Prednáška 5 Chemická evolúcia

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1 Prednáška 5 Chemická evolúcia

2 CHARAKTERISTIKY ŽIVOTA 1. Udržiavanie usporiadanosti---unikanie maximalizácii entropie (metabolizmus, adaptácie, aktívny pohyb...) 2. Vertikálne prežívanie (dedičnosť, ontogenéza) 3. Evolúcia

3 Najefektívnejší spôsob štúdia biologického fenoménu je študovať ho v najjednoduchšom biologickom systéme, u ktorého bol identifikovaný DELBRÜCKOV PRINCÍP

4 10 nevyriešených záhad chémie: The 10 Unsolved Mysteries 1. How Did Life Begin? 2. How Do Molecules Form? 3. How Does the Environment Influence Our Genes? 4. How Does the Brain Think and Form Memories? 5. How Many Elements Exist? 6. Can Computers Be Made Out of Carbon? 7. How Do We Tap More Solar Energy? 8 What Is the Best Way to Make Biofuels? 9. Can We Devise New Ways to Create Drugs? 10. Can We Continuously Monitor Our Own Chemistry?

5 1 How Did Life Begin? The moment when the first living beings arose from inanimate matter almost four billion years ago is still shrouded in mystery. How did relatively simple molecules in the primordial broth give rise to more and more complex compounds? And how did some of those compounds begin to process energy and replicate (two of the defining characteristics of life)? At the molecular level, all of those steps are, of course, chemical reactions, which makes the question of how life began one of chemistry.!

6 Ako študovať vznik života na Zemi?

7 ÁNO ONO OKO AKO AKT ALT HLT HIT NIT NIE Ian Stewart (1995). The Nature s numbers (Čísla prírody, ARCHA, 1996)

8 1. Hľadanie relevantných medziproduktov závisí od charakteru pravidiel 2. Aj keď nájdené riešenia nemusia zodpovedať realite, umožňujú odhaľovať ďalšie charakteristiky systému

9 Life began with little bags, the precursors of cells, enclosing small volumes of dirty water containing miscellaneous garbage. Život začal v podobe malých vrecúšok, prekurzorov dnešných buniek, s malým objemom špinavej vody obsahujúcej rôzny odpad. Freeman Dyson John Brockman (ed.) (2007) What is your dangerous idea?

10 Rozhodujúci faktor: ČAS Kedy vznikla Zem? Arcibiskup James Ussher: pred n.l. (nedeľa) Lord Kelvin: 25 mil. rokov Súčasné odhady: 4.5 mld rokov

11 Ako získať predstavu o veku? % rodičovských atómov % atómov % dcérskych atómov # polčasov rozpadu Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

12 Prvky s dlhým polčasom rozpadu Rodičovský izotop Stabilný dcérsky produkt Polčas (T 1/2, roky) Urán-238 Urán-235 Tórium-232 Rubídium-87 Draslík-40 Samárium-147 Olovo-206 Olovo-207 Olovo-208 Stroncium-87 Argón-40 Neodýmium-143 4,5 mld 704 mil 14,0 mld 48.8 mld 1,25 mld 106 mld Uhlík-14 Dusík /-40 Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

13 Kozmický kalendár Január 1 Máj 1 September 9 September 14 September 30 Október 9 November 1 November 12 December 1 December 16 Big Bang Vznik Mliečnej dráhy Vznik Slnečnej sústavy Vznik Zeme Vznik života na Zemi Prvé skamenelé baktérie Invencia sexu Prvé skamenelé rastliny Kyslík v atmosfére Prvé červy Carl Sagan (1977) Dragons of Eden (Draci z ráje; vyd. Eminent, 167 str.)

14 Kozmický kalendár December 18 December 19 December 25 December 28 December 29 December 30 December 31 Trilobity Prvé stavovce Dinosaury Vymretie dinosaurov Primáty Prví hominidi Prví ľudia

15 Čo sa stalo 31. decembra? 22:30 Prví ľudia 23:00 Prvé kamenné nástroje 23:46 Zvládnutie ohňa 23:56 Posledná doba ľadová 23:59 Jaskynní umelci v Európe 23:59:20 Vznik poľnohospodárstva 23:59:35 Prvé mestá 23:59:50 Prvá abeceda 23:59:55 Euklidovská geometria 23:59:57 Nula v aritmetike 23:59:57 Pád Rímskej ríše 23:59:58 Byzantská ríša 23:59:59 Renesancia v Európe Teraz Veda a technológia

16 Október 9 fosilizované baktérie Stromatolity

17 Kozmický kalendár Január 1 Big Bang September 9 (4.6 mld r.) Vznik Slnečnej sústavy Október 9 (3.5 mld r.) Prvé fosilizované baktérie 3.8 mld rokov Najmladšie mesačné kamene ZÁVER: Chemická evolúcia prebehla počas 300 miliónov rokov medzi znížením frekvencie náletov asteroidov a objavením sa prvých buniek

18 Základné zlúčeniny pre chemickú evolúciu 96% každého živého organizmu tvoria C, H, O, a N Tieto prvky sa na prebiotickej Zemi vyskytovali vo forme: CO 2, H 2 O, N 2, CH 4, H 2 a NH 3

19 Proporcia chemických substancií v živých organizmoch Sadava a kol. (2007). Life: The Science of Biology. Sinnauer Ass. Makromolekuly Proteíny Voda Nukleové kyseliny Cukry Ióny a malé molekuly Lipidy

20 Stanley Miller Harold Urey

21 Miller-Ureyov experiment (1953) elektróda vákuum voda elek. výboj zmes plynov chladič adič voda kondenzovaná zmes produktov Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

