Life & Mystery Topic. 51 Pegasi
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1 Life & Mystery Topic Mystery topic What is needed for life? Test 2 on Tues, Feb 27 Large majority on solar system Some question on telescopes & topics covered in test 1 Format similar to Test 1 Practice test: link on syllabus Life & mystery not on test. Missouri Show Me Club Today, 7:30-8:30pm, here 51 Pegasi Michael Mayor & Didler Queloz discovered something important by studying the star 51 Pegasi. M&Q measured the speed of the star using Doppler effect Doppler effect (p. 116): motion of star or us changes wavelength of light Doppler effect measures only speed toward or away from us. Steps Examine the data for the facts. Which clues are important? What is remarkable? What do I need to know? Ask. Brainstorming Developing your idea Testing your idea 1
2 Motion of 51 Peg Away & Towards Us Extrasolar planets What did Mayor & Queloz discover? Q What key clue says they discovered a planet and not a faint star? a. Period is 4days 5hr. b. Speed of star is 60m/s. c. Motion repeats. d. They did not see the companion object. 2
3 Other ways to find extrasolar planets Observe light of planet Did M&Q see what they discovered? No Light from star overwhelms light from planet. Occultation Planet partially blocks light of star Need planet, star, Earth alignment. Can measure size of planet. Info from extrasolar planets Selection bias Massive planets Short periods Median distance <1AU Mass Most are more massive than Jupiter None are as massive as Earth. Density (few known) Like Jupiter Orbital eccentricity More eccentric than planets in solar system 3
4 Info from extrasolar planets Selection bias Massive planets Short periods Median distance <1AU Mass Most are more massive than Jupiter None are as massive as Earth. Density (few known) Like Jupiter Orbital eccentricity More eccentric than planets in solar system Q: Which observations, when paired together, are surprising? a. Mass & density b. Mass & distance Info from extrasolar planets Selection bias Massive planets Short periods Median distance <1AU Mass Most are more massive than Jupiter None are as massive as Earth. Density (few known) Like Jupiter Orbital eccentricity More eccentric than planets in solar system Q: Which observations, when paired together, are surprising? a. Mass & density b. Mass & distance Planets close to the star should be rocky and not massive. Best idea: Planet did form far from star. Planet migrated close to star. 4
5 Life on earth Evidence for life on the new Earth C12/C13 ratio Living things have higher ratio of C12 than in nonliving things. Carbon in rock from 3.85Byr contain same higher C12/C13 ratio. Carbon-incorporating life existed 3.85Byr ago Stromatolite (mats of bacteria) Bacteria existed 3.5Byr ago Fig 18-4 This section of a 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolite shows a structure nearly identical to that of a living mat. Thus, it offers strong evidence of having been made by microbes, including some photosynthetic ones, that lived 3.5 billion years ago. 5
6 How did life on Earth start? Urey-Miller experiment With lightening, gases assemble into organic molecules Life formed from these organic molecules Migration from outside Earth Martian meteorite Necessities for life Water Source of energy Building material Q: What is the source of energy for a tomato plant? a. Sunlight b. Heat from a volcano c. Radioactivity Q: What is the primary source of building materials for an oak tree? a. Ground b. Air 6
7 Bare necessities Time scale for life Seconds Could be millions of years Is sunlight absolutely necessary? No: bacteria live near volcanic vents in the ocean. Is liquid water absolutely necessary? An experiment Place bacteria in a cold environment with radioactive nutrients Wait a long time. Did bacteria use the nutrients? Are bacteria radioactive? Life in the solar system Requirements Water Energy Building material 7
8 Europa Not made of ice. Density similar to Moon Tidal forces keep it geologically active. Covered by layer of water ice. Appears to be pack ice on top of an ocean. Water must be warmed by heat from Europa s interior. Europa s surface Ice rafts Nebraska-sized area showing ice and channels. + the occasional impact crater Ice flow cutting across ridge 8
9 Titan Looking back at Titan In visible light, from Voyager Composition: half ice, half rock. Has an atmosphere, with many similarities to Earth s. Cassini Satellite: Radar images Liquid Lakes on Titan Titan Dunes over Possible Craters saturn.jpl.nasa.gov 9
10 Meandering Rivers Titan s atmosphere Density about same as Earth s 1.5 bars Primarily N 2, but also: carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH 4 ) ethane (C 2 H 6 ) propane (C 3 H 8 ) hydrogen cyanide (HCN) a building block of DNA C 2 N 2, HC 3 N Q: Which life-indicating gas is missing? A: CO2; B: O2; C: Neon; D: 10
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