30% in size and number typical; ±5E2/ccm absolute in number. 1 second 180 x 90 x 42,5 mm 0,7 kg

15 Instrument specs Operating conditions Flow rate 1,0 L/min +- 0,1 L/min mbar abs ambient Pressure Δp max. at inlet: +/- 20 mbar Temperature C; Relative humidity <90 % The battery charger is compatible with the Power requirements any volt or volt 50/60 Hz AC wall outlet 8 hours typical; varies with ambient Battery lifetime temperature. Charging time 2-4 hours depending on charger and status of battery

16 Only black carbon particles [FSN, Bosch Index and mg/m³] Only for solid fuel combustion systems < 1MW [mg/m³] Only for Particles > 300 nm no low emission combustion [#/cm³] Only one size after each other [#/cm³] Beugung Brechung Reflexion Absorption Only up to 700 nm LDSA [µm²/cm³] and [#/cm³]

17 Personal exposure Neuberger et al. Exposure to ultrafine particles in hospitality venues with partial smoking bans, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2013), 1 6; doi: /jes Van Broekhuizen et al. Exposure Limits for Nanoparticles: Report of an International Workshop on Nano Reference Values, Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 56, No. 5, pp , 2012; doi: /annhyg/mes043 Koehler et al. New Methods for Personal Exposure Monitoring for Airborne Particles, Curr Environ Health Rep December; 2(4): doi: /s z. Koivisto et al. Range-Finding Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanodiamonds in a Laboratory Environment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, ; doi: /ijerph Sunyer et al. Association between Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Schools and Cognitive Development in Primary School Children: A Prospective Cohort Study, (2015) PLoS Med 12(3): e doi: /journal.pmed Rivas et al. Child exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants in schools in Barcelona, Spain, (2014) Environment International, doi.org/ /j. envint Rivas et al. Outdoor infiltration and indoor contribution of UFP and BC, OC, secondary inorganic ions and metals in PM2.5 in schools, (2014), Atmospheric Environment, doi.org/ /j.atmosenv

18 Occupational Health & Safety Fonseca et al. Ultrafine and nanoparticle formation and emission mechanisms during laser processing of ceramic materials, Journal of Aerosol Science 88 (2015) 48 57, doi /j.jaerosci van Broekhuizen et al. Workplace exposure to nanoparticles and the application of provisional nanoreference values in times of uncertain risks, (2012) J Nanopart Res (2012) 14:770, doi /s Kaminski at al. Measurements of Nanoscale TiO2 and Al2O3 in Industrial Workplace Environments Methodology and Results, (2015) Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15: , 2015, doi: /aaqr Fonseca et al. Characterization of Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes in an Industrial Setting, (2014), Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2014, 1 14, doi: /annhyg/meu110 Fonseca et al. Process-generated nanoparticles from ceramic tile sintering: Emissions, exposure and environmental release, (2016), Science of the Total Environment, dx.doi.org/ /j.scitotenv Kocks et al. Release of nanomaterials from ink and toner cartridges for printers, (2015), The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, ISBN Ho Ji et al. Workplace Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanopowder Released from a Bag Filter System, (2014), BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID , 9 pages, doi.org/ /2015/ Graczyk et al. Characterization of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding Fume Generated by Apprentice Welders, (2015), Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2015, 1 15 doi: /annhyg/mev074 Van Landuyt et al. Nanoparticle release from dental composites, (2015), Acta Biomaterialia, doi.org/ /j.actbio

testo DiSCmini Diffusion Size Classifier miniature Product information 2017 Silvia López Vidal Directora de I+D de IONER

testo DiSCmini Diffusion Size Classifier miniature Product information 2017 Silvia López Vidal Directora de I+D de IONER slopez@ioner.net Contents testo DiSCmini overview Operating principle Instrument