22 Aminokyseliny produkované v Miller-Ureyovom experimente Glycín Alanín Valín 4.4 Leucín 2.6 Izoleucín 1.1 Prolín 0.3 Kyselina asparágová 7.7 Kyselina glutámová 1.7 Serín 1.1 Treonín 0.2 Sarkozín 12.5 Izoserín 1.2 Izovalín 1.0 N-etylalanín 0.1 N-etylglycín 6.8 N-propylglycín 0.5 N-metylalanín 3.4 N-izopropylglycín0.5 Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

23

24 Sadava a kol. (2007). Life: The Science of Biology. Sinnauer Ass. Základné zlúčeniny pre chemickú evolúciu VÝSLEDKY Komponenty prítomné v prebiotickej atmosféry reagujú za prísunu energiu tvoria puríny, pyrimidíny a amíno kyseliny ZÁVER: Organické prekurzory biomakromolekúl môžu byť pripravené abiotickou cestou v laboratóriu za podmienok pravdepodobne prítomných na prebiotickej Zemi

25 Pokusy o abiotickú syntézu viedli k príprave viacerých prekurzorov biomakromolekúl CH 4 +NH 3 +H 2 O el.výboj aminokyseliny Ca(OH) 2 CH 2 O cukry HCN NH 3 (l) adenín močovina HC C C N cytozín

26 Millerov odkaz: Za redukujúcich podmienok sa môžu tvoriť prekurzory biomakromolekúl (hlavne amino kyseliny, cukry)

27

28 Millerov odkaz: Za redukujúcich podmienok sa môžu tvoriť prekurzory biomakromolekúl (hlavne amino kyseliny, cukry) Problémy: 1. Nie všetky prekurzory sa doteraz podarilo syntetizovať abiogénne 2. Bola primitívna atmosféra skutočne redukujúca? 3. Termodynamické problémy s prebiotickou polievkou

29 1. Život je postavený na jednom type stereoizomérov Sadava a kol. (2007). Life: The Science of Biology. Sinnauer Ass.

30 1. Život je postavený na jednom type stereoizomérov Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

31 1. Život je postavený na jednom type stereoizomérov L-aminokyselina D-aminokyselina Barton a kol. (2007). Evolution. CSHL Press.

32 2. Bola primitívna atmosféra skutočne redukujúca? [ ] the volcanic apparatus experiment suggests that, even if the overall atmosphere was not reducing, localized prebiotic synthesis could have been effective.[ ]

33 Problém 3: Termodynamický problém koncepcie prebiotickej polievky: 1. Prebiotická polievka je trojrozmerná 2. Prebiotická polievka predstavuje zriedený roztok 3. Aký bol zdroj permanentného prísunu energie?

34 3. Termodynamický problém koncepcie prebiotickej polievky: 3.1. Prebiotická polievka je trojrozmerná Reakcie mohli prebiehať na povrchu minerálov (napr. pyrit): Prebiotická pizza

35 3. Termodynamický problém koncepcie prebiotickej polievky: 3.2. Prebiotická polievka predstavuje zriedený roztok Chemické reakcie mohli prebiehať v malých objemoch

36 3.3. Chemická evolúcia mohla prebiehať v hydrotermálnych prameňoch Black smokers sú však príliš horúce H 2 S, CH4

37 Alkalické hydrotermálne pramene (presnejšie prieduchy (vents) ako miesto ideálne pre chemickú evolúciu

38 V alkalických hydrotermálnych prameňoch aj dnes žijú unikátne organizmy (napr. aj obrúčkavce, mäkkýše)

39 Chemiosmóza je univerzálny mechanizmus konverzie energie vo všetkých súčasných živých systémoch

40 Chemiosmóza je univerzálny mechanizmus konverzie energie vo všetkých súčasných živých systémoch Peter D. Mitchell ( ) Nobelova cena za chémiu (1978)

41 Alkalické hydrotermálne pramene (presnejšie prieduchy (vents) ako miesto ideálne pre chemickú evolúciu

42 Hydrotermálne prieduchy ako miesto ideálne pre chemickú evolúciu, pretože ponúkajú vysvetlenie vzniku chemioosmotického mechanizmu premeny energie

43 2. Hydrotermálne prieduchy ako miesto ideálne pre chemickú evolúciu H + H ph 5-7 (oceán) H + + H + H + ATP H + H + H + H + + OH - OH - OH - OH - ph 9-10 (hydrotermálna kvapalina) OH -

44 1.-3: Organické molekuly mohli byť importované z vesmíru Teória panspermie: Francis Crick, Carl Woese 1. Murchinsonov meteorit (1969), vek 4.6 mld rokov; 18 amíno kyselín 2. Vesmírny prach obsahuje kyanovodík a aldehydy Francis Crick Carl Woese

45 Import prekurzorov života z vesmíru? ALH84001

46 Proporcia chemických substancií v živých organizmoch Makromolekuly Proteíny Voda Nukleové kyseliny Cukry Ióny a malé molekuly Lipidy Sadava a kol. (2007). Life: The Science of Biology. Sinnauer Ass.

47 4 fázy chemickej evolúcie 1. Vznik prekurzorov organických zlúčenín (formaldehyd, kyanovodík...) 2. Tvorba cukrov, amíno kyselín, dusíkatých báz a tak --- prebiotickej polievky 3. Cukry, aminokyseliny a dusíkaté bázy polymerizujú a tvoria polysacharidy, proteíny a nukleové kyseliny 4. Vznik sebareplikujúcej sa molekuly---začiatok biologickej evolúcie

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